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765:. Erikson's theory of development includes various psychosocial crises where each conflict builds off of the previous stages. The result of each conflict can have negative or positive impacts on a person's development, however, a negative outcome can be revisited and readdressed throughout the life span. On ego identity versus role confusion: ego identity enables each person to have a sense of individuality, or as Erikson would say, "Ego identity, then, in its subjective aspect, is the awareness of the fact that there is a self-sameness and continuity to the ego's synthesizing methods and a continuity of one's meaning for others". Role confusion, however, is, according to Barbara Engler, "the inability to conceive of oneself as a productive member of one's own society." This inability to conceive of oneself as a productive member is a great danger; it can occur during adolescence, when looking for an occupation.
1022:, a term used in the context of Erikson's work as it is applied to medicine, meaning "potencies". These virtues are also interpreted to be the same as "strengths", which are considered inherent in the individual life cycle and in the sequence of generations. Erikson's research suggests that each individual must learn how to hold both extremes of each specific life-stage challenge in tension with one another, not rejecting one end of the tension or the other. Only when both extremes in a life-stage challenge are understood and accepted as both required and useful, can the optimal virtue for that stage surface. Thus, 'trust' and 'mis-trust' must both be understood and accepted, in order for realistic 'hope' to emerge as a viable solution at the first stage. Similarly, 'integrity' and 'despair' must both be understood and embraced, in order for actionable 'wisdom' to emerge as a viable solution at the last stage.
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master, each also included a corresponding virtue, as mentioned above, which form a taxonomy for religious and ethical life. Erikson extends this construct by emphasizing that human individual and social life is characterized by ritualization, "an agreed-upon interplay between at least two persons who repeat it at meaningful intervals and in recurring contexts." Such ritualization involves careful attentiveness to what can be called ceremonial forms and details, higher symbolic meanings, active engagement of participants, and a feeling of absolute necessity. Each life cycle stage includes its own ritualization with a corresponding ritualism: numinous vs. idolism, judicious vs. legalism, dramatic vs. impersonation, formal vs. formalism, ideological vs. totalism, affiliative vs. elitism, generational vs. authoritism, and integral vs. dogmatism.
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the rest of their working life. Also during this time, a person may be raising their children. If they are a parent, then they are reevaluating their life roles. This is one way of contributing to society along with productivity at work and involvement in community activities and organizations. Individuals that exercise the concept of generativity believe in the next generation and seek to nurture them in creative ways through practices such as parenting, teaching, and mentoring. Having a sense of generativity can be considered significant for both the individual and the society, exemplifying their roles as effective parents, leaders for organizations, etc. If a person is not comfortable with the way their life is progressing, they're usually regretful about the decisions that they have made in the past and feels a sense of uselessness.
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seeking for their own unique identity. This is done by looking at personal beliefs, goals, and values. The morality of the individual is also explored and developed. Erikson believes that if the parents allow the child to explore, they will determine their own identity. If, however, the parents continually push them to conform to their views, the teen will face identity confusion. The teen is also looking towards the future in terms of employment, relationships, and families. Learning the roles they provide in society is essential since the teen begins to develop the desire to fit into society. Fidelity is characterized by the ability to commit to others and acceptance of others even with differences. Identity crisis is the result of role confusion and can cause the adolescent to try out different lifestyles.
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During his travels, he often sold or traded his sketches to people he met. Eventually, Erik realized he would never become a full-time artist and returned to
Karlsruhe and became an art teacher. During the time he worked at his teaching job, Erik was hired by an heiress to sketch and eventually tutor her children. Erik worked very well with these children and was eventually hired by many other families that were close to Anna and Sigmund Freud. This teaching extended into a small experimental school based in the house of Eva Rosenfeld.During this period, which lasted until he was twenty-five years old, he continued to contend with questions about his father and competing ideas of ethnic, religious, and national identity.
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make their own decisions. If allowed to make these decisions, the child will develop confidence in their ability to lead others. If the child is not allowed to make certain decisions, then a sense of guilt develops. Guilt in this stage is characterized by a sense of being a burden to others, and the child will therefore usually present themselves as a follower as they lack the confidence to do otherwise. Additionally, the child is asking many questions to build knowledge of the world. If the questions earn responses that are critical and condescending, the child will also develop feelings of guilt. Success in this stage leads to the virtue of purpose, which is the normal balance between the two extremes.
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relative to other children. Erikson places some emphasis on the teacher, who should ensure that children do not feel inferior. During this stage the child's friend group increases in importance in their life. Often during this stage the child will try to prove competency with things rewarded in society, and also develop satisfaction with their abilities. Encouraging the child increases feelings of adequacy and competency in ability to reach goals. Restriction from teachers or parents leads to doubt, questioning, and reluctance in abilities and therefore may not reach full capabilities. Competence, the virtue of this stage, is developed when a healthy balance between the two extremes is reached.
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the child doubting their efficacy. During this stage the child is usually trying to master toilet training. Additionally, the child discovers their talents or abilities, and it is important to ensure the child is able to explore those activities. Erikson states it is essential to allow the children freedom in exploration but also create an environment welcoming of failures. Therefore, the parent should not punish or reprimand the child for failing at the task. Shame and doubt occurs when the child feels incompetent in ability to complete tasks and survive. Will is achieved with success of this stage. Children successful in this stage will have "self-control without a loss of self-esteem."
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depends on the quality of the maternal relationship. The mother carries out and reflects her inner perceptions of trustworthiness, a sense of personal meaning, etc. on the child. An important part of this stage is providing stable and constant care of the infant. This helps the child develop trust that can transition into relationships other than parental. Additionally, children develop trust in others to support them. If successful in this, the baby develops a sense of trust, which "forms the basis in the child for a sense of identity." Failure to develop this trust will result in a feeling of fear and a sense that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable.
1065:. Both books attempt to show how childhood development and parental influence, social and cultural context, even political crises form a confluence with personal identity. These studies demonstrate how each influential person discovered mastery, both individually and socially, in what Erikson would call the historical moment. Individuals like Luther or Gandhi were what Erikson called a Homo Religiosus, individuals for whom the final life cycle challenge of integrity vs. despair is a lifelong crisis, and they become gifted innovators whose own psychological cure becomes an ideological breakthrough for their time.
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Ego-integrity means the acceptance of life in its fullness: the victories and the defeats, what was accomplished and what was not accomplished. Wisdom is the result of successfully accomplishing this final developmental task. Wisdom is defined as "informed and detached concern for life itself in the face of death itself." Having a guilty conscience about the past or failing to accomplish important goals will eventually lead to depression and hopelessness. Achieving the virtue of the stage involves the feeling of living a successful life.
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psychosis." Erikson's daughter wrote that her father's "real psychoanalytic identity" was not established until he "replaced his stepfather's surname with a name of his invention ." The decision to change his last name came about as he started his job at Yale, and the "Erikson" name was accepted by Erik's family when they became
American citizens. It is said his children enjoyed the fact they would not be called "Hamburger" any longer.
734:, which emphasized the role of the ego as being more than a servant of the id. Although Erikson accepted Freud's theory, he did not focus on the parent-child relationship and gave more importance to the role of the ego, particularly the person's progression as self. According to Erikson, the environment in which a child lived was crucial to providing growth, adjustment, a source of self-awareness and identity. Erikson won a
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500:; while at grammar school, he was teased for being Jewish. At Das Humanistische Gymnasium his main interests were art, history, and languages, but he lacked a general interest in school and graduated without academic distinction. After graduation, instead of attending medical school as his stepfather had desired, he attended art school in
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484:, Theodor Homburger. In 1908, Erik Salomonsen's name was changed to Erik Homburger, and in 1911 he was officially adopted by his stepfather. Karla and Theodor told Erik that Theodor was his real father, only revealing the truth to him in late childhood; he remained bitter about the deception all his life.
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Ego development earlier in life (middle adolescence) is a strong predictor of how well intimacy for romantic relationships will transpire in emerging adulthood. By successfully forming loving relationships with other people, individuals are able to experience love and intimacy. They also feel safety,
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This area coincides with the "latency" period of psychoanalysis and covers school age children before adolescence. Children compare their self worth to others around them. Friends can have a significant impact on the growth of the child. The child can recognize major disparities in personal abilities
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Uncertain about his vocation and his fit in society, Erik dropped out of school and began a lengthy period of roaming about
Germany and Italy as a wandering artist with his childhood friend Peter Blos and others. For children from prominent German families, taking a "wandering year" was not uncommon.
