444:. At one point as director, he had responsibility for 30,000 children who had sought refuge in the Caucasus. In Armenia, Yarrow started a street cleaning program and other irrigation projects which provided jobs to some 150,000 refugees; through the program, many of the refugees earned wages which helped them finance their daily activities independently. He later remarked that "in training 30,000 children for future citizenship I feel that I have a real part in the development of the new Armenia."
325:
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277:". Cevdet quickly repeated an earlier demand that the Van Armenians supply 4,000 able-bodied men for work in labour battalions, but the Armenian leadership, fearful of the fate of such conscripts and concerned that full compliance would leave them defenceless, offered 500 men and payment of the standard exemption fee for the rest. Cevdet's response was to have four Armenian leaders killed and a fifth—an Armenian community leader in the town of
89:
384:
the city", including women and children. After making this discovery, some
Armenians began killing some of the city's surviving Turks in revenge. Later however, after order had been restored, Yarrow expressed surprise "at the self-control of the Armenians, for though the Turks did not spare a single wounded Armenian, the Armenians are helping us to save the Turks – a thing that I do not believe even Europeans would do."
128:
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289:, who met directly with Cevdet on the Armenians' behalf. At this meeting, Cevdet demanded that fifty Turkish soldiers be stationed in the American missionary compound in Van, but this was rejected by the Armenians on the grounds that it would compromise their defensive positions. On April 19, Cevdet issued the following order to his forces in the
414:
281:—arrested, but when the townsfolk surrounded the building where the latter was detained, demanding his release, Cevdet responded by ordering one of his regiments to "go to Shadakh and wipe out its people". The troops however, for reasons unknown, attacked and perpetrated massacres in several defenceless Armenian villages instead.
392:, and Yarrow, by now sick with typhus, and the other American missionaries also decided to leave. Along the way, Yarrow describes how "in one locality the Turkish advance guard, secluded in the hills, poured rifle shots down upon the fleeing people. Hundreds of them were killed by the firing." Yarrow eventually made his way to
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attend to governance. Ussher states that Yarrow stepped into this role, taking the lead on many emergency committees and eventually "organiz a government with a mayor, judges, police, and board of health". Yarrow also helped organize a soup kitchen along with the manufacture and distribution of bread to those in need.
1328:
429:
By 1916, some 300,000 refugees of the
Armenian genocide and other areas had settled in Russian Armenia under impoverished conditions. In a response to the crisis, in 1916, a relief committee was set up which aimed at assisting at least 250,000 Armenian refugees by providing food and shelter. Yarrow
404:
Speaking later of his experiences, Yarrow said "the Turks and Kurds have declared a holy war on the
Armenians and have vowed to exterminate them." Of the overall genocide, he said: "It isn't war that the Turks carry on. It is nothing but butchering. The Turkish atrocities have not been exaggerated.
383:
On 14 May, after almost a month of siege, Turkish forces withdrew due to the advance of
Russian forces, who relieved the city a few days later. It was then discovered, in the words of Yarrow, that "while the siege was going on the Turks killed every Armenian that they could find in the vicinity of
378:
We had flying over the building where the missionaries were staying five
American flags. One day the Turks turned their fire on the building and for two days they kept up an incessant firing of rifle bullets and shrapnel. Why they did this we do not know. The Turks knew, however, that we had helped
364:
When the people in the city heard of the coming of the Turks they knew that no mercy would be shown them, for half the population were
Armenians and Syrians and they knew the Turks would massacre them. There was great commotion and nobody knew what to do. The people decided to make a stand against
355:
redeployed his troops for an attack on the city of Van itself. On the
Turkish side were about 4,000 well-armed troops supported by artillery, while the city was defended by about 1,500 Armenian militia, who according to Yarrow were obliged to resort to "all kinds of weapons including blunderbusses,
242:
from the north. The
Russian thrust into Van vilayet, spearheaded by Russo-Armenian units, was quickly blamed by the Ottoman leadership on alleged collaboration by the Van Armenians, and extreme measures against the mostly defenceless Armenian populace were authorized, resulting in massacres and the
369:
Yarrow himself assisted the
Armenian defenders in maintaining governance during the siege. Yarrow's colleague, fellow missionary Clarence Ussher, notes that as the Armenians remaining in Van "had small experience in organization", it was "absolutely necessary" that someone with the right abilities
387:
With the lifting of the siege, the
Armenians were to enjoy a brief ten-week period of self-governance, before advancing Turkish forces brought the city under threat once again. Thousands of Armenians fled the city rather than fall once more into Turkish hands, fleeing across the border to the
359:
Yarrow and other members of the American mission were still located in the city when the siege began, and were thus able to provide eyewitness accounts. In an interview with an American newspaper a year later, Yarrow provided some details of the siege. Of the initial stages, he says:
119:. He later publicly declared that "the Turks and Kurds have declared a holy war on the Armenians and have vowed to exterminate them." He also described the Van massacres and those which followed across Turkey as an "organized, systematic attempt to wipe out the Armenians."
