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a nearby area that is more suitable for winter feeding. The male robin keeps the same territory throughout the year. During the breeding season, male robins usually initiate their morning song an hour before civil sunrise, and usually terminate their daily singing around thirty minutes after sunset. Nocturnal singing can also occur, especially in urban areas that are artificially lit during the night. Some urban robins opt to sing at night to avoid daytime anthropogenic noise.
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895:), lined by a bluish grey on the sides of the neck and chest. The upperparts are brownish, or olive-tinged in British birds, and the belly whitish, while the legs and feet are brown. The bill and eyes are black. Juveniles are a spotted brown and white in colouration, with patches of orange gradually appearing.
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Because of high mortality in the first year of life, a robin has an average life expectancy of 1.1 years; however, once past its first year, life expectancy increases. One robin has been recorded as reaching 19 years of age. A spell of very low temperatures in winter can, however, result in
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during the breeding season. Both the male and female sing throughout the year, including during the winter, when they hold separate territories. During the winter, the robin's song is more plaintive than the summer version. The female robin moves a short distance from the summer nesting territory to
757:
on the Canary
Islands revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data and morphometrics: evidence for a new robin taxon on Gran Canaria?". In it they concluded that Gran Canaria's robin diverged genetically from their European relatives as far back as 2.3 million years, while the Tenerife ones took
1307:
as subspecies, their data does not allow for a definite conclusion. The alternative explanation â that
Tenerife was colonised by already-distinct Gran Canaria robins â has not been explored and the proposed model relies only on probabilistic inference. Likewise, the seemingly exact molecular dating
890:
The adult
European robin is 12.5â14.0 cm (4.9â5.5 in) long and weighs 16â22 g (0.56â0.78 oz), with a wingspan of 20â22 cm (8â8.5 in). The male and female bear similar plumage: an orange breast and face (more strongly coloured in the otherwise similar British subspecies
1238:
seeks to explain the robin's distinctive breast. Legend has it that when Jesus was dying on the cross, the robin, then simply brown in colour, flew to his side and sang into his ear in order to comfort him in his pain. The blood from his wounds stained the robin's breast, and thereafter all robins
1037:
Two or three clutches of five or six eggs are laid throughout the breeding season, which commences in March in
Britain and Ireland. The eggs are a cream, buff or white speckled or blotched with reddish-brown colour, often more heavily so at the larger end. When juvenile birds fly from the nests,
952:
911:
range. Irish and
British robins are largely resident but a small minority, usually female, migrate to southern Europe during winter, a few as far as Spain. Scandinavian and Russian robins migrate to Britain and western Europe to escape the harsher winters. These migrants can be recognised by the
991:
and other food freshly turned up. The robin is considered to be a gardener's friend, and from the traditional association of the red breast with the blood of Christ, the robin would never be harmed. In continental Europe, on the other hand, robins were hunted and killed as were most other small
1029:
Robins may choose a wide variety of sites for building a nest. In fact, anything which can offer some shelter, like a depression or hole, may be considered. As well as the usual crevices, or sheltered banks, other objects include pieces of machinery, barbecues, bicycle handlebars, bristles on
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Male robins are noted for their highly aggressive territorial behaviour. They will fiercely attack other males and competitors that stray into their territories and have been observed attacking other small birds without apparent provocation. There are instances of robins attacking their own
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another half a million years to make this leap, 1.8 million years ago. The most likely reason would be a different colonisation of the
Canaries by this bird, which arrived at the oldest island first (Gran Canaria) and subsequently passed to the neighbouring island (Tenerife).
825:), a species which occupies much of the same range as the European robin. The similarity between the European and American robins lies largely in the orange chest patch found in both species. This American species was incorrectly shown "feathering its nest" in London in the film
1325:
In
Christian folklore the robin got its red breast because it plucked a thorn from Jesus' crown-of-thorns during His crucifixion. A drop of Jesus' blood fell on to the bird and thereafter they had a red breast â for Christians the robin has long been associated with charity and
987:, although it has been reported to be active hunting insects on moonlit nights or near artificial light at night. Well known to British and Irish gardeners, it is relatively unafraid of people and drawn to human activities involving the digging of soil, in order to look out for
1283:(whose home colours are white with a red band). As of 2019, Bristol City, Swindon Town and Cheltenham Town also incorporate a robin image in their current badge designs. A small bird is an unusual choice, although it is thought to symbolise agility in darting around the field.
1038:
their colouration is entirely mottled brown. After two to three months out of the nest, the juvenile bird grows some orange feathers under its chin, and over a similar period this patch gradually extends to complete the adult appearance of an entirely red-orange breast.
739:), which may be considered two distinct species or at least two different subspecies. They are readily distinguished by a white eye-ring, an intensely coloured breast, a grey line that separates the orange-red from the brown colouration, and the belly is entirely white.
967:
912:
greyer tone of the upper parts of their bodies and duller orange breast. The continental
European robins that migrate during winter prefer spruce woods in northern Europe, contrasting with its preference for parks and gardens in Great Britain.