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This is the first stage of adult development. This development usually happens during young adulthood, which is between the ages of 18 and 40. This stage marks a transition from just thinking about ourselves to thinking about other people in the world. We are social creatures and as a result need to
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This stage covers preschool children from ages three to five. Does the child have the ability to do things on their own, such as dress themselves? Children in this stage are interacting with peers, and creating their own games and activities. Children in this stage practice independence and start to
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This stage covers the period of infancy, 0–1½ years old, which is the most fundamental stage of life, as this is the stage that all other ones build on. Whether the baby develops basic trust or basic mistrust is not merely a matter of nurture. It is multi-faceted and has strong social components. It
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The second stage of adulthood happens between the ages of 40 and 65. During this time people are normally settled in their lives and know what is important to them. A person is either making progress in their career or treading lightly in their career and unsure if this is what they want to do for
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This stage covers early childhood around 1½–3 years old and introduces the concept of autonomy vs. shame and doubt. The child begins to discover the beginnings of their independence, and parents must facilitate the child's sense of doing basic tasks "all by themselves." Discouragement can lead to
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Erikson's psychology of religion begins with an acknowledgement of how religious tradition can have an interplay with a child's basic sense of trust or mistrust. With regard to
Erikson's theory of personality as expressed in his eight stages of the life cycle, each with their different tasks to
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This section deals with adolescence, meaning those between twelve and eighteen years old. This occurs when we start to question ourselves and ask questions relevant to who we are and what we want to accomplish. Who am I, how do I fit in? Where am I going in life? The adolescent is exploring and
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seems to have been one of
Erikson's greatest concerns in his own life as well as being central to his theoretical work. As an older adult, he wrote about his adolescent "identity confusion" in his European days. "My identity confusion", he wrote, " the borderline between neurosis and adolescent
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This stage affects the age group of 65 and on. During this time an individual has reached the last chapter in their life and retirement is approaching or has already taken place. Individuals in this stage must learn to accept the course of their life or they will look back on it with despair.
1088:. Their daughter, Sue, "an integrative psychotherapist and psychoanalyst", described her father as plagued by "lifelong feelings of personal inadequacy". He thought that by combining resources with his wife, he could "achieve the recognition" that might produce a feeling of adequacy.
461:. She was married to Jewish stockbroker Valdemar Isidor Salomonsen but had been estranged from him for several months at the time Erik was conceived. Little is known about Erik's biological father except that he was a non-Jewish Dane. On discovering her pregnancy, Karla fled to
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care, and commitment in these relationships. Furthermore, if individuals are able to successfully resolve the crisis of intimacy versus isolation, they are able to achieve the virtue of love. Those who fail to form lasting relationships may feel isolated and alone.
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of education, which focused on child development and sexual stages. In 1933 he received his diploma from the Vienna
Psychoanalytic Institute. This and his Montessori diploma were to be Erikson's only earned credentials for his life's work.
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be with other people and form relationships with them. Dating, marriage, family and friendships are important during this stage in their life. This is due to the increase in the growth of intimate relationships with others.
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tribe. Erikson discovered differences between the children of the Sioux and Yurok tribes. This marked the beginning of
Erikson's life passion of showing the importance of events in childhood and how society affects them.
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Erik was a tall, blond, blue-eyed boy who was raised in the Jewish religion. Due to these mixed identities, he was a target of bigotry by both Jewish and gentile children. At temple school, his peers teased him for being
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Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell, John L. III; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (2002).
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The
Erikson life-stages, in order of the eight stages in which they may be acquired, are listed below, as well as the "virtues" that Erikson has attached to these stages, (these virtues are underlined).
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When
Erikson was twenty-five, his friend Peter Blos invited him to Vienna to tutor art at the small Burlingham-Rosenfeld School for children whose affluent parents were undergoing psychoanalysis by
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Erikson continued to deepen his interest in areas beyond psychoanalysis and to explore connections between psychology and anthropology. He made important contacts with anthropologists such as
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Weiner, M. B. (1979). "Caring for the
Elderly. Psychological Aging: Aspects of Normal Personality and Development in Old Age. Part II. Erik Erikson: Resolutions of Psychosocial Tasks".
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524:. Anna noticed Erikson's sensitivity to children at the school and encouraged him to study psychoanalysis at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute, where prominent analysts
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Schnell, R. L. (1980). "Contributions to Psychohistory: IV. Individual Experience in Historiography and Psychoanalysis: Significance of Erik Erikson and Robert Coles".
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In 1939 he left Yale, and the Eriksons moved to California, where Erik had been invited to join a team engaged in a longitudinal study of child development for the
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and Psychological Clinic. This was while he was establishing a singular reputation as a clinician. In 1936, Erikson left Harvard and joined the staff at
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Goethals, George W. (1976). "The Evolution of Sexual and Genital Intimacy: A Comparison of the Views of Erik H. Erikson and Harry Stack Sullivan".
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561:, a Canadian dancer and artist whom Erikson had met at a dress ball. During their marriage, Erikson converted to Christianity. In 1933, with
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were among those who supervised his theoretical studies. He specialized in child analysis and underwent a training analysis with Anna Freud.
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619:. Erikson said his theory of the development of thought derived from his social and cultural studies. In 1938, he left Yale to study the
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He returned to Harvard in the 1960s as a professor of human development and remained there until his retirement in 1970. In 1973 the
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Strozier, Charles B. (1976). "Disciplined Subjectivity and the Psychohistorian: A Critical Look at the Work of Erik H. Erikson".
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Erikson died on 12 May 1994 in Harwich, Massachusetts. He is buried in the First Congregational Church Cemetery in Harwich.
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Slater, Charles L. (2003). "Generativity versus stagnation: An elaboration of Erikson's adult stage of human development".
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Hurrell, Kristen; Stack, Margaret (2020), "Initiative Versus Guilt", in Zeigler-Hill, Virgil; Shackelford, Todd K. (eds.),
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In Erikson's discussion of development, he rarely mentioned a stage of development by age. In fact he referred to it as a
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2342:"Does Identity Precede Intimacy? Testing Erikson's Theory on Romantic Development in Emerging Adults of the 21st Century"
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Vogel-Scibilia, Suzanne E.; McNulty, Kathryn Cohan; Baxter, Beth; Miller, Steve; Dine, Max; Frese, Frederick J. (2009).
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647:'s Institute of Child Welfare. In addition, in San Francisco, he opened a private practice in child psychoanalysis.
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which has led to further investigation into a period of development between adolescence and young adulthood called
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While in California he was able to make his second study of American Indian children when he joined anthropologist
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because of residence requirements, the family left for the United States, where citizenship would not be an issue.
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Olsen, Rodney D.; Friedman, Lawrence J. (December 2000). "Identity's Architect: A Biography of Erik H. Erikson".
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Perhaps Erikson's best-known contributions to the psychology of religion were his book length psychobiographies,
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Rotenberg, Ken J. (1 December 1995). "The Socialisation of Trust: Parents' and Children's Interpersonal Trust".
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473:. She fled due to conceiving Erik out of wedlock, and the identity of Erik's birth father was never made clear.
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Kemph, John P. (1969). "Erik H. Erikson. Identity, youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1968".
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Psychoanalytic writers have always engaged in nonclinical interpretation of cultural phenomena such as art,
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Van De Water, Donna A.; McAdams, Dan P. (1989). "Generativity and Erikson's "belief in the species"".
687:, became Erikson's patient and friend. During this time he also served as a visiting professor at the
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threat to Austria, the family left an impoverished Vienna with their two young sons and emigrated to
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survey, published in 2002, ranked Erikson as the 12th most eminent psychologist of the 20th century.
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Carney, J. E. (1993). "'Is It Really So Terrible Her?': Karl Menninger's Pursuit of Erik Erikson".
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Andersen, D. C. (1993). "Beyond Rumor and Reductionism: A Textual Dialogue with Erik H. Erikson".
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Hoffman, L. E. (1993). "Erikson on Hitler: The Origins of 'Hitler's Imagery and German Youth'".
3084:(2000). "Emerging Adulthood: A Theory of Development from the Late Teens Through the Twenties".
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A Psychology of Ultimate Concern: Erik H. Erikson's Contribution to the Psychology of Religion
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3926:. Dialogues with notable contributors to personality theory. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.
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3351:"Eric Berne's Development of Ego State Theory: Where Did It All Begin and Who Influenced Him?"
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2203:"Psychosocial Aspects of Erickson Model on Toileting Behavior For Toddler Ages: Case Study"
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Insight and responsibility: lectures on the ethical implications of psychoanalytic insight
2283:"[PDF] Erik Erikson | Psychosocial Stages - Simply Psychology - Free Download PDF"
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667:, for which he is best known, Erikson left the University of California when California's
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Doctors Serving People: Restoring Humanism to Medicine through Student Community Service
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4196:
3921:
3578:
3212:
3081:
3020:
2038:
2005:
1587:
1081:
1058:
1054:
752:(1969), which focused more on his theory as applied to later phases in the life cycle.
