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Even the assertion that persists stubbornly to this day that vom Rath was only an accidental victim, that
Grynszpan actually wanted to kill the highest-ranking representative of the German Reich in France, the ambassador, has been called into question since it emerged. There exists a series of Nazi
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Grynszpan, who was immediately arrested and confessed, insisted his motives were to avenge the Jewish people for the actions already taken by the
Germans. He had a postcard on him written to his parents that read, "With God's help. My dear parents, I could not do otherwise, may God forgive me, the
365:
The homosexuality accusations threatened to humiliate the Nazis. Goebbels wrote that "Grynszpan has invented the insolent argument that he had a homosexual relationship with... vom Rath. That is, of course, a shameless lie; however, it is thought out very cleverly and would, if brought out in the
361:
However, the allegations emerged that vom Rath was a homosexual, and
Goebbels learned that Grynszpan was intending to use this claim in his defence at the trial by implying that vom Rath had seduced him. Grynszpan planned to claim that vom Rath was his pimp and he had been sent to be with various
288:
Why
Grynszpan, who had fled from Germany to France in 1936, shot vom Rath is not known with certainty, although he was upset over the news of his family's deportation from Germany back to Poland. As far as it can be established, Grynszpan and vom Rath did not know each other. Most accounts of the
265:, who had learned of the deportation of his parents from Germany to the Polish frontier, went to the German embassy in Paris and asked to speak with an embassy official. Grynszpan shot the 29-year-old vom Rath five times, mortally wounding him with bullets to the spleen, stomach and pancreas.
342:
wanted to use as the defense the allegation that Rath was a homosexual who had seduced
Grynszpan, and that Grynszpan had killed Rath as a part of a lover's quarrel. Under French law, those convicted of murder for political reasons faced the death penalty, but who committed a
289:
shooting state that
Grynszpan did not ask for vom Rath by name but only asked to speak to a member of the diplomatic staff. The records were falsified in 1942, and the Germans spread propaganda that Grynszpan's intention was to kill the Nazi ambassador, Count
711:
Trude Maurer (1988). "Abschiebung und
Attentat. Die Ausweisung der polnischen Juden und der Vorwand für die Kristallnacht" [Deportation and Assassination. The Expulsion of Polish Jews and the Pretext for Kristallnacht]. In Walter H. Pehle (ed.).
570:
forgeries in preparation of a show trial against
Grynszpan following his abduction to Germany in July 1940. In this way, the theory that the Jews had instigated the Second World War was to be backed up, and the ongoing deportations publicly justified.
317:
among those in attendance. Germany used the incident to publicize that the Jews had "fired the first shot" in a war on
Germany; in his funeral oration, Ribbentrop declared, "We understand the challenge, and we accept it."
333:
reported widely on the case and raised funds for
Grynszpan's defence in his French trial, which never took place. Much to the fury of Grynszpan who wanted to use the "Jewish avenger" defense successfully used by
376:. The last documentation indicating he was alive, or thought to be alive, was a Foreign Ministry memorandum on 7 December 1942. In 1960, at the request of his parents in Israel, the lower district court in
455:"Portrait of Herschel Grynszpan taken after his arrest by French authorities for the assassination of German diplomat Ernst vom Rath. - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"
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as its third secretary. Regarding the "Jewish Question", Rath expressed regret that the German Jews had to suffer but argued that anti-Semitic laws were "necessary" to allow the
592:
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The trial was planned for 1942 but never took place, primarily because the Nazis (who also sent homosexuals to concentration camps) feared it would turn into a gay scandal.
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heart bleeds when I hear of your tragedy and that of the 12,000 Jews. I must protest so that the whole world hears my protest, and that I will do. Forgive me."
350:
Grynszpan initially escaped from prison when France fell in 1940, but he was captured by the Nazis and taken back to Germany. He was sent to the
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planned to turn into Nazi propaganda about an international Jewish conspiracy and to claim it as evidence that Jews had started World War II.
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and surgeon Georg Magnus, to Paris to try to save vom Rath's life. Hitler promoted him to the rank of Legal Consul, First Class (
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diplomats (although Grynszpan later stated this to be false in an encrypted letter sent from Sachsenhausen).
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Jewish immigrants of the Nazi period in the USA (Volume 4: Jewish Emigration from Germany, 1933–1942)
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The Short, Strange Life of Herschel Grynszpan: A Boy Avenger, a Nazi Diplomat, and a Murder in Paris
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officially declared Grynszpan deceased, listing his date of death as 8 May 1945 (the date of the
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Herschel. Das Attentat des Herschel Grynszpan am 7. November 1938 und der Beginn des Holocaust
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Connolly, Kate (30 October 2001). "Did gay affair provide a catalyst for Kristallnacht?"
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course of a public trial, certainly become the main argument of enemy propaganda."
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279:), hours before vom Rath's death on 9 November at 17:30 (5:30 p.m.).
176:, "The Night of Broken Glass" on 9–10 November 1938. Historians consider
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and became a career diplomat. In April 1933 he became a member of the
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531:]. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer-Taschenbuchverlag. p. 365.
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Der Judenpogrom 1938. Von der "Reichskristallnacht zum Völkermord
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On the morning of 7 November 1938, 17-year-old Polish-German Jew
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The Day the Holocaust Began: The Odyssey of Herschel Grynszpan
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Grynszpan's ultimate fate is unknown but he probably died in
720:]. Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. p. 70.