2182:
De La Hera, I.; Fandos, G.; FernĂĄndezâLĂłpez, J.; Onrubia, A.; PĂ©rezâRodrĂguez, A.; PĂ©rezâTris, J.; TellerĂa, J. L. (2018). "Habitat segregation by breeding origin in the declining populations of
European Robins wintering in southern Iberia".
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is pending to confirm that the first one is effectively a different subspecies. Initial results suggest that birds from Gran
Canaria have wings about 10% shorter than those on Tenerife. The west Canary Islands' populations are younger
55:
1034:, favouring a design with an open front placed in a sheltered position up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) from the ground. Nests are generally composed of moss, leaves and grass, with fine grass, hair and feathers for lining.
957:
956:
953:
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Sangster, G.; Alström, P.; Forsmark, E.; Olsson, U. (2010). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae)".
958:
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In autumn and winter, robins will supplement their usual diet of terrestrial invertebrates, such as spiders, worms and insects, with berries and fruit. They will also eat seed mixtures and suet placed on bird-tables.
1255:, the robin was adopted as the unofficial national bird of the United Kingdom. In 2015, the robin was again voted Britain's national bird in a poll organised by birdwatcher David Lindo, taking 34% of the final vote.
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Attempts to introduce the European robin into Australia and New Zealand in the latter part of the 19th century were unsuccessful. Birds were released around Melbourne, Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington and
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Several English and Welsh sports organisations are nicknamed "the Robins". The nickname is typically used for teams whose home colours predominantly use red. These include the professional football clubs
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1177:, in which the robin's ability to sense the magnetic field of the Earth for navigation is affected by the light entering the bird's eye. The physical mechanism of the robin's magnetic sense involves
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studies to be more similar to a group of other Asian species than to the European robin. In a reorganisation of the genera, the Japanese and the Ryukyu robins were moved to the resurrected genus
399:
It is about 12.5â14.0 cm (4.9â5.5 in) in length; the male and female are similar in colouration, with an orange breast and face lined with grey, brown upper-parts and a whitish belly.
746:
sequence data and vocalisations indicate that the Gran Canaria/Tenerife robins are indeed very distinct and probably derived from colonisation by mainland birds some 2 million years ago.
1217:
reported a tradition from German-speaking Europe that if someone disturbed a robin's nest their house would be struck by lightning. Robins feature in the traditional children's tale
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birds, and are therefore more wary. Robins also approach large wild animals, such as wild boar, which disturb the ground, to look for any food that might be brought to the surface.
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54:
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An alternative legend has it that its breast was scorched fetching water for souls in Purgatory. The association with Christmas more probably arises from the fact that postmen in
652:. Robin subspecies are mainly distinguished by forming resident populations on islands and in mountainous areas. The robin found in the British Isles and much of western Europe,
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1303:(2003) conclude that both the Tenerife and Gran Canaria populations are independently derived from mainland populations and should constitute two species or both be placed in
813:) is a much larger bird named for its similar coloration to the European robin, but the two birds are not closely related, with the American robin instead belonging to the
1526:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
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The robin features prominently in British folklore and that of northwestern France, but much less so in other parts of Europe, though in the nineteenth century
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thresholds under the population trend criterion (>30 per cent decline over ten years or three generations); the population appears to be increasing. The
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in the subfamily Erithacinae, which otherwise contained only African species, but its exact position with respect to the other genera was not resolved.
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In southern Iberia, habitat segregation of resident and migrant robins occurs, with resident robins remaining in the same woodlands where they bred.
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Britain wore red jackets and were nicknamed "Robins"; the robin featured on the Christmas card is an emblem of the postman delivering the card.
927:, with none becoming established. There was a similar outcome in North America, as birds failed to become established after being released in
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as a colour name being unknown in English until the 16th century, by which time the fruit of the same name had been introduced. The Dutch
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on the Canary Islands revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data and morphometrics: evidence for a new robin taxon on Gran Canaria?"
2502:"Artificial night lighting rather than traffic noise affects the daily timing of dawn and dusk singing in common European songbirds"
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The European robin has an extensive range and a population numbering in the hundreds of millions. The species does not approach the
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In their large continental Eurasian range, robins vary somewhat, but do not form discrete populations that might be considered
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reflection. Territorial disputes sometimes lead to fatalities, accounting for up to 10% of adult robin deaths in some areas.
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1997:
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that may or may not be correct, and of course the assumption that the ancestor of all robins was similar in colouration to
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3211:
1169:. Since this would not interfere with an iron compass, the experiments imply that the birds use a radical-pair mechanism.
2222:
Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments
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1104:
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The robin occurs in Eurasia east to Western Siberia, south to Algeria and on the Atlantic islands as far west as the
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are the European ones, which is not surprising as the species does not breed either in this island or in the nearby
343:
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In the 15th century, when it became popular to give human names to familiar species, the bird came to be known as
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The distinctive orange breast of both sexes contributed to the European robin's original name of "redbreast",
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upturned brooms, discarded kettles, watering cans, flower pots and hats. Robins will also nest in manmade
839:
797:; they are wintering birds or just passing through during their long migration between Africa and Europe.
600:
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and not the continental birds is, being inferred from their model of colonisation, entirely conjectural.
