Erosion - Knowledge (XXG)

286: 316: 977: 899:, and ice thrusting. In an abrasion process, debris in the basal ice scrapes along the bed, polishing and gouging the underlying rocks, similar to sandpaper on wood. Scientists have shown that, in addition to the role of temperature played in valley-deepening, other glaciological processes, such as erosion also control cross-valley variations. In a homogeneous bedrock erosion pattern, curved channel cross-section beneath the ice is created. Though the glacier continues to incise vertically, the shape of the channel beneath the ice eventually remain constant, reaching a U-shaped parabolic steady-state shape as we now see in 484: 937:. Ice can not only erode mountains but also protect them from erosion. Depending on glacier regime, even steep alpine lands can be preserved through time with the help of ice. Scientists have proved this theory by sampling eight summits of northwestern Svalbard using Be10 and Al26, showing that northwestern Svalbard transformed from a glacier-erosion state under relatively mild glacial maxima temperature, to a glacier-armor state occupied by cold-based, protective ice during much colder glacial maxima temperatures as the Quaternary ice age progressed. 40: 663: 648: 844: 915:. Differences in the height of mountain ranges are not only being the result tectonic forces, such as rock uplift, but also local climate variations. Scientists use global analysis of topography to show that glacial erosion controls the maximum height of mountains, as the relief between mountain peaks and the snow line are generally confined to altitudes less than 1500 m. The erosion caused by glaciers worldwide erodes mountains so effectively that the term 512: 412: 1743: 1285: 1250:. Turbidity currents can erode channels and canyons into substrates ranging from recently deposited unconsolidated sediments to hard crystalline bedrock. Almost all continental slopes and deep ocean basins display such channels and canyons resulting from sediment gravity flows and submarine canyons act as conduits for the transfer of sediment from the continents and shallow marine environments to the deep sea. 1216: 874: 1029: 1131: 500: 271: 968:

modified in postglacial time. Interplay of glacial erosion and tectonic forcing governs the morphologic impact of glaciations on active orogens, by both influencing their height, and by altering the patterns of erosion during subsequent glacial periods via a link between rock uplift and valley cross-sectional shape.

177:. The rates at which such processes act control how fast a surface is eroded. Typically, physical erosion proceeds the fastest on steeply sloping surfaces, and rates may also be sensitive to some climatically controlled properties including amounts of water supplied (e.g., by rain), storminess, wind speed, wave 690: 967:

The best-developed glacial valley morphology appears to be restricted to landscapes with low rock uplift rates (less than or equal to 2mm per year) and high relief, leading to long-turnover times. Where rock uplift rates exceed 2mm per year, glacial valley morphology has generally been significantly

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can then pick up the material and move it to even lower elevations. Mass-wasting processes are always occurring continuously on all slopes; some mass-wasting processes act very slowly; others occur very suddenly, often with disastrous results. Any perceptible down-slope movement of rock or sediment

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Glaciers can also cause pieces of bedrock to crack off in the process of plucking. In ice thrusting, the glacier freezes to its bed, then as it surges forward, it moves large sheets of frozen sediment at the base along with the glacier. This method produced some of the many thousands of lake basins

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concentrated flow paths which function as both sediment source and sediment delivery systems for erosion on hillslopes. Generally, where water erosion rates on disturbed upland areas are greatest, rills are active. Flow depths in rills are typically of the order of a few centimetres (about an inch)

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falling onto the previously saturated soil. In such situations, rainfall amount rather than intensity is the main factor determining the severity of soil erosion by water. According to the climate change projections, erosivity will increase significantly in Europe and soil erosion may increase by

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regions where vegetation is naturally sparse. Wind erosion requires strong winds, particularly during times of drought when vegetation is sparse and soil is dry (and so is more erodible). Other climatic factors such as average temperature and temperature range may also affect erosion, via their

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occurs when runoff water accumulates and rapidly flows in narrow channels during or immediately after heavy rains or melting snow, removing soil to a considerable depth. A gully is distinguished from a rill based on a critical cross-sectional area of at least one square foot, i.e. the size of a

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Tectonic processes control rates and distributions of erosion at the Earth's surface. If the tectonic action causes part of the Earth's surface (e.g., a mountain range) to be raised or lowered relative to surrounding areas, this must necessarily change the gradient of the land surface. Because

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will flow, which in turn determines the erosivity of the runoff. Longer, steeper slopes (especially those without adequate vegetative cover) are more susceptible to very high rates of erosion during heavy rains than shorter, less steep slopes. Steeper terrain is also more prone to mudslides,

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of the soil to rainwater, thus decreasing runoff. It shelters the soil from winds, which results in decreased wind erosion, as well as advantageous changes in microclimate. The roots of the plants bind the soil together, and interweave with other roots, forming a more solid mass that is less

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are also possible between rates of erosion and the amount of eroded material that is already carried by, for example, a river or glacier. The transport of eroded materials from their original location is followed by deposition, which is arrival and emplacement of material at a new location.

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in the region. In some cases, it has been hypothesised that these twin feedbacks can act to localize and enhance zones of very rapid exhumation of deep crustal rocks beneath places on the Earth's surface with extremely high erosion rates, for example, beneath the extremely steep terrain of

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is the slow movement of soil and rock debris by gravity which is usually not perceptible except through extended observation. However, the term can also describe the rolling of dislodged soil particles 0.5 to 1.0 mm (0.02 to 0.04 in) in diameter by wind along the soil surface.

1956:. In Taiwan, increases in sediment load in the northern, central, and southern regions of the island can be tracked with the timeline of development for each region throughout the 20th century. The intentional removal of soil and rock by humans is a form of erosion that has been named 556:

across the valley floor. In all stages of stream erosion, by far the most erosion occurs during times of flood when more and faster-moving water is available to carry a larger sediment load. In such processes, it is not the water alone that erodes: suspended abrasive particles,

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Mass wasting is an important part of the erosional process and is often the first stage in the breakdown and transport of weathered materials in mountainous areas. It moves material from higher elevations to lower elevations where other eroding agents such as streams and

783:. These banks may slowly migrate along the coast in the direction of the longshore drift, alternately protecting and exposing parts of the coastline. Where there is a bend in the coastline, quite often a buildup of eroded material occurs forming a long narrow bank (a 615:

Most river erosion happens nearer to the mouth of a river. On a river bend, the longest least sharp side has slower moving water. Here deposits build up. On the narrowest sharpest side of the bend, there is faster moving water so this side tends to erode away mostly.

1176:. However, landslides can be classified in a much more detailed way that reflects the mechanisms responsible for the movement and the velocity at which the movement occurs. One of the visible topographical manifestations of a very slow form of such activity is a 1254:, which are the sedimentary deposits resulting from turbidity currents, comprise some of the thickest and largest sedimentary sequences on Earth, indicating that the associated erosional processes must also have played a prominent role in Earth's history. 2081:

While erosion of soils is a natural process, human activities have increased by 10-40 times the rate at which erosion occurs globally. Excessive (or accelerated) erosion causes both "on-site" and "off-site" problems. On-site impacts include decreases in

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erosion rates are almost always sensitive to the local slope (see above), this will change the rates of erosion in the uplifted area. Active tectonics also brings fresh, unweathered rock towards the surface, where it is exposed to the action of erosion.

4442: 1115:, where very small and light particles are lifted into the air by the wind, and are often carried for long distances. Saltation is responsible for the majority (50–70%) of wind erosion, followed by suspension (30–40%), and then surface creep (5–25%). 907:—approximately 100,000 years. In a weak bedrock (containing material more erodible than the surrounding rocks) erosion pattern, on the contrary, the amount of over deepening is limited because ice velocities and erosion rates are reduced. 603:

of Siberia is due to thermal erosion, as these portions of the banks are composed of permafrost-cemented non-cohesive materials. Much of this erosion occurs as the weakened banks fail in large slumps. Thermal erosion also affects the

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is reached, the erosive activity switches to lateral erosion, which widens the valley floor and creates a narrow floodplain. The stream gradient becomes nearly flat, and lateral deposition of sediments becomes important as the stream

201:, intensive farming practices have caused erosion at up to 100 times the natural rate of erosion in the region. Excessive (or accelerated) erosion causes both "on-site" and "off-site" problems. On-site impacts include decreases in 1988:

are known to take many millions of years to erode to the degree they effectively cease to exist. Scholars Pitman and Golovchenko estimate that it takes probably more than 450 million years to erode a mountain mass similar to the

491:, Scotland, showing two different types of erosion affecting the same place. Valley erosion is occurring due to the flow of the stream, and the boulders and stones (and much of the soil) that are lying on the stream's banks are 695: 691: 1856:, where typhoon frequency increased significantly in the 21st century, a strong link has been drawn between the increase in storm frequency with an increase in sediment load in rivers and reservoirs, highlighting the impacts 1818:

effects on vegetation and soil properties. In general, given similar vegetation and ecosystems, areas with more precipitation (especially high-intensity rainfall), more wind, or more storms are expected to have more erosion.