373:
Toward the end of the siege, Turkish forces bombarded the American missionary compound, a violation of diplomatic immunity that Ussher suggests was made because of Turkish suspicion that the Americans had aided the city's defence. Of the bombardment, Yarrow states:
437:, Yarrow said "the Turkish advance terrifies the Armenians; and the Caucasian tartars who are unfriendly to the Armenians surround them. There is danger that the whole Armenian race will be exterminated should the combination of these forces be successful."
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the Turks ... The battle started when the Turks fired upon and killed a group of women outside of the city. The besieged area was about one mile across and a veritable hail of bullets swept over the walls for 28 days that the city of Van was under fire.
356:
Colt pistols, old-fashioned rifles and even ... a couple of small cannon out of old metal". This poorly armed force would nonetheless prove sufficient to hold off the Turks for almost a month until the relief of the city by Russian forces.
1302:"ERNEST A. YARROW, AIDED ARMENIANS: Former General Manager of Caucasus Branch of Near East Relief Dies at 63 WAS DECORATED BY PERSIA Advanced Plan to Restore to Armenia Land Turks Seized --Hazen Foundation Official".
273:, a subscriber to the view that a nascent Armenian "rebellion" was underway in Van, was unable to travel there until late March, when he arrived "accompanied by several thousand soldiers and Kurdish and Circassian
305:
were subsequently slaughtered by Cevdet's troops; however, several localities were able to successfully resist the Turkish attacks, most notably the city of Van itself, which would hold out for almost a month.
284:
By this time, the alarmed Armenians were openly preparing for a defence of the city of Van. An attempt to avoid further bloodshed was made at this point by Yarrow himself and fellow American missionary
163:. Upon graduating from the Hartford Seminary in May 1904, Yarrow married his roommate's sister, Jane Tuckley, in August of that year. Yarrow then joined the world missionary movement and was sent to
1308:
On his return to the United States, he presented to the State Department a plan to settle the Armenian question by ceding to the Armenians part of the territory taken by the Turks in 1920 and 1921.
178:
After returning to the United States for a brief visit in 1912, Yarrow and his wife returned to Van in 1913 to continue with missionary duties. He became president of the Van college right before
433:
After staying for two years in the United States, Yarrow began helping the refugees in Armenia and became a staff officer for Colonel Haskell's mission by 1919. Of the later stages of the
297:
The Armenians must be exterminated. If any Muslim protect a Christian, first, his house shall be burned; then the Christian killed before his eyes, and then his family and himself.
115:, Turkey, in 1915 when an estimated 55,000 Armenians were massacred there by Turkish troops in the earliest stages of the genocide, and he was also an eyewitness to the subsequent
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From 500,000 to 1,000,000 Armenians and Syrians were slaughtered in a year." He described the massacres as an "organized, systematic attempt to wipe out the Armenians."