735:
731:
692:
651:
541:
537:
529:
377:
254:
173:
160:
5761:
2802:
2512:
Capps, Donald (1 September 2004). "The Decades of Life: Relocating Erikson's Stages".
17:
7125:
6926:
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6832:
6822:
6582:
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4517:
4459:
3662:
3302:
2557:"The Relation of Ego Integrity and Despair to Personality Traits and Mental Health"
2096:"Basic Trust & Mistrust: Erik Erikson's Theory - Video & Lesson Transcript"
1167:
1074:
668:
655:
624:
558:
382:
136:
4335:
2251:
1206:"A Way of Looking at Things – Selected Papers from 1930 to 1980, Erik H. Erikson"
7095:
6804:
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6512:
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6407:
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5456:
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5204:
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4673:
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4449:
4402:
4082:
4066:
3981:
1085:
1077:(née Sarah Lucretia Serson) in 1930 and they remained together until his death.
784:
696:
533:
3448:
Paranjpe, Anand C. (2005). "Erikson, Erik Homburger". In Shook, John R. (ed.).
3369:
3107:
2133:
6497:
6412:
6307:
5616:
5451:
5247:
5104:
4995:
4833:
4131:
3824:
3318:
3063:
2482:
2021:
715:
628:
574:
521:
481:
454:
362:
210:
4271:
4176:
4139:
4102:
4050:
4018:
3989:
3952:
3879:
3842:
3777:
3737:
3724:
Coles, Robert; Fitzpatrick, J. J. (1976). "The Writings of Erik H. Erikson".
3716:
3687:
3642:
3610:
3562:
3410:
Erikson on Development in Adulthood: New Insights from the Unpublished Papers
3377:
3326:
3115:
2972:
2906:
2775:
2582:
2533:
2490:
2455:
2375:
2357:
2341:
2228:
2141:
2029:
1953:
1771:
1678:
6457:
6392:
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5436:
5340:
4713:
4322:
3040:
2871:
2573:
2556:
2326:
2219:
1448:
544:
supervised his initial treatment of an adult. Simultaneously he studied the
477:
420:
75:
4184:
4110:
4026:
3931:
3785:
3769:
3745:
3695:
3570:
3123:
3005:
2939:
2715:
2590:
2047:
5035:
4147:
4058:
3887:
3850:
3650:
2898:
2555:
Westerhof, Gerben J.; Bohlmeijer, Ernst T.; McAdams, Dan P. (1 May 2017).
2366:
1364:"Erik Erikson, 91, Psychoanalyst Who Reshaped Views of Human Growth, Dies"
50:
6183:
5856:
5365:
5360:
5320:
4279:
4231:
3997:
3960:
3905:. Vol. 2. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Group. pp. 406–412.
3833:
3667:
Encounter with Erikson: Historical Interpretation and Religious Biography
1031:
943:
600:, where he worked at the Institute of Social Relations and taught at the
627:
on their reservation. After his studies in South Dakota, he traveled to
3756:(1973). "Freud, Erikson, and the Historian: A Bibliographical Survey".
3618:
3452:. Vol. 2. Bristol, England: Thoemmes Continuum. pp. 734–737.
1686:
809: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
466:
458:
424:
2311:. Joan M. Erikson (Extended version ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.
2006:"The Recovery Process Utilizing Erikson's Stages of Human Development"
584:
In the United States, Erikson became the first child psychoanalyst in
990:
585:
566:
501:
450:
7112:
4542:
3602:
1670:
2696:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B
3238:
In the Shadow of Fame: A Memoir by the Daughter of Erik H. Erikson
927:
632:
620:
4258:
Wurgaft, Lewis D. (1976). "Erik Erikson: From Luther to Gandhi".
476:
Following Erik's birth, Karla trained to be a nurse and moved to
5802:
5380:
3939:
Fitzpatrick, J. J. (1976). "Erik H. Erikson and Psychohistory".
3133:
Erik Erikson and the American Psyche: Ego, Ethics, and Evolution
2618:
Erik Erikson's Verbal Portraits: Luther, Gandhi, Einstein, Jesus
958:
570:
432:
6668:
5806:
4806:
4546:
4339:
4326:
3266:(5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
2246:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 2257–2259,
2201:
Wijoyo, Eriyono Budi; Mustikasari, Mustikasari (23 May 2020).
778:
469:
where Erik was born on 15 June 1902 and was given the surname
7054:
4802:
4037:(1974). "India and the Unconscious: Erik Erikson on Gandhi".
2694:
Erikson, Erik H. (1966). "Ontogeny of Ritualization in Man".
3019:
Erikson, Erik H.; Joan M. Erikson; Helen Q. Kivnick (1986).
1447:. Sweet Briar, Virginia: Sweet Briar College. Archived from
3196:(9th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing.
3173:(8th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing.
2955:
Toys and reasons: stages in the ritualization of experience
1617:"Joan Erikson Is Dead at 95; Shaped Thought on Life Cycles"
1492:
1490:
1148:
Toys and Reasons: Stages in the Ritualization of Experience
4203:. Madison, Connecticut: International Universities Press.
1208:
ed. by S. Schlein, W. W. Norton & Co, New York, (1995)
1013:
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development § Ninth Stage
714:, the United States' highest honor for achievement in the
449:
Erikson's mother, Karla Abrahamsen, came from a prominent
1073:
Erikson married Canadian-born American dancer and artist
730:
Erikson is credited with being one of the originators of
419:
Despite lacking a university degree, Erikson served as a
6629:
Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
3504:
Erik H. Erikson: Explorer of Identity and the Life Cycle
3303:"The 100 Most Eminent Psychologists of the 20th Century"
1018:
Favorable outcomes of each stage are sometimes known as
7237:
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
4623:
Dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation
4201:
Ideas and Identities: The Life and Work of Erik Erikson
3866:
Eagle, Morris (1997). "Contributions of Erik Erikson".
3154:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
1868:
Bynum-Grant, Daminga; Travis-Dinkins, Margaret (2010).
1240:
1238:
1115:
Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History
1043:
Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History
6870:
Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45
3587:
Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence
3285:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2646:
Psychology of Religion: Classic and Contemporary Views
2399:
Dimensions of Human Behavior: The Changing Life Course
2244:
Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences
1946:
Gandhi's Truth: on the Origins of Militant Nonviolence
1135:
Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence
6996:
3970:
The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis
2648:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 369–398.
2620:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 106.
2401:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. p. 290.
2067:(2nd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
1774:. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Shippensburg University
1531:
1529:
3895:
Elms, Alan C. (2008). "Erikson, Erik Homburger". In
3283:
Identity's Architect: A Biography of Erik H. Erikson
3217:. Jefferson Lectures in the Humanities. New York: W.
1713:"Erik Erikson | American psychoanalyst | Britannica"
654:
on a field trip to Northern California to study the
504:, much to the liking of his mother and her friends.
404:; 15 June 1902 – 12 May 1994) was an American child
7227:
Harvard University Department of Psychology faculty
6616:
6340:
6298:
6235:
6169:
6162:
6121:
6080:
6048:
5987:
5944:
5885:
5847:
5840:
5694:
5401:
5311:
5223:
5043:
4868:
4784:
4758:
4732:
4656:
4580:
4426:
4373:
3585:(1971). "Gandhi: A Psychoanalytic View". Review of
355:
345:
304:
294:
263:
242:
234:
229:
198:
193:
166:
155:
130:
113:
90:
57:
41:
6634:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
4070:
3704:
3476:
2340:Beyers, Wim; Seiffge-Krenke, Inge (2 March 2010).
4073:Erik H. Erikson: The Power and Limits of a Vision
1872:. New York: McGraw Hill Professional. p. 8.
6624:Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy
3629:(1997). "The Legacy of Erik Hamburger Erikson".
1419:
679:, a prominent psychiatric treatment facility in
675:. From 1951 to 1960 he worked and taught at the
6639:Association for Behavior Analysis International
4526:Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development
3806:"Erik Erikson: Critical Times, Critical Theory"
2856:(Norton pbk. ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.
2826:
2764:"Show Me a Hero and I Will Write You a Tragedy"
2122:International Journal of Behavioral Development
1586:. Cambridge: Harvard University. Archived from
1469:
27:American psychoanalyst and essayist (1902-1994)
7272:Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction winners
4243:. Buckingham, England: Open University Press.
4241:Erik Erikson: His Life, Work, and Significance
3450:The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers
2603:
1607:
1605:
1339:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University
6680:
5818:
4818:
4558:
4351:
1644:
1318:
8:
4039:The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis
3506:. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
3056:Identity and the life cycle: selected papers
1508:
1333:"Howard Gardner: 'A Blessing of Influences'"
1200:Identity and the Life Cycle. Selected Papers
775:Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
565:in Germany, the burning of Freud's books in
6687:
6673:
6665:
6166:
5844:
5825:
5811:
5803:
4825:
4811:
4803:
4565:
4551:
4543:
4358:
4344:
4336:
4323:
2741:. New York: W. W. Norton. pp. 32–33.