692: 364:. Splash erosion is generally seen as the first and least severe stage in the soil erosion process, which is followed by sheet erosion, then rill erosion and finally gully erosion (the most severe of the four). 1065:

regions. It is also a major source of land degradation, evaporation, desertification, harmful airborne dust, and crop damage—especially after being increased far above natural rates by human activities such as

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and steep banks. In the earliest stage of stream erosion, the erosive activity is dominantly vertical, the valleys have a typical V-shaped cross-section and the stream gradient is relatively steep. When some

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Gjermundsen, Endre F.; Briner, Jason P.; Akçar, Naki; Foros, Jørn; Kubik, Peter W.; Salvigsen, Otto; Hormes, Anne (2015). "Minimal erosion of Arctic alpine topography during late Quaternary glaciation".

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Thomson, Stuart N.; Brandon, Mark T.; Tomkin, Jonathan H.; Reiners, Peter W.; Vásquez, Cristián; Wilson, Nathaniel J. (2010). "Glaciation as a destructive and constructive control on mountain building".

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However, erosion can also affect tectonic processes. The removal by erosion of large amounts of rock from a particular region, and its deposition elsewhere, can result in a lightening of the load on the

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Vanmaercke, Matthias; Panagos, Panos; Vanwalleghem, Tom; Hayas, Antonio; Foerster, Saskia; Borrelli, Pasquale; Rossi, Mauro; Torri, Dino; Casali, Javier; Borselli, Lorenzo; Vigiak, Olga (July 2021).

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has become widely used, which describes the limiting effect of glaciers on the height of mountain ranges. As mountains grow higher, they generally allow for more glacial activity (especially in the

608:, where wave action and near-shore temperatures combine to undercut permafrost bluffs along the shoreline and cause them to fail. Annual erosion rates along a 100-kilometre (62-mile) segment of the 3123:

Costard, F.; Dupeyrat, L.; Gautier, E.; Carey-Gailhardis, E. (2003). "Fluvial thermal erosion investigations along a rapidly eroding river bank: application to the Lena River (central Siberia)".

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Dotterweich, Markus (2013-11-01). "The history of human-induced soil erosion: Geomorphic legacies, early descriptions and research, and the development of soil conservation – A global synopsis".

1196:, in which the material has begun to slide downhill. In some cases, the slump is caused by water beneath the slope weakening it. In many cases it is simply the result of poor engineering along 285: 379:, ejecting soil particles. The distance these soil particles travel can be as much as 0.6 m (2.0 ft) vertically and 1.5 m (4.9 ft) horizontally on level ground. 3033: 1805:

governing soil erosion by water. The relationship is particularly strong if heavy rainfall occurs at times when, or in locations where, the soil's surface is not well protected by

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is where particles/sea load carried by the waves are worn down as they hit each other and the cliffs. This then makes the material easier to wash away. The material ends up as

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Obreschkow, D.; Dorsaz, N.; Kobel, P.; De Bosset, A.; Tinguely, M.; Field, J.; Farhat, M. (2011). "Confined Shocks inside Isolated Liquid Volumes – A New Path of Erosion?".

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may also protect parts of a coastline from erosion. Over the years, as the shoals gradually shift, the erosion may be redirected to attack different parts of the shore.

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is less than the amount being carried away, erosion occurs. When the upcurrent amount of sediment is greater, sand or gravel banks will tend to form as a result of

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Dewey, J.F.; Ryan, P.D.; Andersen, T.B. (1993). "Orogenic uplift and collapse, crustal thickness, fabrics and metamorphic phase changes: the role of eclogites".

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Louvat, P.; Gislason, S. R.; Allegre, C. J. (1 May 2008). "Chemical and mechanical erosion rates in Iceland as deduced from river dissolved and solid material".

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are formed by large volumes of rapidly rushing water. Kolks cause extreme local erosion, plucking bedrock and creating pothole-type geographical features called

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Bell, Frederic Gladstone. "Marine action and control". Geological hazards: their assessment, avoidance, and mitigation, Taylor & Francis, 1999, pp. 302–306.

2632:"Short-Term Impacts of Livestock Grazing on Vegetation and Track Formation in a High Mountain Environment: A Case Study from the Himalayan Miyar Valley (India)" 3594: 933:. Ongoing research is showing that while glaciers tend to decrease mountain size, in some areas, glaciers can actually reduce the rate of erosion, acting as a 3169: 2473: 4389:

Panagos, Panos; Ballabio, Cristiano; Himics, Mihaly; Scarpa, Simone; Matthews, Francis; Bogonos, Mariia; Poesen, Jean; Borrelli, Pasquale (2021-10-01).

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and sand. Another significant source of erosion, particularly on carbonate coastlines, is boring, scraping and grinding of organisms, a process termed

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Mitchell, S.G. & Montgomery, D.R. "Influence of a glacial buzzsaw on the height and morphology of the Cascade Range in central Washington State".

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after heavy rainfall caused flooding in the area and cause a significant amount of the beach to erode; leaving behind a tall sand bank in its place

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is the wearing away of the banks of a stream or river. This is distinguished from changes on the bed of the watercourse, which is referred to as

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Gyssels, G.; Poesen, J.; Bochet, E.; Li, Y. (2005-06-01). "Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water: a review".

5189: 1659: 237:; combined, they are responsible for about 84% of the global extent of degraded land, making excessive erosion one of the most significant 733:

is caused by waves launching sea load at the cliff. It is the most effective and rapid form of shoreline erosion (not to be confused with

3030: 2040:. Studies of these sediments indicate that it is likely that the erosion of the orogen began in the Cambrian and then intensified in the 3393:

Harbor, Jonathan M.; Hallet, Bernard; Raymond, Charles F. (1988-05-26). "A numerical model of landform development by glacial erosion".

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Reusser, L.; Bierman, P.; Rood, D. (2015). "Quantifying human impacts on rates of erosion and sediment transport at a landscape scale".

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may be measured by inserting metal rods into the bank and marking the position of the bank surface along the rods at different times.

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Smith, M. Elliot; Werner, Samuel H.; Buscombe, Daniel; Finnegan, Noah J.; Sumner, Esther J.; Mueller, Erich R. (28 November 2018).

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above the glacial equilibrium line altitude), which causes increased rates of erosion of the mountain, decreasing mass faster than

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Human land development, in forms including agricultural and urban development, is considered a significant factor in erosion and

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of water bodies, as well as sediment-related damage to roads and houses. Water and wind erosion are the two primary causes of

1122:, it is estimated that soil loss due to wind erosion can be as much as 6100 times greater in drought years than in wet years. 6423: 3307:

Dixon, John C.; Thorn, Colin E. (2005). "Chemical weathering and landscape development in mid-latitude alpine environments".

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takes place when the air in a joint is suddenly compressed by a wave closing the entrance of the joint. This then cracks it.

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are amongst the most significant human activities in regard to their effect on stimulating erosion. However, there are many

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Shoreline erosion, which occurs on both exposed and sheltered coasts, primarily occurs through the action of currents and

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are worn down as they are struck by airborne particles carried by wind. Deflation is divided into three categories: (1)

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Zeitler, P.K. et al. (2001), Erosion, Himalayan Geodynamics, and the Geomorphology of Metamorphism, GSA Today, 11, 4–9.

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Egholm, D. L.; Nielsen, S. B.; Pedersen, V.K.; Lesemann, J.-E. (2009). "Glacial effects limiting mountain height".

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Glynn, Peter W. "Bioerosion and coral-reef growth: a dynamic balance". Life and death of coral reefs (1997): 68–95.

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check,) with higher intensity rainfall generally resulting in more soil erosion by water. The size and velocity of

903:. Scientists also provide a numerical estimate of the time required for the ultimate formation of a steady-shaped 6413: 6365: 6248: 3199: 2083: 1837:, and thus their impact will displace soil particles by larger distances than smaller, slower-moving rain drops. 1453: 1300: 1246:. Where erosion by turbidity currents creates oversteepened slopes it can also trigger underwater landslides and 527: 202: 3365: 2426: 6474: 6398: 6115: 6080: 5922: 1822: 1759: 323: 233:, as well as sediment-related damage to roads and houses. Water and wind erosion are the two primary causes of 39: 31: 4750:

Pitman, W. C.; Golovchenko, X. (1991). "The effect of sea level changes on the morphology of mountain belts".