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875:
850:), is more closely related to crows and jays than it is to the European robin. It belongs to the family
536:
202:
43:
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1922:
Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic
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The avian magnetic compass of the robin has been extensively researched and uses vision-based
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but has shorter wings. The northeasternmost birds, large and fairly washed-out in colour, are
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is also applied to some birds in other families with red or orange breasts. These include the
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of the Azores and Madeira. It is a vagrant in Iceland. In the southeast, it reaches Iran the
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Dimitrova, Z. M.; Murai, Ăva; Georgiev, Boyko B. (1995). "The first record in Hungary of
1352:
2627:
Web version published under title "How migrating birds use quantum effects to navigate".
1226:
The robin has become strongly associated with Christmas, taking a starring role on many
509:. In American literature of the late 19th century, this robin was frequently called the
3302:
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2979:
2559:
2534:
2064:
1607:
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866:. Another group of Old World flycatchers, this time from Africa and Asia, is the genus
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3079:
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 2.9 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
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219:
92:
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Okulewicz and Maruszewski, 1980 (Acanthocephala), with new data on its morphology".
1924:. Vol. V. Tyrant Flycatchers to Thrushes. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1596:. Vol. 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 32.
1591:
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2005:
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2000:[Discovery in Gran Canaria of a species of robin unique in the world].
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Christian Dietzen, Hans-Hinrich Witt and Michael Wink published in 2003 in
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southeastwards into Iran are generally accepted as significantly distinct.
3048:
753:
a study called "The phylogeographic differentiation of the European robin
707:, its isolation seems to suggest the subspecies is valid (but see below).
3106:
2871:
1235:
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908:
732:
139:
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1998:"Hallazgo en Gran Canaria de una especie de petirrojo Ășnica en el mundo"
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3320:
3149:
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920:
692:
389:
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1397:
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814:
774:) and only beginning to diverge genetically. Robins from the western
696:
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348:
129:
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2296:
RHS (December 2018). "December wildlife: Robins have a new family".
1852:(in German). Magdeburg/Heidelberg: Westarp Wissenschaften/Spektrum.
1616:(in French). L'Institute National des Sciences et des Arts. Table 2.
3255:
2060:"Village braced for invasion of twitchers as rare visitor flies in"
1529:(in Latin). Vol. 1. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 188.
3237:
1156:
965:
950:
942:
714:
573:
550:
342:
2036:
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and refers to an unknown bird, now usually identified as robin.
377:
149:
3087:
854:, whose members are commonly called "Australasian robins". The
660:
from northwest Africa, Corsica, and Sardinia closely resembles
2957:
2837:
1811:
Dietzen, Christian; Witt, Hans-Hinrich; Wink, Michael (2003).
1346:
1344:
1342:
1632:
2744:. Amsterdam, NL: North-Holland Publishing Company. pp.
1783:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 228.
1093:
1230:
since the mid-19th century. The robin has appeared on many
2535:"Daytime noise predicts nocturnal singing in urban robins"
1165:
prevents migratory robins from orienting correctly to the
1004:
higher mortality rates. The species is parasitised by the
2722:. Vol. 2. Stallybrass (tr.). George Bell & Sons.
1672:. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 149.
628:
family (Turdidae) but is now considered to belong to the
2806:. Greater Manchester Local Record Centre. Archived from
842:. The Australian "robin redbreast", more correctly the
831:, but it only occurs in the UK as a very rare vagrant.
2697:. New York, NY: Longmans, Green, & Co. p. 167
2580:
2578:
2500:
Da Silva; Samplonius; Schlicht, Valcu; Gaston (2014).
1968:
Bergmann, H.H.; Schottler, B. (2001). "Tenerife robin
1693:
Seki, Shin-Ichi (2006). "The origin of the East Asian
1618:(The year is given on the title page as "VIII" in the
1547:(5th ed.). London, UK: Cassell Ltd. p. 883.
2495:
2493:
2398:
Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites
3096:
1223:; the birds cover the dead bodies of the children.
568:in 1800, giving the bird its current binomial name
388:family. It is found across Europe, east to Western
1813:"The phylogeographic differentiation of the robin
1376:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22709675A131953953.en
931:, New York in 1852, Oregon in 1889â1892, and the
609:leaving the European robin as the sole member of
2642:"The Radical-Pair Mechanism of Magnetoreception"
446:
2804:Greater Manchester Wildlife (gmwildlife.org.uk)
1991:
1989:
1738:
1736:
1279:, as well as the English rugby league team the
782:) are similar to the European type subspecies (
636:(subfamily Saxicolinae) which also include the
501:Other older English names for the bird include
451:all refer to the distinctively coloured front.
1484:. Oxford: Oxford, Clarendon Press. p. 44.
1199:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1878:Lack, D. (1946). "The Taxonomy of the Robin,
1590:Mayr, Ernst; Paynter, Raymond A. Jr. (1964).
838:thrushes are also called robins, such as the
699:, the local population has been described as
440:
434:
8:
2733:
2731:
2729:
1884:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
1839:
1837:
1669:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1239:carry the mark of Christ's blood upon them.
428:
418:
3018:Redbreast: The Robin in Life and Literature
2773:. London, UK: Aquarian Press. p. 194.
2272:"What do Robins Eat? And What to Feed them"
2250:Birmingham and Black Country Wildlife Trust
2224:. Terrey Hills, Sydney: Reed. p. 309.