1294:
1178:W. Norton & Company (published 1998).
592:, the Judge Baker Guidance Center, and at
49:
38:
7262:Naturalized citizens of the United States
6780:The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture
3832:
3435:. La Mirada, California: Biola University
3097:
2840:Scribner's Encyclopedia of American Lives
2770:. No. 10. Interviewed by Boag, Zan.
2572:
2365:
2218:
2037:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1306:
1162:(with J. M. Erikson and H. Kivnick, 1986)
869:Learn how and when to remove this message
30:For other people with similar names, see
4089:(1993). "Erik H. Erikson as a Teacher".
3427:Osmer, Richard; Bridgers, Lynn (2018) .
1792:
1431:
480:, Germany. In 1905 she married a Jewish
7067:
7003:
3707:Erik H. Erikson: The Growth of His Work
3433:Christian Educators of the 20th Century
1870:Schaum's Outline of Psychiatric Nursing
1829:
1569:
1496:
1256:
1244:
1234:
7257:People from Stockbridge, Massachusetts
7212:German people of Danish-Jewish descent
6644:European Association for Psychotherapy
3902:New Dictionary of Scientific Biography
3813:Child Psychiatry and Human Development
2922:Life history and the historical moment
2673:. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 64.
2421:
2082:
2070:
1966:
1640:
1142:Life History and the Historical Moment
512:Psychoanalytic experience and training
412:of human beings. He coined the phrase
7197:Converts to Christianity from Judaism
6738:Anti-intellectualism in American Life
6696:Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction
4532:Evolutionary developmental psychology
3711:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
3412:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3194:Personality Theories: An Introduction
3171:Personality Theories: An Introduction
2639:
2637:
2561:The Journals of Gerontology: Series B
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
1939:
1937:
1736:
1699:
1584:"Stephen Schlein Erik Erikson Papers"
1535:
1520:
1481:
708:National Endowment for the Humanities
423:at prominent institutions, including
7:
7172:American developmental psychologists
3669:. Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press.
3665:; Bradford, M. Gerald, eds. (1977).
3458:10.1093/acref/9780199754663.001.0001
3058:. International Universities Press.
2924:(First ed.). New York: Norton.
1922:. New York: National Book Foundation
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1331:Ireland, Corydon (17 October 2013).
807:adding citations to reliable sources
661:In 1950, after publishing the book,
7152:20th-century American psychologists
5929:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
4766:Attachment-based therapy (children)
4291:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
3758:Canadian Review of American Studies
3135:. Lanham, Maryland: Jason Aronson.
2801:Leiter, Robert (29 November 1999).
2207:Jurnal Ilmiah Keperawatan Indonesia
726:Theories of development and the ego
350:Theory on psychological development
7147:20th-century American male writers
6649:Society for Psychotherapy Research
5877:Transference focused psychotherapy
4776:Dyadic developmental psychotherapy
3025:(1st ed.). New York: Norton.
2990:(1st ed.). New York: Norton.
2739:The Life Cycle Completed: A Review
2526:10.1023/B:PASP.0000039322.53775.2b
2436:Journal of Research in Personality
1844:"Byways of Our National Character"
1057:, for which he remarkably won the
671:required professors there to sign
429:University of California, Berkeley
410:theory on psychosocial development
276:University of California, Berkeley
25:
7232:Jewish American social scientists
7177:American people of Danish descent
5934:Rational emotive behavior therapy
5907:Functional analytic psychotherapy
5902:Acceptance and commitment therapy
3281:Friedman, Lawrence Jacob (2000).
1174:(extended ed.). New York: W.
699:at Arsenal Nursery School of the
7277:University of Pittsburgh faculty
7162:20th-century German male writers
7104:
7087:
7070:
7042:
7030:
7018:
7006:
6937:
6710:The Making of the President 1960
5034:
4388:Cognitive development of infants
3941:Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic
3521:Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth (1989).
3483:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1080:The Eriksons had four children:
890:, Basic trust vs. basic mistrust
783:
744:category Philosophy and Religion
718:. Erikson's lecture was titled
6654:World Council for Psychotherapy
4454:Theory of cognitive development
4367:Human psychological development
3264:Personality and Personal Growth
2010:Community Mental Health Journal
1900:. New York: Columbia University
1659:The Journal of American History
1582:Schlein, Stephen, ed. (2009) .
794:needs additional citations for
145:
7222:Harvard Medical School faculty
7192:Austen Riggs Center physicians
4771:Attachment-based psychotherapy
4464:Cultural-historical psychology
4314:Works by or about Erik Erikson
3591:The American Historical Review
3358:Transactional Analysis Journal
2803:"The Corrosive Nature of Fame"
2346:Journal of Adolescent Research
590:Massachusetts General Hospital
32:Eric Erickson (disambiguation)
1:
7157:20th-century American writers
5867:Mentalization-based treatment
5130:Industrial and organizational
4628:Fathers as attachment figures
4524: (b. 1950), and others (
3479:Erik Erikson: An Introduction
3236:Erikson Bloland, Sue (2005).
3150:Eckenfels, Edward J. (2008).
2762:Erikson Bloland, Sue (2015).
2397:Hutchison, Elizabeth (2007).
2252:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_597
1920:"National Book Awards – 1970"
1842:Stade, George (19 May 1976).
979:, Generativity vs. stagnation
947:, Identity vs. role confusion
701:Western Psychiatric Institute
5924:Dialectical behavior therapy
5914:Cognitive behavioral therapy
5371:Human factors and ergonomics
4792:History of attachment theory
4679:Patricia McKinsey Crittenden
4648:Reactive attachment disorder
3307:Review of General Psychology
3214:Dimensions of a New Identity
3022:Vital involvement in old age
2471:Journal of Adult Development
2448:10.1016/0092-6566(89)90013-5
1160:Vital Involvement in Old Age
720:Dimensions of a New Identity
563:Adolf Hitler's rise to power
438:Review of General Psychology
7252:National Book Award winners
5954:Emotionally focused therapy
4504:Stages of moral development
4220:The Journal of Nursing Care
3982:10.1521/jaap.1.1976.4.4.529
2671:Identity and the Life Cycle
994:, Ego integrity vs. despair
7298:
7142:20th-century American Jews
6225:Systematic desensitization
6154:Practitioner–scholar model
5897:Clinical behavior analysis
4413:Positive adult development
4398:Positive youth development
3923:Dialogue with Erik Erikson
3920:Evans, Richard I. (1967).
3525:. New York: Summit Books.
3408:Hoare, Carol Hren (2002).
3370:10.1177/036215371004000310
3240:. New York: Viking Press.
3108:10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469
2604:Erikson & Erikson 1997
2134:10.1177/016502549501800408
1984:psychology.fas.harvard.edu
1810:psychology.fas.harvard.edu
1128:Identity: Youth and Crisis
1122:Insight and Responsibility
772:
681:Stockbridge, Massachusetts
29:
7267:Psychologists of religion
6946:
6935:
6800:The Story of Civilization
6703:
5757:
5060:Applied behavior analysis
5032:
4840:
4494:Ecological systems theory
4333:
4328:Links to related articles
4132:10.2466/pr0.1980.46.2.591
3475:Stevens, Richard (1983).
3319:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139
3221:W. Norton & Company.
3211:Erikson, Erik H. (1974).
3054:Erikson, Erik H. (1959).
2953:Erikson, Erik H. (1978).
2920:Erikson, Erik H. (1975).
2852:Erikson, Erik H. (1994).
2737:Erikson, Erik H. (1982).
2669:Erikson, Erik H. (1980).
2307:Erikson, Erik H. (1997).
2061:Erikson, Erik H. (1963).
2022:10.1007/s10597-009-9189-4
1944:Erikson, Erik H. (1969).
1772:"Erik Erikson, 1902–1994"
1645:Fadiman & Frager 2002
1319:Osmer & Bridgers 2018
710:selected Erikson for the
391:
189:
48:
7187:Analysands of Anna Freud
6766:Wandering Through Winter
6236:Other individual therapy
4474:Psychosocial development
4444:Psychosexual development
4375:Developmental psychology
4165:The Psychohistory Review
4091:The Psychohistory Review
4007:The Psychohistory Review
3726:The Psychohistory Review
3676:The Psychohistory Review
3627:Brenman-Gibson, Margaret
3551:The Psychohistory Review
3349:Heathcoate, Ann (2010).
3169:Engler, Barbara (2008).
3131:Burston, Daniel (2007).
2986:Erik H. Erikson (1978).