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Chen, Jie (2007-01-16). "Rapid urbanization in China: A real challenge to soil protection and food security".

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Geddes, Ian. "Lithosphere". Higher geography for cfe: physical and human environments, Hodder Education, 2015.

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Bührig, Laura H.; Colombera, Luca; Patacci, Marco; Mountney, Nigel P.; McCaffrey, William D. (October 2022).

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J. Poesen; L. Vandekerckhove; J. Nachtergaele; D. Oostwoud Wijdenes; G. Verstraeten; B. Can Wesemael (2002).

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susceptible to both water and wind erosion. The removal of vegetation increases the rate of surface erosion.

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in climates favorable to erosion. Conditions or disturbances that limit the growth of protective vegetation (

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These processes, combined with erosion and transport by the water network beneath the glacier, leave behind

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is the downward and outward movement of rock and sediments on a sloped surface, mainly due to the force of

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Erosion of a coastal surface, followed by a fall in sea level, can produce a distinctive landform called a

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Beckinsale, Robert P.; Chorley, Richard J. (2003) . "Chapter Seven: American Polycyclic Geomorphology".

2006: 1901: 1239: 896: 198: 146: 119:. Eroded sediment or solutes may be transported just a few millimetres, or for thousands of kilometres. 52: 5132: 647: 3344:

Lard, L.; Paull, C.; Hobson, B. (1995). "Genesis of a submarine sinkhole without subaerial exposure".

2033: 976: 6418: 6140: 5964: 5724: 5531: 5325: 5062: 4864: 4817: 4759: 4692: 4516: 4454: 4443:"Regional soil erosion in response to land use and increased typhoon frequency and intensity, Taiwan" 4402: 4252: 4170: 4129: 4082: 3937: 3788: 3697: 3641: 3568: 3500: 3445: 3402: 3353: 3318: 3222: 3213:

Montgomery, David R.; Stolar, Drew B. (1 December 2006). "Reconsidering Himalayan river anticlines".

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While erosion is a natural process, human activities have increased by 10–40 times the rate at which

4687:. Influences of rapid urbanization and industrialization on soil resource and its quality in China. 3581: 843: 445:

physics very different from water flowing through the deeper, wider channels of streams and rivers.

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develop on eroded landscapes that, if stable, would have supported the formation of more developed

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happens on steep hillsides, occurring along distinct fracture zones, often within materials like

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Nearing, M.A.; Norton, L.D.; Bulgakov, D.A.; Larionov, G.A.; West, L.T.; Dontsova, K.M. (1997).

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Wind erosion is much more severe in arid areas and during times of drought. For example, in the

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Biotechnical and Soil Bioengineering Slope Stabilization: A Practical Guide for Erosion Control

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Halsey, Thomas C. (15 October 2018). "Erosion of unconsolidated beds by turbidity currents".

4049: 4023: 3929: 3379: 3170:"Modern Erosion Rates and Loss of Coastal Features and Sites, Beaufort Sea Coastline, Alaska" 2785: 2699: 6449: 6233: 6135: 6040: 5639: 5634: 5551: 5380: 5252: 5103: 5080: 5070: 4950: 4872: 4825: 4767: 4700: 4524: 4462: 4410: 4333: 4292: 4260: 4211: 4178: 4137: 4090: 3782: 3725: 3707: 3649: 3586: 3572: 3516: 3508: 3453: 3410: 3361: 3326: 3230: 3189: 3181: 3142: 3002: 2969: 2961: 2834: 2755: 2672: 2643: 2557: 2514: 2449: 2397: 2350: 2297: 2190: 2150: 2111: 1937: 1916: 1721: 1701: 1681: 1633: 1628: 1458: 1362: 1357: 1310: 1266: 1235: 1062: 1054: 941: 900: 811: 711: 539: 478: 234: 81: 3966: 3089: 6238: 6198: 6193: 5984: 5797: 5684: 5679: 5463: 5400: 5370: 5335: 5330: 5297: 5262: 5233: 5165: 4559: 3037: 2099: 2067: 2017: 1953: 1920: 1912: 1691: 1377: 1192:

that, once released, may move quite rapidly downhill. They will often show a spoon-shaped

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is a more effective mechanism of lowering the height of orogenic mountains than erosion.

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Vegetation acts as an interface between the atmosphere and the soil. It increases the

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Orlov, S.Yu.; Kuznetsov, N.B.; Miller, E.D.; Soboleva, A.A.; Udoratina, O.V. (2011).

4723: 4718: 4314: 4274: 4192: 4102: 3538: 3473: 3154: 2983: 2942:"Measuring, modelling and managing gully erosion at large scales: A state of the art" 2526: 2469: 2309: 2226: 2115: 1525: 1497: 1067: 1005: 993: 859: 825: 756: 744: 717: 466: 449: 404: 350: 248: 230: 4837: 4544: 4482: 4265: 4240: 2965: 2767: 2362: 6370: 6120: 6105: 6095: 5944: 5875: 5744: 5709: 5624: 5566: 5441: 5340: 5302: 5277: 4094: 3422: 3330: 3234: 2518: 2328:"Hysteretic sediment fluxes in rainfall-driven soil erosion: Particle size effects" 2162: 2095: 2053: 2001:. Erosion of mountains massifs can create a pattern of equally high summits called 1929: 1825:), rainfall intensity is the primary determinant of erosivity (for a definition of 1742: 1711: 1487: 1418: 1352: 1284: 1215: 1147: 1119: 1071: 981: 799: 667: 655: 609: 605: 573: 492: 441:

or less and along-channel slopes may be quite steep. This means that rills exhibit

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Moreno-de las Heras, Mariano; Gallart, Francesc (2018). "The Origin of Badlands".

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and other features of karst topography is an example of extreme chemical erosion.

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is when the sheer energy of the wave hitting the cliff or rock breaks pieces off.

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must comply with a conservation plan to be eligible for agricultural assistance.

2066:, erosion destroys the soil. Lower rates of erosion can prevent the formation of 17: 6279: 6203: 5907: 5870: 5817: 5541: 5526: 5501: 5375: 5131:. Les dossiers thématiques du CSFD. CSFD/Agropolis International. Archived from 4466: 2057: 2037: 1833:

is also an important factor. Larger and higher-velocity rain drops have greater

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produced by the wind erosion of differentially weathered rock in Jebel Kharaz,

6385: 6065: 5949: 5889: 5847: 5719: 5556: 5424: 5365: 5355: 5272: 5181: 4876: 4528: 4441:

Montgomery, David R.; Huang, Michelle Y.-F.; Huang, Alice Y.-L. (2014-01-01).

2071: 2041: 1976: 1806: 1530: 1492: 1387: 1219: 761: 600: 592: 548: 93: 4779: 4536: 4474: 4424: 4328:

Zorn, Matija; Komac, Blaž (2013). "Erosivity". In Bobrowsky, Peter T. (ed.).

3721: 2657: 2461: 2411: 6355: 6304: 6274: 6243: 6173: 6085: 5842: 5729: 5714: 5654: 5601: 5596: 5496: 5419: 5409: 5307: 5075: 4296: 2575:

Blanco-Canqui, Humberto; Rattan, Lal (2008). "Soil and water conservation".

2185: 2177: – Loose, unconsolidated sediments deposited at the base of a hillslope 2174: 2171: – Confinement system used in construction and geotechnical engineering 1998: 1994: 1980: 1830: 1706: 1582: 1502: 1251: 1173: 1036: 820:. Chemical erosion is usually calculated from the solutes found in streams. 748: 739: 729: 595:

due to moving water. It can occur both along rivers and at the coast. Rapid

442: 437: 416: 170: 166: 139: 116: 5094: 4206:

Harris, Peter T. (2020). "Seafloor geomorphology—coast, shelf, and abyss".

3739: 3530: 3465: 2427:"A mechanistic model for river incision into bedrock by saltating bed load" 1130: 771:

is transported along the coast in the direction of the prevailing current (

3666:

Harvey, A.M. "Local-Scale geomorphology – process systems and landforms".