2161:. Middlesex, England: Penguin. p. 90.
1593:Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 10
656:, occurs as a vagrant in adjacent regions.
632:family (Muscicapidae), specifically to the
624:was formerly classified as a member of the
553:
412:
396:in most of its range except the far north.
3084:
3059:European Robin videos, photos & sounds
1903:"How Robins Became the Birds of Christmas"
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
862:) is sometimes named the "Pekin robin" by
789:Finally, the robins which can be found in
498:, the relationships of which are unclear.
244:
81:
51:
42:
33:
2657:
2558:
2517:
2204:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1374:
599:. These east Asian species were shown in
2893:"Robin wins vote for UK's national bird"
2533:Fuller RA, Warren PH, Gaston KJ (2007).
2444:"NEST BOXES : YOUR ESSENTIAL GUIDE"
2152:
2150:
1407:Global Biodiversity Information Facility
2129:. London: Dorling Kindersley. pp.
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1570:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.
1338:
1292:
1136:The robin produces a fluting, warbling
882:), is the national bird of Bangladesh.
279: Possible extinct & Introduced
2590:"The quantum nature of bird migration"
1249:In the 1960s, in a vote publicised by
1126:
962:European robin feeding on snowy ground
719:Adult and juvenile Gran Canaria robins
2988:. London, UK: Jonathan Cape. p.
2659:10.1146/annurev-biophys-032116-094545
1746:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1707:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1469:. London, UK: Blandford. p. 225.
1446:. International Ornithologists' Union
1426:
1424:
778:: El Hierro, La Palma and La Gomera (
723:The most distinct birds are those of
292:
7:
3503:2002AE12-F041-4821-B73E-0D8FDAF236EB
3308:dafbddf1-7408-4984-9617-f198ce360aaa
3065:Sonatura: Song of the European Robin
2691:"Fire-birds: The robin and the wren"
2346:"Euring: European Longevity Records"
1613:Leçons d'anatomie comparée. Volume 1
564:was introduced by French naturalist
521:The European robin was described by
458:, which was eventually shortened to
3526:IUCN Red List least concern species
2921:"Robin sees City soar into new era"
2695:Birds in Legend, Fable and Folklore
2640:; Mouritsen, Henrik (5 July 2016).
2401:. New York: Macmillan. p. 113.
1362:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
613:. The phylogenetic analysis placed
2588:; Mouritsen, Henrik (April 2022).
2474:The Observer's Book of Birds' Eggs
1531:M. grisea, gula pectoreque fulvis.
1499:. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 155.
935:in British Columbia in 1908â1910.
314:Lebeurier & Rapine, 1936
25:
3334:european-robin-erithacus-rubecula
2771:Symbolic and Mythological Animals
2741:Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery
2608:10.1038/scientificamerican0422-26
2476:. London, UK: Warne. p. 85.
1779:Monroe Jr. BL; Sibley CG (1993).
668:. In the southeast of its range,
549:is a diminutive derived from the
392:and south to North Africa; it is
370:in the British Isles, is a small
2126:RSPB Birds of Britain and Europe
1907:Scientific American Blog Network
1127:Problems playing this file? See
1109:
1069:
1057:
1045:
834:Some South and Central American
106:
3049:Field Guide: Birds of the World
1996:Palacios, CĂ©sar-Javier (2006).
1351:BirdLife International (2018).
703:, and although not distinct in
2159:Birds of Wood, Park and Garden
2092:"National icons of Bangladesh"
1495:Sylvester, Charles H. (2006).
1440:"Chats, Old World flycatchers"
761:A thorough comparison between
1:
2834:BBC Nature (bbc.co.uk/nature)
1970:Erithacus (rubecula) superbus
680:of the Caucasus and northern
654:Erithacus rubecula melophilus
3061:on Internet Bird Collection.
2004:(in Spanish). Archived from
1951:"Robin (Erithacus rubecula)"
1308:is doubtful as it assumes a
1163:radio-frequency interference
3551:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2646:Annual Review of Biophysics
1758:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008
1719:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.028
1701:, inferred from cytochrome
1444:World Bird List Version 6.2
870:; its members are known as
558:, meaning 'red'. The genus
3567:
2901:. London, UK. 10 June 2015
2738:de Vries, Ad (1976).
2689:Ingersoll, Ernest (1923).
2316:"The RSPB-Robin:Territory"
1972:â a species of its own?".
1781:A World Checklist of Birds
1666:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1633:
1620:French Republican Calendar
1545:Cassell's Latin Dictionary
1079:of a ground-breeding robin
2954:Hull Kingston Rovers RLFC
2925:Bristol City (bcfc.co.uk)
2246:"Robin-Fact and Folklore"
1497:Journeys Through Bookland
1369:: e.T22709675A131953953.
925:acclimatisation societies
291:
284:
252:
243:
236:
231:
208:
201:
103:Scientific classification
101:
79:
70:
62:
50:
41:
36:
2414:Apororhynchus silesiacus
2395:; Clay, Theresa (1957).