2644:Wulff, David M. (1991).
2358:10.1177/0743558410361370
2309:The life cycle completed
1795:, pp. 253, 261–262.
1172:The Life Cycle Completed
962:, Intimacy vs. isolation
932:Industry vs. inferiority
689:University of Pittsburgh
641:University of California
557:In 1930 Erikson married
336:The Life Cycle Completed
281:University of Pittsburgh
250:Developmental psychology
7182:American psychoanalysts
6922:Pilgrim at Tinker Creek
6828:The Armies of the Night
6794:Rousseau and Revolution
6258:Cognitive restructuring
5979:Person-centered therapy
5336:Behavioral neuroscience
4900:Behavioral neuroscience
4643:Object relations theory
4077:. New York: Free Press.
3825:10.1023/A:1025188901554
3581:; Fisher, Margaret W.;
2483:10.1023/a:1020790820868
2220:10.31000/jiki.v3i1.1485
1613:Thomas, Robert McG. Jr.
7282:Writers from Frankfurt
6189:Contingency management
6068:Transtheoretical model
6058:Eclectic psychotherapy
6035:Transactional analysis
5386:Psychology of religion
5326:Behavioral engineering
5263:Human subject research
4919:Cognitive neuroscience
4885:Affective neuroscience
4598:Attachment in children
4239:Welchman, Kit (2000).
4193:Wallerstein, Robert S.
3770:10.3138/CRAS-004-01-04
3703:Coles, Robert (1970).
3082:Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen
2716:10.1098/rstb.1966.0019
2616:Capps, Donald (2014).
1894:"1970 Pulitzer Prizes"
1269:McLeod, Saul (2017) .
1026:Psychology of religion
916:, Initiative vs. guilt
594:Harvard Medical School
588:and held positions at
398:Erik Homburger Erikson
18:Erik Homburger Erikson
7247:Jewish psychoanalysts
7217:German psychoanalysts
6139:Common factors theory
6103:Residential treatment
5762:Wiktionary definition
5298:Self-report inventory
5293:Quantitative research
4759:Clinical applications
4608:Attachment and health
4260:Psychoanalytic Review
4120:Psychological Reports
3868:Psychoanalytic Review
3631:Psychoanalytic Review
3086:American Psychologist
2899:10.1002/bs.3830140209
2574:10.1093/geronb/gbv062
2182:McLeod, Saul (2017).
2064:Childhood and Society
1420:Haggbloom et al. 2002
1107:Childhood and Society
769:Theory of personality
757:prolonged adolescence
691:where he worked with
664:Childhood and Society
313:Childhood and Society
6757:Howard Mumford Jones
6568:Lorna Smith Benjamin
6403:Harry Stack Sullivan
6328:Sensitivity training
6129:Clinical formulation
5288:Qualitative research
5243:Behavior epigenetics
4740:Attachment parenting
4638:Maternal deprivation
4593:Attachment in adults
4287:Zock, Hetty (2004).
3589:by Erikson, Erik H.
2827:Erikson Bloland 2005
1470:Erikson Bloland 2005
903:, Autonomy vs. shame
803:improve this article
7242:Jewish philosophers
7167:American Christians
6908:The Denial of Death
6752:O Strange New World
6300:Group psychotherapy
6211:Counterconditioning
6088:Brief psychotherapy
5959:Existential therapy
5767:Wiktionary category
5331:Behavioral genetics
5303:Statistical surveys
5160:Occupational health
4895:Behavioral genetics
4613:Attachment measures
4603:Attachment disorder
4516: (1943–2020),
4502: (1927–1987) (
4492: (1917–2005) (
4482: (1907–1990) (
4472: (1902–1994) (
4462: (1896–1934) (
4452: (1896–1980) (
4442: (1856–1939) (
2807:Jewish World Review
2708:1966RSPTB.251..337E
2514:Pastoral Psychology
1898:The Pulitzer Prizes
1551:. Erikson Institute
1156:(edited book, 1978)
1063:National Book Award
740:National Book Award
677:Austen Riggs Center
577:. Unable to regain
487:The development of
194:Academic background
180:National Book Award
6894:Children of Crisis
6889:Frances FitzGerald
6875:Barbara W. Tuchman
6818:So Human an Animal
6743:Richard Hofstadter
6729:Barbara W. Tuchman
6724:The Guns of August
6428:Milton H. Erickson
6263:Emotion regulation
6243:Autogenic training
6134:Clinical pluralism
6063:Multimodal therapy
5862:Analytical therapy
5739:Schools of thought
5642:Richard E. Nisbett
5522:Donald T. Campbell
5200:Sport and exercise
4745:Attachment therapy
4724:Nikolaas Tinbergen
3754:Crunden, Robert M.
3579:Bondurant, Joan V.
2887:Behavioral Science
2782:on 20 October 2017
1848:The New York Times
1717:www.britannica.com
1621:The New York Times
1472:, pp. 62, 64.
1368:The New York Times
1166:Erikson, Erik H.;
1055:Mohandas K. Gandhi
762:emerging adulthood
579:Danish citizenship
569:and the potential
286:Harvard University
7207:German Christians
6994:
6993:
6988:
6987:
6897:vols. 2 and 3 by
6785:David Brion Davis
6662:
6661:
6588:William R. Miller
6573:Marsha M. Linehan
6543:Jean Baker Miller
6503:Salvador Minuchin
6383:Ludwig Binswanger
6336:
6335:
6171:Behaviour therapy
6098:Online counseling
6076:
6075:
6015:Narrative therapy
5919:Cognitive therapy
5800:
5799:
5777:Wikimedia Commons
5704:Counseling topics
5667:Ronald C. Kessler
5657:Shelley E. Taylor
5582:Lawrence Kohlberg
5557:Stanley Schachter
5356:Consumer behavior
5238:Archival research
5006:Psycholinguistics
4890:Affective science
4800:
4799:
4657:Notable theorists
4618:Attachment theory
4574:Attachment theory
4540:
4539:
4520: (b. 1946),
4512: (b. 1939),
4484:Attachment theory
4408:Adult development
4393:Child development
4298:978-90-5183-180-1
4250:978-0-335-20157-0
4210:978-0-8236-2445-4
3912:978-0-684-31322-1
3802:Douvan, Elizabeth
3583:Sutherland, J. D.
3513:978-1-4039-9986-3
3490:978-0-312-25812-2
3467:978-1-84371-037-0
3419:978-0-19-513175-8
3292:978-0-674-00437-5
3273:978-0-13-040961-4
3247:978-0-670-03374-4
3228:978-0-393-00923-1
3203:978-1-285-08880-8
3180:978-0-547-14834-2
3161:978-0-8135-4315-4
3142:978-0-7657-0495-5
2988:Adulthood: essays
2627:978-1-4422-4151-0
2408:978-1-4129-4126-6
2261:978-3-319-24612-3
2188:Simply Psychology
1879:978-0-07-162364-3
1768:Boeree, C. George
1615:(8 August 1997).
1549:"Erik H. Erikson"
1509:Young-Bruehl 1989
1445:"Erik H. Erikson"
1275:Simply Psychology
1219:Erikson Institute
1185:978-0-393-34743-2
879:
878:
871:
853:
712:Jefferson Lecture
559:Joan Mowat Serson
546:Montessori method
463:Frankfurt am Main
395:
394:
16:(Redirected from
7289:
7117:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7100:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7083:
7075:
7074:
7073:
7063:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7035:
7034:
7033:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7011:
7010:
7009:
7002:
6981:
6972:
6963:
6954:
6941:
6930:
6916:
6902:
6884:Fire in the Lake
6878:
6864:
6850:
6836:
6812:
6788:
6774:
6760:
6746:
6732:
6718:
6689:
6682:
6675:
6666:
6578:Vittorio Guidano
6548:Otto F. Kernberg
6418:Donald Winnicott
6275:Free association
6220:Exposure therapy
6199:Stimulus control
6179:Aversion therapy
6167:
6030:Systemic therapy
6005:Feminist therapy
5857:Adlerian therapy
5845:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5804:
5734:Research methods
5677:Richard Davidson
5672:Joseph E. LeDoux
5547:George A. Miller
5537:David McClelland
5532:Herbert A. Simon
5432:Edward Thorndike
5253:Content analysis
5038:
5011:Psychophysiology
4827:
4820:
4813:
4804:
4750:Candace Newmaker
4669:William E. Blatz
4588:Affectional bond
4567:
4560:
4553:
4544:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4337:
4324:
4318:Internet Archive
4302:
4283:
4254:
4235:
4214:
4188:
4159:
4114:
4086:
4078:
4076:
4062:
4030:
4001:
3964:
3935:
3916:
3897:Koertge, Noretta
3891:
3862:
3836:
3810:
3797:
3749:
3720:
3710:
3699:
3670:
3663:Capps, Walter H.