2917:

Sedimentation Engineering: Processes, Measurements, Modeling, and Practice

419:

covered in rills and gullies due to erosion processes caused by rainfall:

6025: 5992: 5669: 5511: 5478: 4183: 4158: 3048: 2453: 2354: 2103: 2075: 2025: 1990: 1958: 1933: 1924: 1798: 1368: 985: 878: 832: 768: 565:

can also act erosively as they traverse a surface, in a process known as

458: 399: 327: 222: 186: 100: 3684:

Prasicek, Günther; Larsen, Isaac J.; Montgomery, David R. (2015-08-14).

3521: 3512: 3457: 2790:

Soil Erosion by Water: Some Measures for Its Control on Cultivated Lands

619:

Rapid erosion by a large river can remove enough sediments to produce a

499: 270: 6335: 6284: 5812: 5807: 5789: 5769: 5674: 5611: 5128:

Fighting wind erosion. One aspect of the combat against desertification

4142: 4117: 3712: 2974: 2648: 2631: 2301: 2114:; combined, they are responsible for about 84% of the global extent of 2021: 1802: 1696: 1343: 1275: 1197: 1168: 1160: 1040: 949: 945: 892: 867: 863: 817: 700: 562: 553: 424: 143: 127: 97: 55: 4771: 3686:"Tectonic control on the persistence of glacially sculpted topography" 3194: 3185: 2839: 2814: 2759: 1103:, where larger, heavier particles slide or roll along the ground; (2) 6130: 6002: 5827: 5822: 5774: 5764: 5734: 5659: 5414: 5345: 5317: 5216: 3818:"Hydroclimatology of wind erosion in arid and semi-arid environments" 3653: 3414: 2561: 1853: 1382: 997: 895:

erode predominantly by three different processes: abrasion/scouring,

855: 816:

Chemical erosion is the loss of matter in a landscape in the form of

558: 535: 294: 279: 4797:. Vol. Three. Taylor & Francis e-Library. pp. 235–236. 3146: 612:

shoreline averaged 5.6 metres (18 feet) per year from 1955 to 2002.

454:

channel that can no longer be erased via normal tillage operations.

3554:"Climate and tectonic controls on glaciated critical-taper orogens" 2607:

Soil erosion : processes, prediction, measurement, and control

390:

into the soil, surface runoff occurs. If the runoff has sufficient

6228: 6213: 6168: 5912: 5885: 5832: 5699: 5694: 5664: 5649: 5458: 5228: 5212: 4564:

Slope Stabilization and Erosion Control: A Bioengineering Approach

2742: 2321: 2319: 1214: 1177: 1129: 1027: 975: 872: 842: 792: 704: 688: 675: 661: 646: 510: 504: 498: 482: 420: 410: 314: 284: 269: 131: 38: 4241:"A global analysis of controls on submarine-canyon geomorphology" 2888:

Dryland Rivers: Hydrology and Geomorphology of Semi-Arid Channels

495:

that was left behind as ice age glaciers flowed over the terrain.

267:

practices that can curtail or limit erosion of vulnerable soils.

6258: 6223: 5779: 5739: 5704: 3930:"Hillside processes: mass wasting, slope stability, and erosion" 2605:

Toy, Terrence J.; Foster, George R.; Renard, Kenneth G. (2002).

1892:

landslides, and other forms of gravitational erosion processes.

1844:), runoff and erosion result from relatively low intensities of 1242:, bodies of sediment-laden water that move rapidly downslope as 1189: 1135: 1087:, where the wind picks up and carries away loose particles; and 1004:. Examples can be seen in the flood regions result from glacial 431: 376: 372: 356: 333: 319: 252: 123: 115:

erosion, where soil or rock material is removed from an area by

73: 69: 44: 5185: 3934:

Slope Stability and Erosion Control: Ecotechnological Solutions

3277:"Exercise 6 - Coastal Terraces, Sealevel, and Active Tectonics" 3041:

The Physical Environment: an Introduction to Physical Geography

6178: 5619: 5155: 4364:

Blanco-Canqui, Humberto; Rattan, Lal (2008). "Water erosion".

408:

is the transport of loosened soil particles by overland flow.

4622:

Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands

4593:

Handbook of Ecological Restoration: Principles of Restoration

4391:"Projections of soil loss by water erosion in Europe by 2050" 3905:

Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands

3845:

Blanco-Canqui, Humberto; Rattan, Lal (2008). "Wind erosion".

3668:

Introducing Geomorphology: A Guide to Landforms and Processes

2165: – Erosion of sediment near bridge foundations by water 1887:

The topography of the land determines the velocity at which

751:

cliffs are particularly vulnerable to this kind of erosion.

340:

which may result from rainfall, produces four main types of

4118:"Bedrock erosion by sedimentary flows in submarine canyons" 3366:

10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0949:GOASSW>2.3.CO;2

3168:

Jones, B.M.; Hinkel, K.M.; Arp, C.D.; Eisner, W.R. (2008).

2630:

Apollo, M.; Andreychouk, V.; Bhattarai, S.S. (2018-03-24).

2326:

Cheraghi, M.; Jomaa, S.; Sander, G.C.; Barry, D.A. (2016).

929:

can add to the mountain. This provides a good example of a

4725:

Earth's changing surface: an introduction to geomorphology

824:

pioneered the study of chemical erosion in his work about

627:

raises rock beds unburdened by erosion of overlying beds.

4981:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from 3380:"The Devil's Nest, the deepest ground erosion in Europe" 5176: 2118:, making excessive erosion one of the most significant 2016:

Examples of heavily eroded mountain ranges include the

1142:, Israel, showing gravity collapse erosion on its banks 96:

which involves no movement. Removal of rock or soil as

1234:, erosion of the ocean floor to create channels and 477:

Further information on water's erosive ability:

6328: 6267: 6149: 6011: 5983: 5884: 5856: 5788: 5610: 5477: 5394: 5316: 5227: 3820:. In D'Odorico, Paolo; Porporato, Amilcare (eds.). 2779: 2777: 960:in their wake, typically at the terminus or during 686:but sea level (tidal) change can also play a role. 542:, extending the valley into the hillside, creating 457:Extreme gully erosion can progress to formation of 388:

