17:
149:
Eritreans live in exile because of government coercion, intimidation, and manipulation of patriotism to maintain financial flows from the diaspora through a rehabilitation tax and by delegating welfare responsibilities to its citizens abroad. Over one million
Eritreans live in the Arab states and in Europe, where they do not reside as a result of political asylum, but instead work for contracts to become permanent residents. About 150,000 Eritreans are located in
148:
The
Eritrean diaspora comprises one third of Eritrean nationals with one million fleeing to foreign countries during the independence struggle. In the 1970s, the EPLF formed a transnational organization absorbing Eritrean exiles to mass organizations to aid them during the civil war. One third of
46:
for seeking asylum, estimated around 1% of its population. Since 2001, 700,000 people have left the country as a result of political repression under Isais
Afwerki. In 2015, approximately 40,000 Eritrean arrived via Mediterranean, becoming small country with large refugees in Africa.
141:(PFDJ), the Eritrean population turned diasporic due to constant conflicts and civil war. Although emigration decreased in the early years of the independence struggle, a mass exodus began in 2002 shortly after the
34:
comprises about half of population living in the country, becoming the most diasporic nation. In addition, one third
Eritreans live aboard. In 2022, 37,357 Eritreans fled to
138:
955:
126:
183:"Eritrea's Chosen Trauma and the Legacy of the Martyrs: The Impact of Postmemory on Political Identity Formation of Second-Generation Diaspora Eritreans"
114:
265:
527:
110:. Many were Eritrean Muslims, while Eritrean Christians, whose number increased in the 1980s, tried to claim asylum in Europe and North America.
83:
931:
130:
290:
833:"The lack of political space of the Eritrean diaspora in the Arab Gulf and Sudan: torn between an autocratic home and authoritarian hosts"
593:"The Lack of Political Space of the Eritrean Diaspora in the Arab Gulf and Sudan: Torn Between an Autocratic Home and Authoritarian Hosts"
456:
118:
71:
63:(1961–1991). In the mid-1950s, one-third of Eritreans lived aboard and emigration has increased largely due to political instability.
431:
978:
86:(EPLF) established itself as a rival of the ELF, which dissolved in 1982 during the Ethiopian Civil War. During the era, the
60:
631:
142:
75:
79:
592:
983:
121:
from 1952 to 1962. The population increased from half a million in the 1960s to one million in the 1970s. In
162:
720:
755:
125:, 600,000 Eritreans were registered in 1994 while excluding citizens living urban areas supported by the
331:
153:
and the Gulf States as labor migrants, as the Arab countries support the ELF to fight against
Ethiopia.
932:"Funding Needed to Assist Over 100,000 Ethiopian Migrants Returning from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"
737:
16:
956:"CHOICELESS DEPARTURES AND INVOLUNTARY IMMOBILITY: FORCED MIGRATION FROM THE GULF STATES TO AFRICA"
397:
266:"Eritrea's strife goes global as diasporas, including those in Canada, clash at cultural festivals"
64:
696:
678:
573:
509:
414:
852:
775:
670:
612:
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to be a state religion, which excluded
Eritrean Muslims, leading up to the formation of the
682:
650:
344:
870:
134:
67:
885:
972:
832:
795:"The Eritrean diaspora and its impact on regime stability: Responses to UN sanctions"
756:"The Eritrean diaspora and its impact on regime stability: Responses to UN sanctions"
359:
113:
Between approximately 20,000 and 30,000 Eritrean
Muslims left the country during the
150:
99:
597:
Mashriq & Mahjar: Journal of Middle East & North
African Migration Studies
182:
666:
546:"Bad Neighbors, Bad Neighborhoods: An Inquiry into the Causes of Refugee Flows"
245:
223:
107:
856:
779:
674:
616:
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56:
29:
20:
810:
771:
901:
848:
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910:
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545:
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481:
375:
323:
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government used strategic bombing in
Eritrea that caused an exodus to
208:"Transnational Lived Citizenship – The Case of the Eritrean Diaspora"
561:
697:"The Horn of Africa War: Mass Expulsions and the Nationality Issue"
315:
122:
103:
95:
91:
43:
39:
35:
15:
87:
837:
Mashriq & Mahjar: Journal of Middle East
Migration Studies
78:(ELM) in 1958. In 1961, those exiled Muslims established the
721:"Migration in Ethiopia: History, Current Trends and Future"
528:"IV. Current context to human rights violations in Eritrea"
246:"America Team for Displaced Eritreans » Refugee Stats"
316:"Remittances as development tools in the Eritrean economy"
651:"Introduction to Special Issue: Postliberation Eritrea"
591:
Hirt, Nicole; Mohammad, Abdulkader Saleh (2018-01-29).