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by the Persian government for his relief efforts in the region. He also received four decorations from the Russian government and a medal from the Armenian government.
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government that a similar push for independence by the Armenians—Turkey's largest remaining Christian minority, situated in the heart of
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230:, mutual distrust between Turks and Armenians reached almost intolerable levels when, in early 1915, Turkey was invaded both by the
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family. He and his family moved to the United States when Yarrow was one year old. Once in the United States, Yarrow attended the
1132:
The treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915 – 1916: documents presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden by Viscount Bryce
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155:, graduating in 1901. At Wesleyan, he also played football, acquiring a reputation for strong tackling. He joined the local
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the Armenians with their sick and had bettered sanitary conditions etc. We did nothing to assist them in a military way.
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American Christians and Islam: Evangelical culture and Muslims from the colonial period to the age of terrorism
1388:
152:
66:
1208:
515:
Also rendered as Jevdet, Djevdet etc. Cevdet's actual name was Tahir Cevdet; "Bey" is a Turkish honorific.
1329:
The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire
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396:, and from there back to the United States where he would resume efforts to assist the Armenian people.
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Sarafian, Gomidas Institute. James Bryce and Arnold Toynbee. Ed. and with an introd. by Ara (2000).
524:
Ussher is one of the chief witnesses for these events, having later authored a book about them. See
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1383:
The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians
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175:. Yarrow became very active in the Van college where he was in charge of the boys' school.
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itself. Aware of the Ottomans' growing hostility, some Armenians, particularly in the
1478:
1381:
1179:
1225:
Teghtsoonian, Oksen (2003). Teghtsoonian, Robert; Teghtsoonian, Christopher (eds.).
916:(1. publ. ed.). Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. pp. 30–31.
774:, Chapter 2, "Ethnic Agitation and 'Ethnic Reprisal' in the Eastern Border Regions".
223:, but these activities only strengthened Ottoman suspicions of Armenian intentions.
1431:
913:"Starving Armenians" : America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1930 and after
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believed a stronger and independent Armenia would alleviate the refugee problems.
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After the massacres ordered by Cevdet Bey on April 19 were largely concluded, the
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An American Physician in Turkey: A Narrative of Adventures in Peace and in War
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605:. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. 1904. pp. 356–8.
1275:"Starving Armenians": America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1930 and after
104:. He is also known for his leadership of a relief effort carried out by the
127:
940:
Merchants in exile : the Armenians in Manchester, England 1835 – 1935
29:
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208:
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The Armenian genocide: news accounts from the American press, 1915–1922
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100:(21 February 1876 – 26 October 1939) was a Christian missionary and a
1278:(1. publ. ed.). Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press.
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147:. After graduating from there in 1897, he continued his education in
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that saved and cared for tens of thousands of Armenian refugees.
1062:"Yarrow in Near East Employs Royal Relics in Humanitarian Work"
338:
1178:. International Education and Resource Network. Archived from
255:
In February 1915, the "strong and liberal-minded" governor or
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Armenians defending the trenches below the mission compound.
862:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 69.
1044:
1042:
1029:
1027:
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Armenians making cartridges by hand during the defence.
889:(1st ed.). New Yorh: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
1134:(Uncensored ed.). Princeton, NJ: Gomidas Inst.
602:
The Missionary Herald at Home and Abroad, Volume 100
477:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
265:, brother-in-law of the Turkish commander-in-chief,
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American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
440:In 1920, Yarrow took charge as the director of the
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36:
20:
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981:
682:Digital Library for International Research Archive
492:Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide
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135:Ernest Yarrow was born in London, England, to a
1412:The Armenian genocide : a complete history
1227:From Van to Toronto : a life in two worlds
376:
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295:
1297:
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1161:(3 ed.). Anto Printing. pp. xiv, 76.
1415:(Reprinted. ed.). London: I. B. Tauris.
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8:
1510:Methodist missionaries in the Ottoman Empire
586:(3). Survey Associates: 57–58. October 1916.