greater than the rate at which water can infiltrate

197:is occurring globally. At agriculture sites in the 4722: 2094:, both because of loss of the nutrient-rich upper 213:, both because of loss of the nutrient-rich upper 5125:Mainguet, Monique; Dumay, Frédéric (April 2011). 4645:Burbank, Douglas W.; Anderson, Robert S. (2011). 4591:. In Perrow Michael R.; Davy, Anthony J. (eds.). 80:, or dissolved material from one location on the 5034:(1st ed.). University of California Press. 4810:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 3757:Glacial Lake Missoula & its Humongous Floods 3670:. Dunedin Academic Press, 2012, pp. 87–88. EBSCO 3066:Stream hydrology: an introduction for ecologists 2425:Sklar, Leonard S.; Dietrich, William E. (2004). 2125:Often in the United States, farmers cultivating 1655:Lists of geological features of the Solar System 461:. These form under conditions of high relief on 5055:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4025:Basics of Environmental Science and Engineering 2999:Badlands Dynamics in a Context of Global Change 264: 5051:"Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability" 4955:Principles of Soil Conservation and Management 4905:Lupia-Palmieri, Elvidio (2004). "Erosion". In 4616:Wainwright, John; Brazier, Richard E. (2011). 4562:. In Morgan, R.P.C.; Rickson, R. Jane (eds.). 4366:Principles of soil conservation and management 4359: 4357: 3876:Management of Problem Soils in Arid Ecosystems 3847:Principles of soil conservation and management 2600: 2598: 2596: 2577:Principles of soil conservation and management 5197: 2204: – System of soil and water conservation 1767: 185:(especially for some ice-related processes). 8: 4752:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 3932:. In Norris, Joanne E.; et al. (eds.). 3485: 3483: 2259:(Fourth ed.). Oxford University Press. 2221: 2219: 1238:can result from the rapid downslope flow of 64:is the action of surface processes (such as 5009:Boardman, John; Poesen, Jean, eds. (2007). 4653:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 270–271. 2890:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 229–262. 2857:Boardman, John; Poesen, Jean, eds. (2007). 2852: 2850: 1172:is often referred to in general terms as a 654:caused by erosion of cliffs by the sea, at 27:Natural processes that remove soil and rock 5204: 5190: 5182: 4595:. Cambridge University Press. p. 89. 3992: 3990: 3965:Gray, Donald H.; Sotir, Robbin B. (1996). 2886:. In Bull, Louise J.; Kirby, M.J. (eds.). 2784:Food and Agriculture Organization (1965). 2257:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences 1774: 1760: 1261: 1081:Wind erosion is of two primary varieties: 469:) are a key element of badland formation. 5161:International Erosion Control Association 5084: 5074: 4414: 4289:Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat 4264: 4208:Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat 4182: 4141: 3729: 3711: 3701: 3580: 3520: 3193: 2973: 2838: 2815:"Hydraulics and erosion in eroding rills" 2741: 2677:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. 2647: 2401: 526:occurs with continued water flow along a 293:, in Jinshitan Coastal National Geopark, 4368:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 21–53 . 2098:. In some cases, the eventual result is 1444:Principle of cross-cutting relationships 1226:off the coast of New York and New Jersey 5803:International scale of river difficulty 5177:The Soil and Water Conservation Society 3849:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 54–80. 2884:"Gully erosion in dryland environments" 2215: 2133:Consequences of human-made soil erosion 1273: 591:is the result of melting and weakening 507:exposed by a river eroding through them 5104:"The nature of sedimentation problems" 4949:Blanco, Humberto; Lal, Rattan (2010). 4560:"Engineering properties of vegetation" 4558:Styczen, M.E.; Morgan, R.P.C. (1995). 4028:. New India Publishing. pp. 43–. 3907:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 588. 3901:"Geomorphological hazards in drylands" 3784:Mechanics of Wind-Blown Sand Movements 2706:. Vol. 10. Elsevier. p. 48. 2579:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 1–20. 1454:Principle of inclusions and components 5172:USDA National Soil Erosion Laboratory 5013:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 4979:"Farm and Commodity Policy: Glossary" 4795:The History of the Study of Landforms 4436: 4434: 3973:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 20. 3967:"Surficial erosion and mass movement" 3781:Zheng, Xiaojing; Huang, Ning (2009). 3126:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2861:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 1821:In some areas of the world (e.g. the 7: 2911:Borah, Deva K.; et al. (2008). 2020:of Northern Russia. Erosion of this 1840:In other regions of the world (e.g. 1809:. This might be during periods when 1660:Geology of solar terrestrial planets 436:refers to the development of small, 4647:"Tectonic and surface uplift rates" 2255:Allaby, Michael (2013). "Erosion". 2143:Environmental impact of agriculture 1429:Principle of original horizontality 956:, kames, kame deltas, moulins, and 88:it to another location where it is 5049:Montgomery, D.R. (8 August 2007). 5031:Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations 4395:Environmental Science & Policy 4216:10.1016/B978-0-12-814960-7.00006-3 4116:Mitchell, Neil C. (October 2014). 3007:10.1016/B978-0-12-813054-4.00002-2 2792:. United Nations. pp. 23–25. 2147:Soil retrogression and degradation 1936:. Such a place has been called a " 1200:where it is a regular occurrence. 583:changes in the form of river banks 289:A wave-like sea cliff produced by 25: 3098:National Snow and Ice Data Center 854:), the deepest ground erosion in 3552:Tomkin, J.H.; Roe, G.H. (2007). 2919:. ASCE Publishing. p. 828. 2700:"Classification of soil erosion" 1741: 1283: 1211:Submarine sediment gravity flows 5960:Flooded grasslands and savannas 4620:. In Thomas, David S.G. (ed.). 4489:from the original on 2017-02-24 4330:Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards 4266:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104150 3903:. In Thomas, David S.G. (ed.). 3872:"Desertification: Wind erosion" 3600:from the original on 2017-08-09 3104:from the original on 2010-12-18 2966:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103637 2915:. In Garcia, Marcelo H. (ed.). 2479:from the original on 2016-10-11 2237:from the original on 2015-12-21 2139:Human impact on the environment 1439:Principle of lateral continuity 1258:Factors affecting erosion rates 791:beaches and submerged offshore 217:. In some cases, this leads to 4509:Progress in Physical Geography 4095:10.1103/PhysRevFluids.3.104303 3999:Sedimentology and Stratigraphy 3331:10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.07.009 3235:10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.08.021 2519:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.07.021 1870:Vegetation and slope stability 1449:Principle of faunal succession 375:creates a small crater in the 1: 5102:Vanoni, Vito A., ed. (1975). 4951:"Soil and water conservation" 4911:Encyclopedia of Geomorphology 4830:10.1144/gsl.sp.1993.076.01.16 4338:10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_121 743:is the dissolving of rock by 386:, or if the rainfall rate is 153:, and scour; areal flooding; 111:erosion; this contrasts with 6126:Universal Soil Loss Equation 6076:Hydrological transport model 5970:Storm Water Management Model 4705:10.1016/j.catena.2006.04.019 4587:Whisenant, Steve G. (2008). 4416:10.1016/j.envsci.2021.07.012 4163:Geophysical Research Letters 2062:If the erosion rate exceeds 1797:The amount and intensity of 1222:of submarine canyons in the 373:impact of a falling raindrop 257:anthropogenic climate change 5168:in the European Soil Portal 4926:Soils in natural landscapes 4924:Alexander, Earl B. (2014). 4729:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4467:10.1016/j.yqres.2013.10.005 2282:American Journal of Science 2102:. Off-site effects include 2070:that take time to develop. 1813:leave the soil bare, or in 1559:Geological history of Earth 311:Rainfall and surface runoff 221:. Off-site effects include 92:. Erosion is distinct from 6491: 5630:Antecedent drainage stream 5028:Montgomery, David (2008). 4928:. CRC Press. p. 108. 4022:Sivashanmugam, P. (2007). 3899:Wiggs, Giles F.S. (2011). 3878:. CRC Press. p. 214. 3787:. Springer. pp. 7–8. 3591:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.040 3031:"Geologic Work of Streams" 3029:Ritter, Michael E. (2006) 2913:"Watershed sediment yield" 2671:Julien, Pierre Y. (2010). 2403:10.3189/172756481794352487 2193: – Type of weathering 2136: 2104:sedimentation of waterways 2051: 2028:that are now found in the 2005:. It has been argued that 1974: 1899: 1867: 1790: 1411:Laws, principles, theories 1290:Science of the solid Earth 1145: 1046: 1035:, a rock formation in the 809: 640: 634: 476: 326:by the impact of a single 265:prevention and remediation 223:sedimentation of waterways 122:Agents of erosion include 29: 6394: 6366:River valley civilization 6249:Riparian-zone restoration 5108:Sedimentation Engineering 4877:10.1134/s1028334x11090078 4624:. John Wiley & Sons. 4529:10.1191/0309133305pp443ra 4001:. John Wiley & Sons. 3824:. Springer. p. 141. 3816:Cornelis, Wim S. (2006). 3043:University of Wisconsin, 2786:"Types of erosion damage" 2674:Erosion and Sedimentation 2084:agricultural productivity 2032:, including the Cambrian 1966:Erosion at various scales 992:At extremely high flows, 952:, ground moraine (till), 911:that dot the edge of the 398:loosened soil particles ( 203:agricultural productivity 6429:Countries without rivers 6404:Rivers by discharge rate 6116:Runoff model (reservoir) 6081:Infiltration (hydrology) 4566:. Taylor & Francis. 