2368:"The RSPB-Robin:Threats"
1232:Christmas postage stamps
1018:Apororhynchus silesiacus
899:Distribution and habitat
591:previously included the
517:Taxonomy and systematics
466:, Robin is originally a
326:Kleinschmidt, 1906
302:Kleinschmidt, 1906
3546:Birds described in 1758
2418:Parasitologia Hungarica
1920:Cramp, S., ed. (1988).
1649:A GreekâEnglish Lexicon
979:European robin feeding.
362:), known simply as the
3071:27 August 2011 at the
2551:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0134
2220:Long, John L. (1981).
2157:Jonsson, Lars (1976).
1543:Simpson, D.P. (1979).
1170:
1167:Earth's magnetic field
1098:
1010:Dasypsyllus gallinulae
980:
963:
948:
840:rufous-collared thrush
720:
601:molecular phylogenetic
554:
447:
441:
435:
429:
419:
413:
351:
3446:Paleobiology Database
3016:Lack, Andrew (2008).
2769:Cooper, J.C. (1992).
2519:10.1093/beheco/aru103
1850:. Neue Brehm-BĂŒcherei
1640:Liddell, Henry George
1181:of electron spins in
1160:
1097:
978:
961:
946:
939:Behaviour and ecology
876:Oriental magpie robin
718:
494:robins of the family
346:
3303:Fauna Europaea (new)
2952:(official website).
2950:Hull Kingston Rovers
2002:Newspaper Canarias 7
1844:PĂ€tzold, R. (1995).
1465:Holland, J. (1965).
1281:Hull Kingston Rovers
1275:and, traditionally,
1185:in the bird's eyes.
1179:quantum entanglement
874:, one of which, the
856:red-billed leiothrix
711:Canary Islands robin
630:Old World flycatcher
448:pisco-de-peito-ruivo
386:Old World flycatcher
380:that belongs to the
334:Linnaeus, 1758
2844:on 29 December 2002
2595:Scientific American
2326:on 11 December 2008
1209:Cultural depictions
1189:Conservation status
1119:European robin song
1052:Nest with five eggs
848:Petroica multicolor
780:E. r. microrhynchus
701:E. r. microrhynchos
319:Erithacus rubecula
307:Erithacus rubecula
295:Erithacus dandalus
73:Conservation status
3490:Erithacus-rubecula
3142:Erithacus_rubecula
3128:Erithacus rubecula
3098:Erithacus rubecula
3043:Erithacus rubecula
2960:on 27 January 2012
2798:Erithacus rubecula
2719:Teutonic mythology
2506:Behavioral Ecology
2472:Evans, G. (1972).
2393:Rothschild, Miriam
1880:Erithacus rubecula
1848:Erithacus rubecula
1815:Erithacus rubecula
1699:Erithacus komadori
1573:A Latin Dictionary
1434:; Donsker, David;
1400:Erithacus rubecula
1355:Erithacus rubecula
1171:
1099:
981:
964:
949:
811:Turdus migratorius
772:Middle Pleistocene
755:Erithacus rubecula
721:
638:common nightingale
540:Motacilla rubecula
484:Turdus migratorius
360:Erithacus rubecula
352:
331:Motacilla rubecula
273: Non-breeding
212:Erithacus rubecula
18:Erithacus rubecula
3513:
3512:
3433:Open Tree of Life
3090:Taxon identifiers
3027:978-0-9553827-2-7
2999:978-0-224-01935-4
2796:"European robin (
2780:978-1-85538-118-6
2755:978-0-7204-8021-4
2483:978-0-7232-0060-4
2270:Trust, Woodland.
2231:978-0-589-50260-7
2197:10.1111/ibi.12549
2168:978-0-14-063002-2
2140:978-0-7513-1234-8
2123:Hume, R. (2002).
1931:978-0-19-857508-5
1859:978-3-89432-423-0
1790:978-0-300-05549-8
1679:978-1-4081-2501-4
1554:978-0-304-52257-6
1521:Linnaeus, Carolus
1506:978-1-4264-2117-4
1480:Lack, D. (1950).
1436:Rasmussen, Pamela
1299:Although Dietzen
1234:. An old British
1220:Babes in the Wood
1114:
976:
959:
933:Saanich Peninsula
923:by various local
674:Crimean Peninsula
384:subfamily of the
341:
340:
335:
327:
315:
303:
96:
63:Call recorded in
56:
16:(Redirected from
3558:
3506:
3505:
3493:
3492:
3480:
3479:
3467:
3466:
3454:
3453:
3441:
3440:
3428:
3427:
3415:
3414:
3402:
3401:
3399:NHMSYS0000530739
3389:
3388:
3376:
3375:
3363:
3362:
3350:
3349:
3337:
3336:
3324:
3323:
3311:
3310:
3298:
3297:
3285:
3284:
3272:
3271:
3259:
3258:
3246:
3245:
3233:
3232:
3220:
3219:
3207:
3206:
3194:
3193:
3181:
3180:
3168:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3155:C809B2B90399A43D
3145:
3144:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3085:
3031:
3004:
3003:
2985:The Soccer Tribe
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2956:. Archived from
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2868:bbc.co.uk/nature
2864:"European robin"
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2840:. Archived from
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2794:Goodall, Simon.