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455:that was lost to Turkey in 1920 and 1921.
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203:of 1912-13, fears had intensified in the
1433:The mission at Van in Turkey in war time
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1500:English emigrants to the United States
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886:Arshile Gorky : his life and work
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1520:Northfield Mount Hermon School alumni
1443:The Holocaust and Genocides in Europe
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706:"The Return of the Caucasus Director"
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576:"Armenian Appeal to America for Help"
301:An estimated 55,000 Armenians in the
159:then took theological courses at the
7:
1229:. New York: IUniverse. p. 88.
195:Having lost its Christian-majority
1530:Witnesses of the Armenian genocide
552:"German Directed the Turks at Van"
14:
984:Armenia, the survival of a nation
463:Ernest A. Yarrow was awarded the
261:of Van vilayet was replaced with
1515:Methodist missionaries in Turkey
1196:Meneshian, Knarik (April 2009).
680:Ernest A. Yarrow, 1876–1939, in
648:"Thrilling Story of Experiences"
337:
323:
102:witness to the Armenian genocide
87:
1495:American Methodist missionaries
1306:. 27 October 1939. p. 29.
447:In 1924, Yarrow petitioned the
425:Yarrow helping Armenian orphans
388:relative safety of the Russian
143:founded by Evangelist preacher
1155:Kloian, Richard Diran (1988).
449:United States State Department
211:—might lead to the breakup of
1:
1272:Peterson, Merrill D. (2004).
910:Peterson, Merrill D. (2004).
465:Order of the Lion and the Sun
1441:Lieberman, Benjamin (2013).
980:Walker, Christopher (1980).
1470:. Houghton Mifflin Company.
157:First Congregational Church
1546:
1525:Wesleyan University alumni
1445:. A&C Black. pp.
1334:Princeton University Press
1251:"A Crisis in the Caucasus"
317:Armenians resisting in Van
226:Following the outbreak of
1464:Ussher, Clarence (1917).
1332:. Princeton, New Jersey:
686:, accessed 1 October 2013
186:Armenian genocide witness
86:
27:
1505:Hartford Seminary alumni
1430:Knapp, Grace H. (1915).
1379:Bloxham, Donald (2005).
1096:, pp. 276, 304–305.
883:Herrera, Hayden (2003).
856:Kidd, Thomas S. (2009).
111:Yarrow was stationed in
1389:Oxford University Press
1173:"The Armenian Genocide"
988:. Croom Helm. pp.
153:Middletown, Connecticut
67:Middletown, Connecticut
652:Meriden Morning Record
459:Awards and decorations
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418:
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310:Defense of Van in 1915
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132:
1407:KĂ©vorkian, Raymond H.
1255:The Missionary Review
937:George, Joan (2002).
424:
416:
130:
1198:"Rescue of a Nation"
442:Near East Foundation
106:Near East Foundation
98:Ernest Alfred Yarrow
77:Christian missionary
1071:. 21 December 1921.
834:, pp. 239–241.
810:, pp. 236–238.
716:(7): 12. June 1923.
199:possessions in the
149:Wesleyan University
141:Northfield Seminary
137:Primitive Methodist
1361:The Burning Tigris
1185:on 5 October 2013.
1108:, pp. 284–85.
1084:, pp. 279–80.
753:, pp. 247–48.
741:, pp. xv–xix.
453:Armenian territory
427:
419:
133:
1436:. Prospect Press.
1422:978-1-84885-561-8
1364:. HarperCollins.
1261:: 549. July 1918.
1069:The Naples Record
945:Gomidas Institute
943:. Princeton, NJ:
729:, pp. 51–56.
710:The New Near East
561:. 6 October 1915.
528:for more details.
482:Armenian genocide
435:Caucasus Campaign
221:massacres of 1909
161:Hartford Seminary
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654:. 18 April 1916.