3870:Balba, A. Monem (1995). 3060:Nancy D. Gordon (2004). 2819:Water Resources Research 2434:Water Resources Research 2376:Hallet, Bernard (1981). 1419:Stratigraphic principles 1053:Wind erosion is a major 1043:sculpted by wind erosion 32:Erosion (disambiguation) 6101:River Continuum Concept 5866:Agricultural wastewater 5076:10.1073/pnas.0611508104 4957:. Springer. p. 2. 4297:10.1016/C2010-0-67010-6 4169:(22): 12, 403–12, 413. 3928:Van Beek, Rens (2008). 3573:2007E&PSL.262..385T 3561:Earth Planet. Sci. Lett 3068:. John Wiley and Sons. 2231:Encyclopædia Britannica 2197:TERON (Tillage erosion) 1811:agricultural activities 678:Bay, Yorkshire, England 597:river channel migration 183:atmospheric temperature 6424:River name etymologies 6351:Hydraulic civilization 6209:Floodplain restoration 5985:Point source pollution 5760:Sedimentary structures 5011:Soil Erosion in Europe 4857:Doklady Earth Sciences 4651:Tectonic Geomorphology 4075:Physical Review Fluids 3997:Nichols, Gary (2009). 2859:Soil Erosion in Europe 2698:Zachar, Dušan (1982). 2120:environmental problems 2030:East European Platform 2011:post-orogenic collapse 1997:if there are no major 1793:Climatic geomorphology 1240:sediment gravity flows 1227: 1143: 1044: 989: 931:negative feedback loop 889: 870: 775:). When the upcurrent 707: 679: 659: 516: 508: 496: 427: 330: 302: 282: 239:environmental problems 58: 6036:Discharge (hydrology) 5998:Industrial wastewater 5479:Sedimentary processes 5156:The Soil Erosion Site 5110:. ASCE Publications. 4589:"Terrestrial systems" 4245:Earth-Science Reviews 3690:Nature Communications 2946:Earth-Science Reviews 2052:Further information: 1902:Erosion and tectonics 1860:can have on erosion. 1218: 1133: 1057:force, especially in 1031: 979: 876: 846: 698: 674:age) along cliffs of 665: 650: 514: 502: 486: 463:easily eroded bedrock 414: 384:the soil is saturated 318: 288: 273: 245:Intensive agriculture 199:Appalachian Mountains 42: 6141:Volumetric flow rate 5725:Riffle-pool sequence 4184:10.1029/2018GL080396 4050:"Britannica Library" 3822:Dryland Ecohydrology 2454:10.1029/2003WR002496 2382:Annals of Glaciology 2355:10.1002/2016WR019314 2169:Cellular confinement 2127:highly erodible land 1993:into an almost-flat 1434:Law of superposition 1194:isostatic depression 1008:, which created the 699:Sea-dune erosion at 530:The erosion is both 43:An actively eroding 30:For other uses, see 6315:Whitewater kayaking 6310:Whitewater canoeing 6111:Runoff curve number 5955:Flood pulse concept 5135:on 30 December 2020 5067:2007PNAS..10413268M 5061:(33): 13268–13272. 4985:on 2 September 2011 4869:2011DokES.440.1216O 4822:1993GSLSP..76..325D 4764:1991JGR....96.6879P 4719:Selby, Michael John 4697:2007Caten..69....1C 4521:2005PrPG...29..189G 4459:2014QuRes..81...15M 4447:Quaternary Research 4407:2021ESPol.124..380P 4257:2022ESRv..23304150B 4175:2018GeoRL..4512403S 4134:2014Geosp..10..892M 4087:2018PhRvF...3j4303H 3942:2008ssec.conf.....N 3793:2009mwbs.book.....Z 3754:Alt, David (2001). 3703:2015NatCo...6.8028P 3646:2015NatGe...8..789G 3621:. 65, 96–107 (2006) 3513:10.1038/nature09365 3505:2010Natur.467..313T 3458:10.1038/nature08263 3450:2009Natur.460..884E 3407:1988Natur.333..347H 3358:1995Geo....23..949L 3323:2005Geomo..67..127D 3227:2006Geomo..82....4M 3139:2003ESPL...28.1349C 3062:"Erosion and Scour" 2958:2021ESRv..21803637V 2831:1997WRR....33..865N 2752:2011PhFl...23j1702O 2609:. New York: Wiley. 2554:2015Geo....43..171R 2511:2013Geomo.201....1D 2446:2004WRR....40.6301S 2394:1981AnGla...2...23H 2347:2016WRR....52.8613C 2294:2008AmJS..308..679L 2181:Groundwater sapping 2092:ecological collapse 1846:stratiform rainfall 1578:Branches of geology 1517:Landform structures 1398:Geologic time scale 1010:channeled scablands 828:published in 1960. 211:ecological collapse 165:processes in steep 6341:Aquatic toxicology 6254:Stream restoration 6219:Infiltration basin 6071:Hydrological model 5587:Sediment transport 5410:Estavelle/Inversac 5288:Subterranean river 4143:10.1130/GES01008.1 3760:. Mountain Press. 3752:See, for example: 3713:10.1038/ncomms9028 3275:Pinter, N (2010). 3036:2012-05-06 at the 2649:10.3390/su10040951 2302:10.2475/05.2008.02 2088:natural landscapes 1952:, which aggravate 1950:sediment transport 1849:13–22.5% by 2050 1748:Geology portal 1668:By planet and body 1536:Structural Geology 1508:Structure of Earth 1244:turbidity currents 1228: 1144: 1045: 1016:region of eastern 990: 890: 871: 777:supply of sediment 708: 680: 660: 517: 515:Green land erosion 509: 497: 473:Rivers and streams 428: 402:) down the slope. 331: 306:Physical processes 303: 283: 207:natural landscapes 103:is referred to as 59: 49:intensively-farmed 6465:Intensive farming 6437: 6436: 6414:Whitewater rivers 6320:Whitewater slalom 6151:River engineering 6051:Groundwater model 6012:River measurement 5940:Flood forecasting 5755:Sedimentary basin 5612:Fluvial landforms 5517:Bed material load 5293:River bifurcation 5166:Soil Erosion Data 5117:978-0-7844-0823-0 5041:978-0-520-25806-8 5020:978-0-470-85911-7 4964:978-90-481-8529-0 4935:978-1-4665-9436-4 4772:10.1029/91JB00250 4758:(B4): 6879–6891. 4660:978-1-4443-4504-9 4631:978-0-470-71076-0 4602:978-0-521-04983-2 4573:978-0-419-15630-7 4375:978-1-4020-8709-7 4347:978-90-481-8699-0 4035:978-81-89422-28-8 4008:978-1-4051-9379-5 3980:978-0-471-04978-4 3951:978-1-4020-6675-7 3914:978-0-470-71076-0 3885:978-0-87371-811-0 3856:978-1-4020-8709-7 3831:978-1-4020-4261-4 3802:978-3-540-88253-4 3767:978-0-87842-415-3 3634:Nature Geoscience 3499:(7313): 313–317. 3444:(7257): 884–887. 3401:(6171): 347–349. 3186:10.14430/arctic44 3133:(12): 1349–1359. 3090:"Thermal Erosion" 3075:978-0-470-84357-4 2926:978-0-7844-0814-8 2897:978-0-471-49123-1 2868:978-0-470-85911-7 2840:10.1029/97wr00013 2799:978-92-5-100474-6 2760:10.1063/1.3647583 2730:Physics of Fluids 2713:978-0-444-99725-8 2684:978-0-521-53737-7 2616:978-0-471-38369-7 2586:978-1-4020-8709-7 2335:Water Resour. Res 2003:summit accordance 1999:sea-level changes 1938:tectonic aneurysm 1784: 1783: 1648:Planetary geology 1600:Geological survey 1236:submarine canyons 1232:continental slope 1224:continental slope 1049:Aeolian processes 980:The mouth of the 942:glacial landforms 927:isostatic rebound 923:accumulation zone 901:glaciated valleys 696: 652:Wave cut platform 625:isostatic rebound 299:Liaoning Province 18:Erosion (geology) 16:(Redirected from 6482: 6399:Rivers by length 6234:River morphology 6136:Wetted perimeter 6041:Drainage density 5552:Headward erosion 5381:Perennial stream 5253:Blackwater river 5206: 5199: 5192: 5183: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5121: 5098: 5088: 5078: 5045: 5024: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4863:(1): 1216–1221. 4848: 4842: 4841: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4728: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4438: 4429: 4428: 4418: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4361: 4352: 4351: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4268: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4186: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4019: 4013: 4012: 3994: 3985: 3984: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3733: 3715: 3705: 3681: 3675: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3654:10.1038/ngeo2524 3628: 3622: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3599: 3584: 3567:(3–4): 385–397. 3558: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3524: 3487: 3478: 3477: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3415:10.1038/333347a0 3390: 3384: 3383: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3317:(1–2): 127–145. 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3294: 3288: 3282:. Archived from 3281: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3198:. Archived from 3197: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3057: 3051: 3027: 3021: 3020: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2977: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2854: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2781: 2772: 2771: 2745: 2726:See Figure 1 in 2724: 2718: 2717: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2651: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2602: 2591: 2590: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2562:10.1130/g36272.1 2537: 2531: 2530: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2484: 2478: 2431: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2405: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2332: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2242: 2223: 2191:Space weathering 2151:Land degradation 2112:land degradation 2034:Sablya Formation 1925:isostatic uplift 1864:Vegetative cover 1776: 1769: 1762: 1746: 1745: 1550:Geologic history 1287: 1262: 1055:geomorphological 958:glacial erratics 848:The Devil's Nest 812:Karst topography 806:Chemical erosion 712:Hydraulic action 697: 599:observed in the 534:, deepening the 479:Hydraulic action 322:and water being 235:land degradation 21: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6475:Desertification 6440: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6409:Drainage basins 6390: 6324: 6263: 6239:Retention basin 6199:Erosion control 6194:Detention basin 6145: 6061:Hjulström curve 6013: 6007: 5979: 5923:Non-water flood 5880: 5852: 5798:Helicoidal flow 5784: 5685:Fluvial terrace 5680:Floating island 5606: 5481: 5473: 5464:Rhythmic spring 5398: 5390: 5371:Stream gradient 5312: 5298:River ecosystem 5263:Channel pattern 5231: 5223: 5210: 5152: 5147: 5138: 5136: 5124: 5118: 5101: 5048: 5042: 5027: 5021: 5008: 5004: 5002:Further reading 4999: 4998: 4988: 4986: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4618:"Slope systems" 4615: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4492: 4490: 4440: 4439: 4432: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4363: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4307: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4058: 4056: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4009: 3996: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3665: 3661: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3616: 3612: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3582:10.1.1.477.3927 3556: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3489: 3488: 3481: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3352:(10): 949–951. 