2791:
2785:
2784:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2735:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2661:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2562:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2512:(5): 1037â1047.
2497:
2488:
2487:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2453:. pp. 12â13
2448:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2322:. Archived from
2312:
2306:
2305:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2120:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2068:. Archived from
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1947:
1936:
1935:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1875:
1864:
1863:
1846:Das Rotkehlchen
1841:
1832:
1831:
1821:
1808:
1795:
1794:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1705:sequence data".
1690:
1684:
1683:
1663:
1657:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1581:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1348:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1297:
1201:evaluates it as
1175:magnetoreception
1153:Magnetoreception
1147:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1116:
1115:
1096:
1073:
1061:
1049:
977:
960:
893:E. r. melophilus
880:C. saularis
819:common blackbird
678:E. r. caucasicus
557:
544:specific epithet
450:
444:
438:
432:
422:
416:
333:
325:
322:
313:
310:
301:
298:
278:
272:
266:
260:
248:
238:7â10, see text.
214:
194:E. rubecula
111:
110:
90:
85:
84:
58:
57:
46:
34:
21:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3541:Birds of Europe
3516:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3501:
3496:
3488:
3483:
3475:
3470:
3462:
3457:
3449:
3444:
3436:
3431:
3423:
3420:Observation.org
3418:
3410:
3405:
3397:
3392:
3384:
3379:
3371:
3366:
3358:
3353:
3345:
3340:
3332:
3327:
3319:
3314:
3306:
3301:
3293:
3288:
3280:
3275:
3267:
3262:
3254:
3249:
3241:
3236:
3228:
3223:
3215:
3210:
3202:
3197:
3189:
3184:
3176:
3171:
3163:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3092:
3073:Wayback Machine
3038:
3028:
3015:
3012:
3010:Further reading
3007:
3000:
2980:Morris, Desmond
2978:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2810:on 7 March 2016
2793:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2737:
2736:
2727:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2620:
2618:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2539:Biology Letters
2532:
2531:
2527:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2122:
2121:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2058:Roberts, John.
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2032:(1964) - Goofs"
2026:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2008:on 7 March 2016
1995:
1994:
1987:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1949:
1948:
1939:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1901:Naish, Darren.
1900:
1899:
1895:
1877:
1876:
1867:
1860:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1830:(2â3): 115â131.
1819:
1810:
1809:
1798:
1791:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1654:Perseus Project
1630:
1626:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1578:Perseus Project
1566:
1562:
1555:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1482:Robin Redbreast
1479:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1438:, eds. (2016).
1430:
1429:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1350:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1310:molecular clock
1298:
1294:
1289:
1273:Cheltenham Town
1265:Crewe Alexandra
1228:Christmas cards
1211:
1191:
1155:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1027:
1014:acanthocephalan
966:
951:
947:Robin with prey
941:
901:
888:
864:aviculturalists
860:Leiothrix lutea
803:
713:
666:E. r. tataricus
658:E. r. witherbyi
646:
532:Systema Naturae
525:in 1758 in the
519:
456:robin redbreast
445:and Portuguese
405:
368:robin redbreast
320:
308:
296:
280:
276:
274:
270:
268:
264:
262:
258:
227:
216:
210:
197:
105:
97:
86:
82:
75:
52:
37:European robin
30:
29:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3564:
3562:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3494:
3481:
3468:
3455:
3442:
3429:
3416:
3403:
3390:
3377:
3364:
3351:
3338:
3325:
3312:
3299:
3290:Fauna Europaea
3286:
3273:
3260:
3247:
3234:
3221:
3208:
3195:
3182:
3169:
3159:
3146:
3133:
3118:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3062:
3056:
3037:
3036:External links
3034:
3033:
3032:
3026:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2971:
2937:
2912:
2884:
2855:
2821:
2786:
2779:
2761:
2754:
2725:
2716:Grimm (1883).
2708:
2681:
2652:(1): 299â344.
2638:Hore, Peter J.
2629:
2574:
2525:
2489:
2482:
2464:
2435:
2404:
2384:
2359:
2337:
2307:
2298:The Garden RHS
2288:
2276:Woodland Trust
2262:
2237:
2230:
2212:
2191:(2): 355â364.
2174:
2167:
2146:
2139:
2108:
2083:
2065:Yorkshire Post
2050:
2019:
1985:
1960:
1937:
1930:
1912:
1893:
1865:
1858:
1833:
1796:
1789:
1771:
1752:(1): 380â392.
1732:
1713:(3): 899â905.
1685:
1678:
1658:
1624:
1608:Cuvier, George
1599:
1582:
1560:
1553:
1535:
1512:
1505:
1487:
1472:
1457:
1420:
1389:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1277:Wrexham A.F.C.
1210:
1207:
1190:
1187:
1154:
1151:
1124:
1118:
1108:
1105:European robin
1103:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1026:
1023:
940:
937:
900:
897:
887:
884:
823:T. merula
807:American robin
802:
799:
784:E. r. rubecula
776:Canary Islands
737:E. r. superbus
729:E. r. marionae
712:
709:
686:E. r. hyrcanus
645:
642:
593:Japanese robin
566:Georges Cuvier
518:
515:
480:American robin
404:
401:
356:European robin
339:
338:
337:
336:
328:
316:
304:
289:
288:
282:
281:
275:
269:
267: Resident
263:
261: Breeding
257:
250:
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241:
240:
234:
233:
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206:
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68:
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60:
59:
48:
47:
39:
38:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3563:
3552:
3549:
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3544:
3542:
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3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
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3504:
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3482:
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3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
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3434:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
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3369:
3365:
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3356:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3020:. SMH Books.