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47:21 February 1876
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1309:
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1210:
1206:
1199:
1192:
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986:
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968:Balakian 2009
964:
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956:
950:
946:
942:
941:
933:
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919:
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876:
871:
865:
861:
860:
852:
849:
845:
840:
837:
833:
828:
825:
821:
816:
813:
809:
804:
801:
797:
792:
789:
785:
780:
777:
773:
768:
766:
764:
762:
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747:
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735:
732:
728:
723:
720:
715:
711:
707:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
689:
685:
684:, Item #11126
683:
676:
674:
670:
667:, p. 12.
666:
661:
658:
653:
649:
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639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
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621:
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569:
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541:
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408:
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366:
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326:
309:
307:
304:
298:
294:
292:
288:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:
251:Van massacres
250:
248:
246:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
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210:
206:
202:
198:
190:
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150:
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138:
129:
122:
120:
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109:
107:
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99:
90:
85:
80:
76:
72:
68:
58:
54:
39:
35:
31:
26:
22:Ernest Yarrow
19:
16:
1466:
1442:
1432:
1411:
1382:
1360:
1327:
1324:Akçam, Taner
1317:Bibliography
1307:
1303:
1274:
1267:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1226:
1220:
1209:the original
1204:
1191:
1180:the original
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1125:
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1101:
1089:
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1068:
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1014:
998:
983:
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963:
939:
932:
912:
905:
885:
878:
858:
851:
839:
827:
815:
803:
798:, Chapter 2.
796:Bloxham 2005
791:
779:
772:Bloxham 2005
746:
734:
722:
713:
709:
681:
660:
651:
611:
601:
583:
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194:
177:
134:
110:
97:
96:
61:(1939-10-26)
15:
1490:1939 deaths
1485:1876 births
1336:. pp.
1118:Ussher 1917
1106:Ussher 1917
1094:Ussher 1917
1082:Ussher 1917
1049:Ussher 1917
1034:Ussher 1917
1019:Ussher 1917
844:Ussher 1917
832:Ussher 1917
820:Ussher 1917
808:Ussher 1917
784:Ussher 1917
751:Ussher 1917
616:Ussher 1917
451:to restore
409:Relief work
400:Conclusions
267:Enver Pasha
228:World War I
180:World War I
113:Van vilayet
1479:Categories
1285:0813922674
1236:0595274153
1141:0953519155
1005:, p.
954:1903656087
923:0813922674
896:0374529728
739:Akçam 2012
665:Knapp 1915
580:The Survey
536:References
275:irregulars
269:. The new
263:Cevdet Bey
191:Background
123:Early life
74:Occupation
43:1876-02-21
503:Footnotes
236:Gallipoli
82:Signature
1409:(2011).
1358:(2009).
1326:(2012).
471:See also
390:Caucasus
209:Anatolia
303:vilayet
291:vilayet
279:Shadakh
232:British
205:Ottoman
182:began.
171:by the
1453:
1419:
1395:
1368:
1344:
1338:xv-xix
1282:
1233:
1138:
951:
920:
893:
866:
394:Tiflis
240:Russia
213:Turkey
197:Balkan
1447:51–56
1212:(PDF)
1201:(PDF)
1183:(PDF)
1176:(PDF)
1065:(PDF)
555:(PDF)
1451:ISBN
1417:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1366:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1136:ISBN
949:ISBN
918:ISBN
891:ISBN
864:ISBN
353:vali
271:vali
258:vali
238:and
56:Died
37:Born
1007:630
992:–8.
990:207
234:at
165:Van
151:in
1481::
1449:.
1391:.
1387:.
1340:.
1294:^
1259:41
1257:.
1253:.
1203:.
1067:.
1041:^
1026:^
758:^
712:.
708:.
691:^
672:^
650:.
623:^
592:^
584:35
582:.
578:.
567:^
557:.
543:^
293::
167:,
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1288:.
1239:.
1144:.
1009:.
957:.
926:.
899:.
872:.
714:8
45:)
41:(
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