3654:
3622:
3597:(4): 1104–1115.
3574:
3536:
3517:
3501:
3494:
3482:
3471:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3423:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3395:on 2 August 2016
3394:
3388:. Archived from
3364:(3–4): 254–260.
3355:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3296:
3277:
3251:
3232:
3220:
3207:
3191:
3184:
3165:
3146:
3127:
3101:
3068:
3067:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2849:
2843:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2778:. Archived from
2759:
2753:
2752:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2702:(772): 337–349.
2691:
2685:
2684:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2576:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2369:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2179:
2154:
2153:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1654:
1648:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1590:on 12 March 2014
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1399:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1360:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1189:
1177:
1168:Erikson, Joan M.
874:
867:
863:
860:
854:
852:
811:
787:
779:
321:Young Man Luther
295:Notable students
149:
147:
97:
71:
69:
53:
39:
21:
7297:
7296:
7292:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7286:
7122:
7121:
7120:
7110:
7105:
7103:
7093:
7088:
7086:
7076:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7062:sister projects
7061:
7059:at Knowledge's
7053:
7043:
7041:
7031:
7029:
7019:
7017:
7007:
7005:
6997:
6995:
6990:
6989:
6984:
6975:
6966:
6957:
6950:
6942:
6933:
6919:
6905:
6881:
6867:
6853:
6839:
6815:
6791:
6777:
6771:Edwin Way Teale
6763:
6749:
6735:
6721:
6707:
6699:
6693:
6663:
6658:
6612:
6593:Steven C. Hayes
6523:Paul Watzlawick
6508:Paul Watzlawick
6463:Virginia Axline
6373:Sándor Ferenczi
6332:
6313:Couples therapy
6294:
6268:Affect labeling
6231:
6216:Desensitization
6158:
6144:Discontinuation
6117:
6072:
6044:
6025:Reality therapy
5983:
5969:Gestalt therapy
5940:
5888:
5881:
5836:
5831:
5801:
5796:
5753:
5729:Psychotherapies
5690:
5647:Martin Seligman
5612:Daniel Kahneman
5552:Richard Lazarus
5502:Raymond Cattell
5406:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5307:
5219:
5046:
5039:
5030:
4991:Neuropsychology
4871:
4864:
4836:
4831:
4801:
4796:
4780:
4754:
4728:
4652:
4576:
4571:
4541:
4536:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4369:
4364:
4329:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4286:
4257:
4251:
4238:
4217:
4211:
4199:, eds. (1998).
4197:Goldberger, Leo
4191:
4162:
4117:
4084:
4081:
4065:
4033:
4004:
3967:
3938:
3919:
3913:
3894:
3865:
3808:
3800:
3752:
3723:
3702:
3673:
3657:
3625:
3603:10.2307/1849243
3577:
3548:
3544:
3542:Further reading
3539:
3533:
3520:
3514:
3502: (2008).
3499:
3497:
3491:
3474:
3468:
3447:
3438:
3436:
3426:
3420:
3407:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3353:
3348:
3339:
3337:
3299:
3293:
3280:
3274:
3254:
3248:
3235:
3229:
3218:
3210:
3204:
3192: (2014).
3189:
3187:
3181:
3168:
3162:
3149:
3143:
3130:
3099:10.1.1.462.7685
3080:
3076:
3071:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3033:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2998:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2965:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2932:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2864:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2768:New Philosopher
2761:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2319:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2262:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2181:
2180:
2157:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1671:10.2307/2675414
1656:
1655:
1651:
1643:, p. 151;
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1527:
1523:, pp. 8–9.
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1401:
1400:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1370:. 13 March 1994
1362:
1361:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1337:Harvard Gazette
1330:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1295:Heathcoate 2010
1293:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1215:
1196:
1186:
1175:
1165:
1102:
1097:
1071:
1028:
1005:
996:
981:
964:
949:
934:
918:
905:
892:
875:
864:
858:
855:
812:
810:
800:
788:
777:
771:
728:
685:Norman Rockwell
613:Gregory Bateson
598:Yale University
555:
526:August Aichhorn
514:
447:
414:identity crisis
402:Erik Salomonsen
387:
373:James W. Fowler
341:
299:Richard Sennett
290:
271:Yale University
259:
225:
185:
151:
148: 1930)
143:
139:
126:
109:
99:
95:
86:
73:
67:
65:
64:
63:
62:Erik Salomonsen
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7295:
7293:
7285:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7202:Ego psychology
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7124:
7123:
7119:
7118:
7101:
7099:from Wikiquote
7084:
7055:
7052:
7051:
7039:
7027:
7015:
6992:
6991:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6973:
6964:
6955:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6931:
6917:
6903:
6879:
6865:
6856:The Rising Sun
6851:
6842:Gandhi's Truth
6837:
6813:
6789:
6775:
6761:
6747:
6733:
6719:
6715:Theodore White
6704:
6701:
6700:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6684:
6677:
6669:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6620:
6618:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6563:Arnold Lazarus
6560:
6558:Irvin D. Yalom
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6533:Eugene Gendlin
6530:
6525:
6520:
6518:Ogden Lindsley
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6493:Virginia Satir
6490:
6485:
6483:James Bugental
6480:
6478:Silvano Arieti
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6348:Philippe Pinel
6344:
6342:
6338:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6318:Family therapy
6315:
6310:
6304:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6260:
6255:
6253:Clean language
6250:
6245:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6213:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6186:
6181:
6175:
6173:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6113:Support groups
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6054:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5950:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5893:
5891:
5887:Cognitive and
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5872:Psychoanalysis
5869:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5851:
5842:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5807:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5700:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5687:Roy Baumeister
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5622:Michael Posner
5619:
5614:
5609:
5607:Elliot Aronson
5604:
5602:Walter Mischel
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5567:Albert Bandura
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5542:Leon Festinger
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5512:Neal E. Miller
5509:
5507:Abraham Maslow
5504:
5499:
5494:
5492:Ernest Hilgard
5489:
5487:Donald O. Hebb
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5467:J. P. Guilford
5464:
5462:Gordon Allport
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5442:John B. Watson
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5407:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5233:Animal testing
5229:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
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5147:
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5127:
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5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
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5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5041:
5040:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4936:Cross-cultural
4933:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4916:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4874:
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4862:
4857:
4852:
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4822:
4815:
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4781:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4762:
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4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4664:Mary Ainsworth
4660:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
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4605:
4600:
4595:
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4572:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4507:
4497:
4490:Bronfenbrenner
4487:
4477:
4467:
4457:
4447:
4436:
4434:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4365:
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4330:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4309:
4308:External links
4306:
4304:
4303:
4297:
4284:
4266:(2): 209–233.
4255:
4249:
4236:
4215:
4209:
4189:
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4126:(2): 591–612.
4115:
4097:(1): 101–117.
4079:
4063:
4045:(4): 519–529.
4031:
4002:
3976:(4): 529–544.
3965:
3947:(4): 295–314.
3936:
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3911:
3892:
3874:(3): 337–347.
3863:
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3671:
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3623:
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3489:
3472:
3466:
3445:
3429:"James Fowler"
3424:
3418:
3405:
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3313:(2): 139–152.
3297:
3291:
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3272:
3260:Frager, Robert
3256:Fadiman, James
3252:
3246:
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3227:
3208:
3202:
3185:
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3166:
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3147:
3141:
3128:
3092:(5): 469–480.
3077:
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3011:
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2930:
2912:
2893:(2): 154–159.
2877:
2862:
2844:
2831:
2829:, pp. 67.
2819:
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2729:
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2633:
2626:
2608:
2596:
2567:(3): 400–407.
2547:
2504:
2461:
2442:(4): 435–449.
2426:
2414:
2407:
2389:
2367:1854/LU-941691
2352:(3): 387–415.
2332:
2317:
2299:
2274:
2260:
2234:
2193:
2184:"Erik Erikson"
2155:
2128:(4): 713–726.
2112:
2087:
2085:, p. 143.
2075:
2073:, p. 142.
2053:
2016:(6): 405–414.
1996:
1980:"Erik Erikson"
1971:
1959:
1933:
1911:
1885:
1878:
1860:
1834:
1822:
1806:"Erik Erikson"
1797:
1785:
1759:
1754:New York Times
1741:
1729:
1704:
1692:
1649:
1647:, p. 208.
1633:
1601:
1574:
1562:
1540:
1525:
1513:
1511:, p. 178.
1501:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1451:on 15 May 2013
1436:
1424:
1412:
1403:"Erik Erikson"
1381:
1350:
1323:
1311:
1309:, p. vii.
1307:Eckenfels 2008
1299:
1297:, p. 257.
1287:
1271:"Erik Erikson"
1261:
1259:, p. 109.