3343: 3342: 3338: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3147:10.1002/esp.592 3122: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3038:Wayback Machine 3028: 3024: 3017: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2856: 2855: 2848: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2783: 2782: 2775: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2714: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2604: 2603: 2594: 2587: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2429: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2330: 2325: 2324: 2317: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2240: 2238: 2225: 2224: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2158: 2153: 2137:Main articles: 2135: 2100:desertification 2060: 2050: 1986:Mountain ranges 1983: 1973: 1971:Mountain ranges 1968: 1954:food insecurity 1946: 1932:in the western 1904: 1898: 1885: 1872: 1866: 1803:climatic factor 1795: 1789: 1780: 1740: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1672: 1664: 1650: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1613: 1605: 1604: 1591: 1573: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1554: 1546: 1545: 1521: 1513: 1512: 1483: 1475: 1473: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1424: 1414: 1412: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1378:Plate tectonics 1373: 1338: 1330: 1292: 1260: 1213: 1150: 1128: 1051: 1033:Árbol de Piedra 1026: 1002:rock-cut basins 974: 962:glacier retreat 918:glacial buzzsaw 913:Canadian Shield 905:U-shaped valley 887:Alberta, Canada 841: 814: 808: 773:longshore drift 689: 666:Erosion of the 645: 643:Beach evolution 639: 637:Coastal erosion 633: 631:Coastal erosion 621:river anticline 589:Thermal erosion 528:linear feature. 481: 475: 313: 308: 291:coastal erosion 219:desertification 161:processes; and 138:by the sea and 136:coastal erosion 72:) that removes 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6488: 6486: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6442: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6300:Stone skipping 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6184:Drop structure 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6164:Balancing lake 6161: 6155: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6091:Playfair's law 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6046:Exner equation 6043: 6038: 6033: 6031:Bradshaw model 6028: 6023: 6017: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5989: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5918:Urban flooding 5910: 5905: 5903:Crevasse splay 5900: 5898:100-year flood 5894: 5892: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5858:Surface runoff 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5838:Stream capture 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5794: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5750:Rock-cut basin 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5592:Suspended load 5589: 5584: 5582:Secondary flow 5579: 5574: 5572:Retrogradation 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5537:Dissolved load 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5486: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5469:Spring horizon 5466: 5461: 5456: 5454:Mineral spring 5451: 5450: 5449: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5435:list in the US 5432: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5404: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5361:Stream channel 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5322: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5283:Drainage basin 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5243:Alluvial river 5239: 5237: 5225: 5224: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5163: 5158: 5151: 5150:External links 5148: 5146: 5145: 5122: 5116: 5099: 5046: 5040: 5025: 5019: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4970: 4963: 4941: 4934: 4916: 4913:. p. 336. 4897: 4843: 4816:(1): 325–343. 4800: 4785: 4742: 4735: 4710: 4675: 4666: 4659: 4637: 4630: 4608: 4601: 4579: 4572: 4550: 4515:(2): 189–217. 4499: 4430: 4381: 4374: 4353: 4346: 4320: 4305: 4280: 4231: 4224: 4198: 4149: 4128:(5): 892–904. 4108: 4081:(10): 104303. 4065: 4054:library.eb.com 4041: 4034: 4014: 4007: 3986: 3979: 3957: 3950: 3920: 3913: 3891: 3884: 3862: 3855: 3837: 3830: 3808: 3801: 3773: 3766: 3745: 3676: 3659: 3623: 3610: 3544: 3479: 3428: 3385: 3371: 3336: 3299: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3240: 3205: 3202:on 2013-05-17. 3180:(4): 361–372. 3160: 3115: 3094:NSIDC Glossary 3081: 3074: 3052: 3022: 3015: 2989: 2932: 2925: 2903: 2896: 2874: 2867: 2846: 2825:(4): 865–876. 2805: 2798: 2773: 2736:(10): 101702. 2719: 2712: 2690: 2683: 2663: 2636:Sustainability 2622: 2615: 2592: 2585: 2567: 2548:(2): 171–174. 2532: 2489: 2417: 2368: 2315: 2288:(5): 679–726. 2272: 2265: 2247: 2233:. 2015-12-03. 2214: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2205: 2202:Vetiver System 2199: 2194: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2134: 2131: 2108:eutrophication 2064:soil formation 2049: 2046: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1945: 1942: 1900:Main article: 1897: 1894: 1889:surface runoff 1884: 1881: 1865: 1862: 1858:climate change 1842:western Europe 1835:kinetic energy 1823:mid-western US 1788: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1778: 1771: 1764: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1590: 1589: 1580: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1555: 1553: 1552: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1522: 1520: 1519: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1484: 1482: 1481: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1425: 1423: 1422: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1374: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1360: 1355: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1337:Key components 1336: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1329: 1328: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1280: 1279: 1271: 1270: 1259: 1256: 1212: 1209: 1146:Main article: 1140:Makhtesh Ramon 1127: 1124: 1047:Main article: 1025: 1022: 1014:Columbia Basin 973: 970: 840: 837: 807: 804: 747:in sea water. 658:in South Wales 635:Main article: 632: 629: 581:. Erosion and 524:stream erosion 474: 471: 369:splash erosion 346:splash erosion 338:surface runoff 312: 309: 307: 304: 227:eutrophication 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6487: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6381:Surface water 6379: 6377: 6376:Sacred waters 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6361:Riparian zone 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6346:Body of water 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6295:Riverboarding 6293: 6291: 6290:River surfing 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014:and modelling 6010: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5975:Return period 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5935:Flood control 5933: 5931: 5930:Flood barrier 5928: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5562:Palaeochannel 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5522:Granular flow 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5268:Channel types 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5248:Braided river 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5202: 5200: 5195: 5193: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4971: 4966: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4942: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4898: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4801: 4796: 4789: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4743: 4738: 4736:0-19-823252-7 4732: 4727: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4500: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4382: 4377: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4306:9780123851406 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4232: 4227: 4225:9780128149607 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4066: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4042: 4037: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4018: 4015: 4010: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3958: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3921: 3916: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3892: 3887: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3863: 3858: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3777: 3774: 3769: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3749: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3386: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3310:Geomorphology 3303: 3300: 3289:on 2010-10-10 3285: 3278: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3221:(1–2): 4–15. 