3019:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
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2586:Hore, Peter J
2581:
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2072:on 8 May 2006
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2051:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2023:
2020:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1975:Dutch Birding
1971:
1964:
1961:
1956:
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1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1916:
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1908:
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1882:(Linnaeus)".
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1870:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
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1824:Avian Science
1818:
1816:
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1644:Scott, Robert
1641:
1637:
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1473:
1468:
1467:Bird Spotting
1461:
1458:
1445:
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1437:
1433:
1427:
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1421:
1409:
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1224:
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1216:
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1206:
1204:
1203:least concern
1200:
1196:
1188:
1186:
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1176:
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1164:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1144:
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1033:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
986:
983:The robin is
945:
938:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
916:
913:
910:
906:
905:Central Group
898:
896:
894:
885:
883:
881:
877:
873:
872:magpie-robins
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:scarlet robin
841:
837:
832:
830:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
800:
798:
796:
792:
791:Fuerteventura
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
764:
759:
756:
752:
751:Avian Science
747:
745:
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738:
734:
730:
726:
717:
710:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
682:Transcaucasia
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
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651:
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
607:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
582:Ancient Greek
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:
556:
552:
548:
545:
541:
538:
537:binomial name
534:
533:
528:
524:
523:Carl Linnaeus
516:
514:
512:
511:English robin
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
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372:insectivorous
369:
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305:
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256:
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207:
204:
203:Binomial name
200:
196:
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187:
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183:
182:
178:
175:
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171:
168:
165:
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160:Passeriformes
158:
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138:
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134:
131:
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125:
124:
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118:
115:
114:
109:
104:
100:
94:
89:
88:Least Concern
78:
74:
69:
66:
61:
49:
45:
40:
35:
32:
27:
19:
3097:
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3042:
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2984:
2974:
2962:. Retrieved
2958:the original
2949:
2940:
2928:. Retrieved
2924:
2915:
2903:. Retrieved
2898:The Guardian
2896:
2887:
2877:24 September
2875:. Retrieved
2867:
2858:
2846:. Retrieved
2842:the original
2833:
2824:
2812:. Retrieved
2808:the original
2803:
2797:
2789:
2770:
2764:
2740:
2718:
2711:
2699:. Retrieved
2694:
2684:
2649:
2645:
2632:
2619:. Retrieved
2602:(4): 26â31.
2599:
2593:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2509:
2505:
2473:
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2450:
2438:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2397:
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2372:RSPB website
2371:
2362:
2350:. Retrieved
2348:. euring.org
2340:
2328:. Retrieved
2324:the original
2320:RSPB website
2319:
2310:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2275:
2265:
2255:15 September
2253:. Retrieved
2249:
2240:
2221:
2215:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2158:
2125:
2099:. Retrieved
2095:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2070:the original
2063:
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2035:
2030:Mary Poppins
2029:
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
2006:the original
2001:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1954:
1921:
1915:
1906:
1896:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1849:
1845:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1780:
1774:
1749:
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1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1668:
1661:
1647:
1627:
1612:
1602:
1592:
1585:
1571:
1563:
1544:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1496:
1490:
1481:
1475:
1466:
1460:
1448:. Retrieved
1443:
1411:. Retrieved
1405:
1399:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1366:
1360:
1354:
1321:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1269:Swindon Town
1261:Bristol City
1257:
1250:
1248:
1241:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1192:
1183:cryptochrome
1172:
1135:
1087:Vocalisation
1064:A single egg
1036:
1028:
1016:
1009:
1006:moorhen flea
1002:
998:
994:
982:
917:
914:
902:
892:
889:
879:
867:
859:
847:
835:
833:
828:Mary Poppins
826:
822:
810:
804:
801:Other robins
788:
783:
779:
766:
762:
760:
754:
750:
748:
743:
741:
736:
728:
725:Gran Canaria
722:
700:
690:
685:
677:
670:E. r. valens
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
647:
621:
619:
614:
610:
604:
597:Ryukyu robin
588:
586:
577:
569:
559:
546:
539:
530:
527:10th edition
520:
510:
506:
502:
500:
492:Australasian
483:
475:
470:of the name
468:smaller form
459:
455:
453:
424:
408:
406:
398:
367:
363:
359:
355:
353:
330:
318:
306:
294:
254:
237:
211:
209:
193:
192:
180:
170:Muscicapidae
65:Gran Canaria
31:
26:
3342:iNaturalist
3122:Wikispecies
2964:22 February
2814:24 February
2096:Bangla 2000
2076:24 February
2012:24 February
1432:Gill, Frank
1382:19 November
1305:E. rubecula
1215:Jacob Grimm
929:Long Island
886:Description
852:Petroicidae
805:The larger
742:Cytochrome
570:E. rubecula
496:Petroicidae
474:. The term
430:Rotkehlchen
420:rouge-gorge
414:roodborstje
311:armoricanus
232:Subspecies
3520:Categories
3485:Xeno-canto
2621:29 January
2206:10468/7018
2043:21 January
1982:: 140â146.