1249:
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1125:
1119:
1111:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1082:Kai T. Erikson
1070:
1067:
1059:Pulitzer Prize
1051:Gandhi's Truth
1027:
1024:
1004:
1001:
995:
986:
980:
973:
963:
954:
948:
939:
933:
923:
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910:
904:
897:
891:
884:
877:
876:
818:"Erik Erikson"
791:
789:
782:
773:Main article:
770:
767:
749:Gandhi's Truth
736:Pulitzer Prize
732:ego psychology
727:
724:
693:Benjamin Spock
652:Alfred Kroeber
602:medical school
554:
551:
542:Edward Bibring
538:Helene Deutsch
530:Heinz Hartmann
513:
510:
446:
443:
408:known for his
393:
392:
389:
388:
386:
385:
380:
378:Howard Gardner
375:
370:
365:
359:
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352:
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342:
340:
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333:
329:Gandhi's Truth
325:
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296:
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255:psychoanalysis
252:
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243:Sub-discipline
240:
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218:
213:
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196:
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177:
174:Pulitzer Prize
170:
168:
164:
163:
161:Kai T. Erikson
157:
153:
152:
141:
135:
134:
132:
128:
127:
125:
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117:
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110:
100:
98:(aged 91)
92:
88:
87:
74:
61:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7294:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
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7268:
7265:
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7260:
7258:
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7238:
7235:
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7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
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7210:
7208:
7205:
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7200:
7198:
7195:
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7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7116:from Wikidata
7115:
7114:
7102:
7098:
7097:
7085:
7081:
7080:
7068:
7064:
7058:
7050:
7049:United States
7040:
7038:
7028:
7026:
7016:
7014:
7004:
7000:
6979:
6974:
6970:
6965:
6961:
6956:
6953:
6952:Complete list
6949:
6948:
6945:
6940:
6928:
6927:Annie Dillard
6924:
6923:
6918:
6914:
6913:Ernest Becker
6910:
6909:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6895:
6890:
6886:
6885:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6857:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6834:
6833:Norman Mailer
6830:
6829:
6824:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6801:
6797:, vol. 10 of
6796:
6795:
6790:
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6782:
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6776:
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6768:
6767:
6762:
6758:
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6753:
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6744:
6740:
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6734:
6730:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6711:
6706:
6705:
6702:
6697:
6690:
6685:
6683:
6678:
6676:
6671:
6670:
6667:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6615:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6603:Jeffrey Young
6601:
6599:
6598:Michael White
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6583:Les Greenberg
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
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6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
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6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6468:Carl Whitaker
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6448:Viktor Frankl
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6433:Jacques Lacan
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6423:Wilhelm Reich
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6388:Melanie Klein
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6358:Sigmund Freud
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
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6212:
6209:
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6204:Token economy
6202:
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6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6010:Music therapy
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
6000:Dance therapy
5998:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
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5957:
5955:
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5951:
5949:
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5916:
5915:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5849:Psychodynamic
5846:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5834:Psychotherapy
5828:
5823:
5821:
5816:
5814:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5724:Psychologists
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5714:Organizations
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5662:John Anderson
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5592:Ulric Neisser
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5577:Endel Tulving
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5562:Robert Zajonc
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5517:Jerome Bruner
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5482:B. F. Skinner
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5447:Clark L. Hull
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5427:Sigmund Freud
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5417:William James
5415:
5413:
5412:Wilhelm Wundt
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:Psychologists
5400:
5392:
5391:Psychometrics
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5351:Consciousness
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5283:Psychophysics
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5225:Methodologies
5222:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5185:Psychotherapy
5183:
5181:
5180:Psychometrics
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
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5128:
5126:
5123:
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5118:
5116:
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5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5042:
5037:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4946:Developmental
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4823:
4821:
4816:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4709:Konrad Lorenz
4707:
4705:
4704:Melanie Klein
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4689:Sigmund Freud
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:Human bonding
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4428:Theorists and
4425:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4349:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4332:
4325:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4035:Masson, J. L.
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3834:2027.42/43955
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3659:Capps, Donald
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3534:
3532:9780333455265
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3505:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3347:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3216:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3032:0-393-02359-1
3028:
3024:
3023:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2997:0-393-01165-8
2993:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2964:0-7145-2629-0
2960:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2931:0-393-01103-8
2927:
2923:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2863:0-393-31214-3
2859:
2855:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2748:0-393-30229-6
2744:
2740:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2680:0-393-00949-1
2676:
2672:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2655:0-471-50236-7
2651:
2647:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2609:
2606:, p. 61.
2605:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2318:0-393-03934-X
2314:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1793:Friedman 2000
1789:
1786:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1750:"On this Day"
1745:
1742:
1739:, p. 11.
1738:
1733:
1730:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1702:, p. 10.
1701:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1434:, p. 29.
1433:
1432:Friedman 2000
1428:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1247:, p. 93.
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1069:Personal life
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:Martin Luther
1044:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1002:
1000:
993:
992:
987:
985:
978:
974:
972:
968:
961:
960:
955:
953:
946:
945:
940:
938:
931:
929:
924:
922:
915:
911:
909:
902:
898:
896:
889:
885:
883:
873:
870:
862:
851:
848:
844:
841:
837:
834:
830:
827:
823:
820: –
819:
815:
814:Find sources:
808:
804:
798:
797:
792:This section
790:
786:
781:
780:
776:
768:
766:
764:
763:
758:
753:
751:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
725:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:loyalty oaths
670:
666:
665:
659:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
637:
634:
631:to study the
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:Ruth Benedict
614:
610:
609:Margaret Mead
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
553:United States
552:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
520:'s daughter,
519:
518:Sigmund Freud
511:
509:
505:
503:
499:
493:
490:
485:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
444:
442:
440:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
406:psychoanalyst
403:
399:
390:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
358:
354:
351:
348:
346:Notable ideas
344:
337:
334:
331:
330:
326:
323:
322:
318:
315:
314:
310:
309:
307:
305:Notable works
303:
300:
297:
293:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
266:
262:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
230:Academic work
228:
222:
221:Margaret Mead
219:
217:
216:Sigmund Freud
214:
212:
209:
207:
206:Ruth Benedict
204:
203:
201:
197:
192:
188:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
169:
165:
162:
159:4, including
158:
154:
138:
133:
129:
122:
119:
118:
116:
112:
107:
106:Massachusetts
103:
93:
89:
85:
84:German Empire
81:
77:
60:
56:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7111:
7094:
7082:from Commons
7077:
7057:Erik Erikson
7056:
6920:
6906:
6899:Robert Coles
6892:
6882:
6868:
6854:
6847:Erik Erikson
6846:
6840:
6826:
6816:
6809:Ariel Durant
6798:
6792:
6778:
6764:
6750:
6736:
6722:
6708:
6617:Associations
6608:Peter Fonagy
6553:Nathan Azrin
6528:Arthur Janov
6488:Joseph Wolpe
6473:Albert Ellis
6453:George Kelly
6438:Erik Erikson
6437:
6398:Karen Horney
6368:Alfred Adler
6363:Pierre Janet
6353:Josef Breuer
6285:Hypnotherapy
6020:Play therapy
5637:Larry Squire
5632:Bruce McEwen
5627:Amos Tversky
5597:Jerome Kagan
5587:Noam Chomsky
5527:Hans Eysenck
5497:Harry Harlow
5477:Erik Erikson
5476:
5376:Intelligence
5273:Neuroimaging
5016:Quantitative
4981:Mathematical
4976:Intelligence
4966:Experimental
4961:Evolutionary
4951:Differential
4860:Psychologist
4699:Jerome Kagan
4694:Harry Harlow
4684:Erik Erikson
4683:
4469:
4288:
4263:
4259:
4240:
4226:(5): 27–28.
4223:
4219:
4200:
4171:(3): 28–31.
4168:
4164:
4123:
4119:
4094:
4090:
4072:
4067:Roazen, Paul
4042:
4038:
4013:(1): 69–86.
4010:
4006:
3973:
3969:
3944:
3940:
3922:
3900:
3871:
3867:
3819:(1): 15–21.
3816:
3812:
3764:(1): 48–64.
3761:
3757:
3732:(3): 42–46.
3729:
3725:
3706:
3679:
3675:
3666:
3634:
3630:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3557:(1): 35–68.
3554:
3550:
3522:
3503:
3478:
3449:
3437:. Retrieved
3432:
3409:
3397:. Retrieved
3390:the original
3361:
3357:
3338:. Retrieved
3310:
3306:
3282:
3263:
3237:
3213:
3193:
3170:
3151:
3132:
3089:
3085:
3055:
3049:
3021:
3014:
2987:
2981:
2954:
2948:
2921:
2915:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2853:
2847:
2839:
2834:
2822:
2810:. Retrieved
2806:
2796:
2784:. Retrieved
2780:the original
2767:
2757:
2738:
2732:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2670:
2664:
2645:
2617:
2611:
2599:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2477:(1): 53–65.