3220: 3216: 3215:Geomorphology 3209: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3119: 3116: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3077: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3018: 3016:9780128130544 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2933: 2928: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2904: 2899: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2875: 2870: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2806: 2801: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2720: 2715: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2691: 2686: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2667: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2626: 2623: 2618: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2499:Geomorphology 2493: 2490: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2440:(6): W06301. 2439: 2435: 2428: 2421: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2273: 2268: 2266:9780199653065 2262: 2258: 2251: 2248: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2116:degraded land 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2068:soil features 2065: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2024:has produced 2023: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1903: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1871: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1799:precipitation 1794: 1786: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1644: 1643: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1609: 1608: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1526:Geomorphology 1524: 1523: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1498:Sedimentology 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1469: 1468: 1460: 1459:Walther's law 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1408: 1407: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1334: 1333: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1204:Surface creep 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1157:mass movement 1154: 1149: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1100:surface creep 1096: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1085: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1068:deforestation 1064: 1060: 1056: 1050: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006:Lake Missoula 1003: 999: 995: 987: 983: 978: 971: 969: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 938: 936: 935:glacial armor 932: 928: 924: 920: 919: 914: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 888: 884: 880: 875: 869: 865: 861: 858:, located in 857: 853: 849: 845: 838: 836: 834: 831:Formation of 829: 827: 823: 819: 813: 805: 803: 801: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 764: 763: 758: 754: 750: 746: 745:carbonic acid 742: 741: 736: 732: 731: 726: 725: 720: 719: 718:Wave pounding 714: 713: 706: 702: 687: 685: 677: 673: 669: 664: 657: 653: 649: 644: 638: 630: 628: 626: 622: 617: 613: 611: 607: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 584: 580: 576: 575: 570: 568: 564: 560: 555: 550: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 513: 506: 501: 494: 490: 487:Dobbingstone 485: 480: 472: 470: 468: 464: 460: 455: 452: 451: 450:Gully erosion 446: 444: 439: 435: 433: 426: 422: 418: 413: 409: 407: 406: 405:Sheet erosion 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 365: 363: 362:gully erosion 359: 358: 353: 352: 351:sheet erosion 347: 343: 339: 335: 329: 325: 321: 317: 310: 305: 300: 296: 292: 287: 281: 277: 272: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 249:deforestation 246: 242: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 191: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 163:mass movement 160: 156: 152: 148: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 82:Earth's crust 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 57: 54: 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6470:Soil erosion 6455:Soil science 6419:Flash floods 6371:River cruise 6268:River sports 6121:Stream gauge 6106:Rouse number 6096:Relief ratio 5945:Flood-meadow 5876:Urban runoff 5790:Fluvial flow 5775:River valley 5745:River island 5710:Meander scar 5625:Alluvial fan 5567:Progradation 5546: 5483: 5442:Karst spring 5386:Winterbourne 5341:Chalk stream 5303:River source 5278:Distributary 5137:. 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Retrieved 2230: 2163:Bridge scour 2124: 2080: 2061: 2054:soil erosion 2015: 1984: 1957: 1947: 1930:Nanga Parbat 1909: 1905: 1886: 1876:permeability 1873: 1851: 1839: 1826: 1820: 1801:is the main 1796: 1667: 1612:Applications 1594: 1549: 1516: 1488:Geochemistry 1478: 1417: 1392: 1289: 1274: 1248:debris flows 1229: 1203: 1202: 1183: 1182: 1165: 1156: 1153:Mass wasting 1152: 1151: 1148:Mass wasting 1126:Mass wasting 1120:Great Plains 1117: 1110: 1104: 1098: 1088: 1082: 1080: 1072:urbanization 1052: 1024:Wind erosion 991: 982:River Seaton 966: 939: 934: 916: 909: 891: 851: 830: 815: 800:raised beach 797: 767: 760: 752: 738: 734: 728: 722: 716: 710: 709: 681: 668:boulder clay 656:Southerndown 618: 614: 610:Beaufort Sea 606:Arctic coast 588: 587: 578: 574:Bank erosion 572: 571: 566: 523: 519: 518: 493:glacial till 456: 448: 447: 430: 429: 403: 381: 368: 366: 361: 357:rill erosion 355: 349: 345: 342:soil erosion 332: 276:natural arch 261:urban sprawl 243: 231:water bodies 195:soil erosion 192: 175:debris flows 121: 112: 108: 104: 61: 60: 36: 6280:Fly fishing 6204:Fish ladder 6189:Daylighting 5908:Flash flood 5871:First flush 5818:Plunge pool 5542:Downcutting 5527:Debris flow 5502:Aggradation 5376:Stream pool 4691:(1): 1–15. 4401:: 380–392. 4210:: 115–160. 3640:(10): 789. 3108:21 December 2975:10198/24417 2096:soil layers 2072:Inceptisols 2058:pedogenesis 2038:Lake Ladoga 1944:Development 1913:lower crust 1619:Engineering 1541:Volcanology 1479:Composition 1363:Metamorphic 1358:Sedimentary 1076:agriculture 954:glaciokarst 883:Lake Louise 822:Anders Rapp 672:Pleistocene 392:flow energy 241:worldwide. 215:soil layers 159:groundwater 117:dissolution 6444:Categories 6386:Wild river 6066:Hydrograph 6056:Hack's law 6021:Baer's law 5965:Inundation 5950:Floodplain 5890:stormwater 5848:Whitewater 5720:Oxbow lake 5557:Knickpoint 5532:Deposition 5425:Hot spring 5366:Streamflow 5356:Stream bed 5273:Confluence 4493:2017-02-23 4251:: 104150. 4059:2017-01-31 3604:2017-10-24 3293:2011-04-21 3195:10535/5534 2952:: 103637. 2642:(4): 951. 2483:2016-06-18 2241:2015-12-06 2210:References 2042:Ordovician 1977:denudation 1975:See also: 1883:Topography 1868:See also: 1831:rain drops 1807:vegetation 1791:See also: 1531:Glaciology 1493:Mineralogy 1388:Weathering 1252:Turbidites 1220:Bathymetry 1112:suspension 1018:Washington 860:Jalasjärvi 826:Kärkevagge 810:See also: 781:deposition 762:bioerosion 641:See also: 601:Lena River 593:permafrost 549:base level 503:Layers of 467:rhexistasy 394:, it will 336:, and the 171:landslides 167:landscapes 157:abrasion; 109:mechanical 94:weathering 86:transports 66:water flow 6356:Limnology 6305:Triathlon 6275:Canyoning 6244:Revetment 6174:Check dam 6086:Main stem 5843:Waterfall 5730:Point bar 5715:Mouth bar 5655:Billabong 5602:Water gap 5597:Wash load 5577:Saltation 5497:Anabranch 5420:Holy well 5308:Tributary 5139:7 October 4885:128973374 4780:0148-0227 4537:0309-1333 4475:0033-5894 4425:1462-9011 4315:213281574 4275:251576822 4193:134823668 4122:Geosphere 4103:134740576 3722:2041-1723 3619:Quat. Res 3577:CiteSeerX 3539:205222252 3474:205217746 3155:131318239 3001:: 27–59. 2984:234800558 2743:1109.3175 2658:2071-1050 2527:129797403 2470:130040766 2462:0043-1397 2412:0260-3055 2310:130966449 2227:"Erosion" 2186:Lessivage 2175:Colluvium 2026:sediments 2018:Timanides 2007:extension 1995:peneplain 1981:planation 1934:Himalayas 1896:Tectonics 1827:erosivity 1815:semi-arid 1629:Forensics 1583:Geologist 1503:Petrology 1174:landslide 1106:saltation 1084:deflation 1063:semi-arid 1037:Altiplano 852:Pirunpesä 833:sinkholes 793:sandbanks 753:Attrition 749:Limestone 740:Corrosion 735:corrosion 730:corrasion 544:head cuts 443:hydraulic 438:ephemeral 417:spoil tip 396:transport 187:Feedbacks 90:deposited 84:and then 51:field in 6460:Agronomy 6159:Aqueduct 6026:Baseflow 5993:Effluent 5670:Cut bank 5635:Avulsion 5512:Bed load 5492:Abrasion 5095:17686990 4838:55985869 4721:(1985). 4545:55243167 4487:Archived 4483:53649150 4291:. 2012. 3740:26271245 3696:: 8028. 3595:Archived 3531:20844534 3466:19675651 3102:Archived 3049:79006225 3034:Archived 2768:59437729 2505:: 1–34. 2474:Archived 2363:13077807 2235:Archived 2156:See also 2086:and (on 2076:Alfisols 1991:Himalaya 1959:lisasion 1921:tectonic 1634:Military 1572:Research 1369:Sediment 1344:Minerals 1325:Timeline 1316:Glossary 1311:Category 1267:a series 1265:Part of 1198:highways 1185:Slumping 1169:glaciers 1095:surfaces 1093:, where 1090:abrasion 998:vortices 986:Cornwall 950:drumlins 946:moraines 944:such as 897:plucking 893:Glaciers 879:moraines 877:Glacial 839:Glaciers 789:Armoured 769:Sediment 724:Abrasion 567:traction 563:boulders 554:meanders 540:headward 532:downward 459:badlands 400:sediment 334:Rainfall 328:raindrop 324:splashed 205:and (on 151:abrasion 147:plucking 130:wear in 124:rainfall 113:chemical 105:physical 101:sediment 6450:Erosion 6336:Aquifer 6329:Related 6285:Rafting 5813:Meander 5808:Log jam 5770:Thalweg 5675:Estuary 5547:Erosion 5484:erosion 5396:Springs 5351:Current 5318:Streams 5258:Channel 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