1413:21 January
1195:vulnerable
1161:Very weak
1129:media help
1032:nest boxes
1012:) and the
989:earthworms
815:same genus
705:morphology
662:melophilus
650:subspecies
644:Subspecies
620:The genus
587:The genus
535:under the
490:) and the
464:given name
439:, Spanish
436:pettirosso
433:, Italian
423:, Swedish
347:Juvenile,
255:E rubecula
3531:Erithacus
2946:"History"
2848:3 January
2616:0036-8733
2424:: 83â88.
2304:(12): 29.
2281:18 August
1955:Nhm.ac.uk
1695:Erithacus
1334:Citations
1287:Footnotes
1252:The Times
1244:Victorian
1236:folk tale
1077:Bird nest
868:Copsychus
795:Lanzarote
622:Erithacus
615:Erithacus
611:Erithacus
606:Larvivora
589:Erithacus
578:Erithacus
561:Erithacus
442:petirrojo
427:, German
417:, French
403:Etymology
394:sedentary
375:passerine
253:Range of
188:Species:
181:Erithacus
126:Kingdom:
120:Eukaryota
3386:22709675
3360:10597755
3217:bob10990
3178:22709675
3173:BirdLife
3162:BioLib:
3107:Wikidata
3069:Archived
2982:(1981).
2872:BBC News
2701:8 August
2668:27216936
2569:17456449
2457:19 March
2430:82191853
2101:5 August
1890:: 55â64.
1766:20656044
1727:16529957
1634:áŒÏίΞαÎșÎżÏ
1610:(1800).
1523:(1758).
1314:superbus
1025:Breeding
909:Caucasus
767:superbus
763:marionae
733:Tenerife
695:and the
595:and the
580:is from
547:rubecula
286:Synonyms
220:Linnaeus
166:Family:
140:Chordata
136:Phylum:
130:Animalia
116:Domain:
93:IUCN 3.1
3498:ZooBank
3321:2492462
3243:eurrob1
3204:eurrob1
3150:Avibase
2930:27 June
2905:13 June
2830:"Robin"
2676:7099782
2560:2390663
2451:Bto.org
1697:robin,
1652:at the
985:diurnal
921:Dunedin
817:as the
693:Madeira
672:of the
529:of his
507:robinet
503:ruddock
462:. As a
425:rödhake
390:Siberia
176:Genus:
156:Order:
146:Class:
91: (
3536:Robins
3477:558552
3451:369339
3438:507122
3373:559964
3277:EURING
3256:ERTHRU
3113:Q25334
3054:Flickr
3024:
2996:
2777:
2752:
2748:â389.
2674:
2666:
2614:
2567:
2557:
2480:
2428:
2377:17 May
2352:1 June
2330:1 July
2228:
2165:
2137:
1928:
1856:
1787:
1764:
1725:
1676:
1551:
1503:
1450:20 May
1326:piety.
1301:et al.
836:Turdus
731:) and
697:Azores
684:, and
626:thrush
572:. The
542:. Its
488:thrush
472:Robert
409:orange
349:Sussex
323:sardus
321:subsp.
309:subsp.
299:sardus
297:subsp.
277:
271:
265:
259:
3472:WoRMS
3412:37610
3355:IRMNG
3347:13094
3295:97170
3282:10990
3264:EUNIS
3238:eBird
3230:6H2XM
3191:68509
2672:S2CID
2447:(PDF)
2426:S2CID
1820:(PDF)
1568:ruber
634:chats
576:name
574:genus
555:ruber
551:Latin
476:robin
460:robin
364:robin
3464:6670
3407:NCBI
3381:IUCN
3368:ITIS
3316:GBIF
3269:1029
3251:EPPO
3186:BOLD
3165:8864
3022:ISBN
2994:ISBN
2966:2012
2932:2019
2907:2016
2879:2010
2850:2008
2816:2015
2775:ISBN
2750:ISBN
2703:2009
2664:PMID
2623:2023
2612:ISSN
2565:PMID
2478:ISBN
2459:2022
2379:2008
2354:2015
2332:2019
2283:2021
2257:2022
2226:ISBN
2185:Ibis
2163:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2103:2010
2078:2015
2045:2008
2037:IMDb
2014:2015
1926:ISBN
1854:ISBN
1785:ISBN
1762:PMID
1723:PMID
1674:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1452:2016
1415:2022
1384:2021
1367:2018
1142:song
765:and
505:and
486:, a
382:chat
378:bird
354:The
224:1758
150:Aves
3459:TSA
3425:168
3394:NBN
3329:IBC
3225:CoL
3212:BTO
3199:BOW
3137:ADW
3052:on
3046:in
2990:210
2838:BBC
2746:388
2654:doi
2604:doi
2600:326
2555:PMC
2547:doi
2514:doi
2302:143
2201:hdl
2193:doi
2189:160
2131:263
1754:doi
1715:doi
1576:on
1371:doi
786:).
691:On
366:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