2474:
2470:
2464:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2417:
2398:
2392:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2308:
2302:
2290:. Retrieved
2286:
2277:
2243:
2237:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2187:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2103:. Retrieved
2099:
2090:
2078:
2063:
2056:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1983:
1974:
1962:
1945:
1924:. Retrieved
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1869:
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1847:
1837:
1830:Erikson 1974
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1809:
1800:
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1762:
1753:
1744:
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1716:
1707:
1695:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1636:
1624:. Retrieved
1620:
1592:. Retrieved
1588:the original
1577:
1572:, p. 8.
1570:Stevens 2008
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1543:
1538:, p. 9.
1516:
1504:
1497:Stevens 1983
1484:, p. 8.
1477:
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1449:the original
1439:
1427:
1415:
1407:Encyclopedia
1406:
1372:. Retrieved
1367:
1341:. Retrieved
1336:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:
1264:
1257:Stevens 2008
1252:
1245:Burston 2007
1205:
1199:
1171:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1095:Bibliography
1090:
1079:
1075:Joan Erikson
1072:
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859:January 2016
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801:Please help
796:verification
793:
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669:Levering Act
662:
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482:pediatrician
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397:
396:
383:James Marcia
368:Robert Coles
335:
327:
319:
311:
264:Institutions
96:(1994-05-12)
72:15 June 1902
43:Erik Erikson
36:
7137:1994 deaths
7132:1902 births
6861:John Toland
6698:(1962–1975)
6538:R. D. Laing
6513:Haim Ginott
6443:Carl Rogers
6408:Fritz Perls
6323:Psychodrama
6248:Biofeedback
6050:Integrative
5995:Art therapy
5974:Logotherapy
5709:Disciplines
5682:Susan Fiske
5572:Roger Brown
5472:Carl Rogers
5457:Jean Piaget
5422:Ivan Pavlov
5278:Observation
5258:Experiments
5205:Suicidology
5100:Educational
5055:Anomalistic
5026:Theoretical
5001:Personality
4931:Comparative
4914:Cognitivism
4905:Behaviorism
4733:Controversy
4674:John Bowlby
4403:Young adult
3074:Works cited
2520:(1): 3–32.
2422:Slater 2003
2083:Engler 2014
2071:Engler 2014
1989:27 November
1967:Arnett 2000
1665:(3): 1112.
1641:Engler 2008
1194:Collections
1100:Major works
1086:sociologist
1009:Ninth Stage
1003:Ninth stage
697:Fred Rogers
534:Paul Federn
137:Joan Serson
114:Citizenship
94:12 May 1994
7126:Categories
7096:Quotations
7025:Psychology
6823:René Dubos
6498:Aaron Beck
6413:Anna Freud
6308:Co-therapy
6163:Techniques
6093:Counseling
6081:Approaches
5946:Humanistic
5889:behavioral
5772:Wikisource
5617:Paul Ekman
5452:Kurt Lewin
5346:Competence
5268:Interviews
5248:Case study
5125:Humanistic
5105:Ergonomics
5090:Counseling
5065:Assessment
5047:psychology
4996:Perception
4956:Ecological
4872:psychology
4850:Philosophy
4834:Psychology
4719:René Spitz
3523:Anna Freud
3399:20 October
3340:20 October
3064:1016208029
2957:. Boyars.
2812:20 October
2786:20 October
2287:docuri.com
2213:(1): 1–9.
1948:. Norton.
1904:20 October
1853:19 October
1815:4 December
1737:Hoare 2002
1722:4 December
1700:Hoare 2002
1536:Hoare 2002
1521:Hoare 2002
1482:Hoare 2002
1374:19 October
1343:20 October
1280:20 October
1225:References
928:Competence
829:newspapers
716:humanities
629:California
575:Copenhagen
522:Anna Freud
471:Salomonsen
455:Copenhagen
453:family in
445:Early life
363:Eric Berne
356:Influenced
238:Psychology
235:Discipline
211:Anna Freud
199:Influences
68:1902-06-15
7013:Biography
6978:2001–2025
6969:1976–2000
6960:1962–1975
6458:Rollo May
6393:Otto Rank
6378:Carl Jung
6108:Self-help
5792:Wikibooks
5782:Wikiquote
5652:Ed Diener
5437:Carl Jung
5341:Cognition
5170:Political
5080:Community
4910:Cognitive
4714:Mary Main
4522:Demetriou
4383:Antenatal
4272:0033-2836
4177:0363-891X
4140:0033-2941
4103:0363-891X
4051:1745-8315
4019:0363-891X
3990:1546-0371
3953:0025-9284
3880:0033-2836
3843:1573-3327
3778:0007-7720
3738:0363-891X
3717:898775065
3688:0363-891X
3643:0033-2836
3611:0002-8762
3563:0363-891X
3439:27 August
3378:2329-5244
3335:145668721
3327:1939-1552
3116:1935-990X
3094:CiteSeerX
2973:315744364
2907:1099-1743
2776:2201-7151
2583:1079-5014
2542:144519449
2534:1573-6679
2499:140501567
2491:1068-0667
2456:0092-6566
2376:0743-5584
2270:241069450
2229:2580-3077
2150:145704944
2142:0165-0254
2100:study.com
2069:Cited in
2030:0010-3853
1954:868769096
1778:30 August
1770:(2006) .
1679:0021-8723
1626:30 August
1455:30 August
1230:Citations
1154:Adulthood
738:and a US
623:tribe in
478:Karlsruhe
421:professor
76:Frankfurt
6891: /
6825: /
6290:Modeling
6280:Homework
6184:Chaining
6122:Research
5964:Focusing
5787:Wikinews
5744:Timeline
5366:Feelings
5361:Emotions
5321:Behavior
5312:Concepts
5190:Religion
5175:Positive
5165:Pastoral
5150:Military
5115:Forensic
5110:Feminist
5095:Critical
5085:Consumer
5075:Coaching
5070:Clinical
5045:Applied
4941:Cultural
4880:Abnormal
4500:Kohlberg
4460:Vygotsky
4431:theories
4418:Maturity
4185:11615797
4156:35340912
4111:11623366
4069:(1976).
4027:11623369
3859:22049620
3804:(1997).
3794:35564701
3786:11634791
3746:11615801
3696:11623367
3571:11623368
3386:51749399
3262:(2002).
3124:10842426
3041:13821644
2872:31741383
2724:83998401
2591:26443014
2384:44281123
2327:35198742
2048:19533350
1594:11 March
1499:, ch. 1.
1213:See also
1170:(1997).
1061:and the
1032:religion
1007:For the
944:Fidelity
645:Berkeley
489:identity
156:Children
120:American
7037:Germany
6999:Portals
6194:Shaping
6149:History
5841:Schools
5719:Outline
5215:Traffic
5210:Systems
5145:Medical
4971:Gestalt
4845:History
4514:Fischer
4510:Commons
4470:Erikson
4316:at the
4148:6992185
4059:4616017
3932:4930459
3899:(ed.).
3888:9279929
3851:9256525
3651:9279928
3619:1849243
3006:3414835
2940:1055523
2704:Bibcode
2292:18 June
2039:2791471
1926:8 March
1756:. 2010.
1687:2675414
1555:3 April
1409:. 2018.
1020:virtues
914:Purpose
843:scholar
467:Germany
459:Denmark
425:Harvard
150:
142:
102:Harwich
6929:(1975)
6915:(1974)
6901:(1973)
6877:(1972)
6863:(1971)
6849:(1970)
6835:(1969)
6811:(1968)
6787:(1967)
6773:(1966)
6759:(1965)
6745:(1964)
6731:(1963)
6717:(1962)
6341:People
5749:Topics
5195:School
5120:Health
5021:Social
4924:Social
4870:Basic
4855:Portal
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991:Wisdom
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615:, and
586:Boston
567:Berlin
532:, and
502:Munich
498:Nordic
451:Jewish
431:, and
400:(born
338:(1987)
332:(1969)
324:(1958)
316:(1950)
182:(1970)
176:(1970)
167:Awards
131:Spouse
123:German
108:, U.S.
7079:Media
6803:, by
5988:Other
5696:Lists
5155:Music
5140:Media
5135:Legal
4986:Moral
4518:Kegan
4440:Freud
4152:S2CID
3855:S2CID
3809:(PDF)
3790:S2CID
3615:JSTOR
3393:(PDF)
3382:S2CID
3354:(PDF)
3331:S2CID
2720:S2CID
2538:S2CID
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2380:S2CID
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850:JSTOR
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