871:"Refugees and Migrants from Eritrea to the Arab World"
291:"Eritrean Refugees: The Pawns of European Interests"
831:Hirt, Nicole; Mohammad, Abdulkader Saleh (2018).
886:"Governing Refugees in Saudi Arabia (1948–2022)"
455:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
206:MĂĽller, Tanja R.; Belloni, Milena (2021-03-04).
415:"Eritrea and Ethiopia - The Federal Experience"
364:Revue européenne des migrations internationales
398:"Eritrea and Ethiopia The Federal Experience"
8:
738:"The Eritrean Diaspora Opposition Movements"
457:"Refworld | Chronology for Afars in Eritrea"
482:"A Historical Overview of Islam in Eritrea"
360:""A culture of War and a Culture of Exile""
127:United Nations High Commission for Refugees
909:
936:International Organization for Migration
139:People’s Front for Democracy and Justice
174:
340:
329:
7:
884:Lysa, Charlotte (10 November 2022).
84:Eritrean People’s Liberation Front
72:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
14:
793:Hirt, Nicole (20 November 2014).
314:Ghebrekidan, Alem Abraha (2005).
115:British Military Administration
82:(ELF) in Cairo. Gradually, the
649:Woldemikael, Tekle M. (2013).
358:Conrad, Bettina (2006-03-01).
1:
630:Halliday, Fred (1971-06-01).
119:Ethiopian-Eritrean federation
106:, and other countries in the
436:webarchive.archive.unhcr.org
76:Eritrean Liberation Movement
61:Eritrean War of Independence
1000:
683:10.2979/africatoday.60.2.v
667:10.2979/africatoday.60.2.v
117:from 1941 to 1952 and the
632:"The Fighting in Eritrea"
224:10.1177/00020397211005472
133:in 1993, under President
80:Eritrean Liberation Front
890:Refugee Survey Quarterly
498:10.1163/1570060054307534
480:Miran, Jonathan (2005).
979:Demographics of Eritrea
754:Hirt, N. (2015-01-01).
163:Demographics of Eritrea
550:International Security
544:Weiner, Myron (1996).
339:Cite journal requires
143:Eritrean-Ethiopian War
24:
131:Eritrean independence
59:scattered during the
19:
849:10.24847/55i2018.162
811:10.1093/afraf/adu061
772:10.1093/afraf/adu061
609:10.24847/55i2018.162
902:10.1093/rsq/hdac027
486:Die Welt des Islams
432:"UNHCR Web Archive"
295:www.giga-hamburg.de
129:(UNHCR). Following
270:The Globe and Mail
25:
376:10.4000/remi.2712
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961:. 7 April 2024.
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743:. 7 April 2024.
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843:(1): 101–126.
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638:(I/67): 57–67.
622:
603:(1): 104–129.
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492:(2): 177–215.
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135:Isaias Afwerki
68:Haile Selassie
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661:(2): v–xix.
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655:Africa Today
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370:(1): 59–85.
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332:cite journal
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272:. 2024-01-18
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151:Saudi Arabia
147:
112:
100:Saudi Arabia
54:
28:
26:
896:(1): 1–28.
556:(1): 5–42.
218:(1): 3–18.
973:Categories
941:2024-04-07
917:2024-04-07
706:2024-04-07
466:2024-04-07
441:2024-04-07
324:10413/1927
300:2024-04-07
276:2024-04-07
251:2024-04-07
192:2024-04-07
169:References
108:Arab world
857:2169-4435
780:0001-9909
675:0001-9887
617:2169-4435
570:0162-2889
506:0043-2539
384:0765-0752
232:0002-0397
57:Eritreans
21:Eritreans
701:Refworld
461:Refworld
157:See also
137:and the
70:decreed
32:diaspora
30:Eritrean
816:7 April
578:2539107
514:1571280
187:ecpr.eu
65:Emperor
51:History
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959:(PDF)
741:(PDF)
724:(PDF)
679:JSTOR
574:JSTOR
531:(PDF)
510:JSTOR
418:(PDF)
401:(PDF)
123:Sudan
104:Yemen
96:Egypt
92:Sudan
55:Most
44:Libya
40:Egypt
36:Sudan
853:ISSN
818:2024
776:ISSN
671:ISSN
613:ISSN
566:ISSN
502:ISSN
380:ISSN
345:help
228:ISSN
88:Derg
42:and
27:The
906:hdl
898:doi
845:doi
807:doi
803:114
768:doi
764:114
663:doi
605:doi
558:doi
494:doi
372:doi
320:hdl
220:doi
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