139:(3 June 1909 – 9 November 1938) was a member of the
805:[How a 17-year-old boy unleashed Kristallnacht].
803:"Hoe een 17-jarige jongen de Kristallnacht ontketende"
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The 1938 Jewish Pogrom. From Kristallnacht to Genocide
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himself sent his two best doctors, personal physician
690:]. Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch. p. 1089.
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921:(An Act of Desperation). Balans, Amsterdam, 2013.
868:November 1938: Die Katastrophe vor der Katastrophe
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338:at his trial in 1927, Grynszpan's French lawyer
257:in Paris just after his arrest (7 November 1938)
873:November 1938: The Disaster Before the Disaster
684:Die Vernichtung der europäischen Juden, Band 3
743:Reichskristallnacht: die Novemberpogrome 1938
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688:The Destruction of the European Jews, Vol. 3
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747:Kristallnacht: The Pogroms of November 1938
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759:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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654:"An Act of Desperation (English summary)"
620:
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940:Newspaper clippings about Ernst vom Rath
525:Biographisches Lexikon zum Dritten Reich
347:were usually given a lesser sentence.
408:
115:His death being cited as a pretext for
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7:
325:Ernst vom Rath's grave in Düsseldorf
313:, with Hitler and Foreign Minister
444:, New York: Praeger, 1990 page 15.
228:unit. In 1935, after a posting in
154:. He is mainly remembered for his
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749:]. Munich. pp. 165, 169.
216:, until 1932, when he joined the
594:Israel: Is It Good for the Jews?
374:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
354:to face a trial there, one that
352:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
170:, which provided a pretext for
875:] (in German). Frankfurt:
801:Ewout Klei (7 November 2013).
529:Biographies of the Third Reich
382:German surrender to the Allies
89:Assassination (gunshot wounds)
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998:German people murdered abroad
978:20th-century German diplomats
973:Assassinated German diplomats
741:Hans-Jürgen Döscher (2000).
1028:Diplomats in the Nazi Party
993:Deaths by firearm in France
944:20th Century Press Archives
846:(in German). 31 August 1960
442:The Day the Holocaust Began
285:was launched within hours.
277:Gesandtschaftsrat I. Klasse
16:German diplomat (1909–1938)
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988:Assassinated German people
472:Alan E. Steinweis (2009).
204:, and then studied law at
840:[The Dead Live].
480:. Belknap Press. p.
396:, Nazi killed in 1936 by
246:Assassination and motives
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1023:Sturmabteilung personnel
1018:People murdered in Paris
1013:People from Hesse-Nassau
625:Jonathan Kirsch (2013).
340:Vincent de Moro-Giafferi
420:. Praeger. p. 14.
234:German embassy in Paris
232:, he was posted to the
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1038:1938 murders in France
1033:Nazi Party politicians
865:Raphael Gross (2013).
591:Richard Cohen (2014).
416:Gerald Schwab (1990).
326:
315:Joachim von Ribbentrop
258:
1008:People from Frankfurt
523:Hermann Weiß (2002).
510:1938: Hitler's Gamble
459:collections.ushmm.org
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305:Vom Rath was given a
291:Johannes von Welczeck
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192:Vom Rath was born in
188:Early life and career
180:the beginning of the
149:German Foreign Office
137:Ernst Eduard vom Rath
45:Ernst Eduard vom Rath
599:Simon & Schuster
329:American journalist
162:in 1938 by a Polish
827:Schwab 1990, p. 200
791:Schwab 1990, p. 142
198:aristocratic family
86:Cause of death
58:Frankfurt am Main,
983:Assassinated Nazis
660:on 5 February 2015
581:Schwab 1990, p. 43
553:Herbert A. Strauss
476:Kristallnacht 1938
336:Sholem Schwarzbard
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309:on 17 November in
263:Herschel Grynszpan
259:
255:Herschel Grynszpan
168:Herschel Grynszpan
927:978-9-460-03718-4
912:978-3-86368-101-2
508:Giles MacDonogh.
398:David Frankfurter
239:Volksgemeinschaft
194:Frankfurt am Main
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72:(1938-11-09)
968:1938 deaths
963:1909 births
843:Der Spiegel
273:Karl Brandt
55:3 June 1909
957:Categories
877:C. H. Beck
850:19 January
813:19 January
809:(in Dutch)
664:19 January
565:B007DZSB4M
404:References
311:Düsseldorf
218:Nazi Party
214:Königsberg
166:teenager,
145:Nazi Party
129:Nazi Party
94:Occupation
51:1909-06-03
755:cite book
301:Aftermath
230:Bucharest
182:Holocaust
107:1932–1938
682:(1990).
555:(1992).
388:See also
152:diplomat
98:Diplomat
946:of the
942:in the
378:Hanover
202:Breslau
77:Paris,
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210:Munich
196:to an
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79:France
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160:Paris
923:ISBN
908:ISBN
881:ISBN
852:2015
815:2015
761:link
722:ISBN
692:ISBN
666:2015
631:ISBN
603:ISBN
561:ASIN
533:ISBN
486:ISBN
422:ISBN
212:and
206:Bonn
143:, a
67:Died
41:Born
948:ZBW
482:179
384:).
158:in
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