338:
6768:
2208:
2196:
2388:
958:
583:
1008:
754:
329:
42:
562:
6832:
591:
2491:: first about 1 litre of their blood is extracted, then the red blood cells are isolated, frozen and stored, to be reinjected shortly before the competition. (Red blood cells can be conserved for 5 weeks at −79 °C or −110 °F, or over 10 years using cryoprotectants) This practice is hard to detect but may endanger the human
699:. The argument runs as follows: Efficient gas transport requires red blood cells to pass through very narrow capillaries, and this constrains their size. In the absence of nuclear elimination, the accumulation of repeat sequences is constrained by the volume occupied by the nucleus, which increases with genome size.
1166:– The following membrane proteins establish linkages with skeletal proteins and may play an important role in regulating cohesion between the lipid bilayer and membrane skeleton, likely enabling the red cell to maintain its favorable membrane surface area by preventing the membrane from collapsing (vesiculating).
475:
972:
The proteins of the membrane skeleton are responsible for the deformability, flexibility and durability of the red blood cell, enabling it to squeeze through capillaries less than half the diameter of the red blood cell (7–8 μm) and recovering the discoid shape as soon as these cells stop receiving
557:
acts as a reservoir of red blood cells, but this effect is somewhat limited in humans. In some other mammals such as dogs and horses, the spleen sequesters large numbers of red blood cells, which are dumped into the blood during times of exertion stress, yielding a higher oxygen transport capacity.
478:
Typical mammalian red blood cells: (a) seen from surface; (b) in profile, forming rouleaux; (c) rendered spherical by water; (d) rendered crenate (shrunken and spiky) by salt. (c) and (d) do not normally occur in the body. The last two shapes are due to water being transported into, and out of, the
976:
There are currently more than 50 known membrane proteins, which can exist in a few hundred up to a million copies per red blood cell. Approximately 25 of these membrane proteins carry the various blood group antigens, such as the A, B and Rh antigens, among many others. These membrane proteins can
433:
alone is straw-colored, but the red blood cells change color depending on the state of the hemoglobin: when combined with oxygen the resulting oxyhemoglobin is scarlet, and when oxygen has been released the resulting deoxyhemoglobin is of a dark red burgundy color. However, blood can appear bluish
594:
Animation of a typical human red blood cell cycle in the circulatory system. This animation occurs at a faster rate (~20 seconds of the average 60-second cycle) and shows the red blood cell deforming as it enters capillaries, as well as the bars changing color as the cell alternates in states of
2360:
Blood is often transfused when there is known anaemia, active bleeding, or when there is an expectation of serious blood loss, such as prior to an operation. Before blood is given, a small sample of the recipient's blood is tested with the transfusion in a process known as
840:" proteins that move phospholipids in both directions at the same time, down their concentration gradients in an energy-independent manner. There is still considerable debate ongoing regarding the identity of these membrane maintenance proteins in the red cell membrane.
737:, besides its lipidic main constituents; and the membrane skeleton, a structural network of proteins located on the inner surface of the lipid bilayer. Half of the membrane mass in human and most mammalian red blood cells are proteins. The other half are lipids, namely
873:
An exposure of PS can potentiate adhesion of red cells to vascular endothelial cells, effectively preventing normal transit through the microvasculature. Thus it is important that PS is maintained only in the inner leaflet of the bilayer to ensure normal blood flow in
1417:
Thus, the function of the circulatory system is as much about the transport of carbon dioxide as about the transport of oxygen. As stated elsewhere in this article, most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is in the form of bicarbonate ion. The bicarbonate provides a
614:
Adult humans have roughly 20–30 trillion red blood cells at any given time, constituting approximately 70% of all cells by number. Women have about 4–5 million red blood cells per microliter (cubic millimeter) of blood and men about 5–6 million;
1692:
of carbon dioxide in the alveoli causes carbon dioxide to diffuse rapidly from the capillary into the alveoli. The carbonic anhydrase in the red cells keeps the bicarbonate ion in equilibrium with carbon dioxide. So as carbon dioxide leaves the capillary, and
773:
in equal proportions by weight. The lipid composition is important as it defines many physical properties such as membrane permeability and fluidity. Additionally, the activity of many membrane proteins is regulated by interactions with lipids in the bilayer.
645:. Each hemoglobin molecule carries four heme groups; hemoglobin constitutes about a third of the total cell volume. Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of more than 98% of the oxygen in the body (the remaining oxygen is carried dissolved in the
977:
perform a wide diversity of functions, such as transporting ions and molecules across the red cell membrane, adhesion and interaction with other cells such as endothelial cells, as signaling receptors, as well as other currently unknown functions. The
2549:
was mixed with red blood cells, thus identifying compatible and conflicting combinations between these blood groups. A year later Alfred von
Decastello and Adriano Sturli, two colleagues of Landsteiner, identified a fourth blood group—AB.
2124:
is a genetic disease that results in abnormal hemoglobin molecules. When these release their oxygen load in the tissues, they become insoluble, leading to mis-shaped red blood cells. These sickle shaped red cells are less deformable and
519:). Members of this order have clearly evolved a mode of red blood cell development substantially different from the mammalian norm. Overall, mammalian red blood cells are remarkably flexible and deformable so as to squeeze through tiny
1957:, red blood cell programmed death. This process normally occurs at the same rate of production by erythropoiesis, balancing the total circulating red blood cell count. Eryptosis is increased in a wide variety of diseases including
3875:
Acid Base Status: The transport of CO2 has a profound effect on the acid-base status of blood and the body as a whole. The lung excretes over 10,000 mEq of carbonic acid per day compared to less than 100 mEq of fixed acids by the
332:
There is an immense size variation in vertebrate red blood cells, as well as a correlation between cell and nucleus size. Mammalian red blood cells, which do not contain nuclei, are considerably smaller than those of most other
461:
blood, higher concentrations of oxygen, and better diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. The size of red blood cells varies widely among vertebrate species; red blood cell width is on average about 25% larger than
1633:
843:
The maintenance of an asymmetric phospholipid distribution in the bilayer (such as an exclusive localization of PS and PIs in the inner monolayer) is critical for the cell integrity and function due to several reasons:
1300:
is an electrochemical property of cell surfaces that is determined by the net electrical charge of molecules exposed at the surface of cell membranes of the cell. The normal zeta potential of the red blood cell is
454:, forming carboxyhemoglobin which is a very bright red in color. Flushed, confused patients with a saturation reading of 100% on pulse oximetry are sometimes found to be suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning.
5212:
4065:
carbon dioxide diffuses out of the tissue cells in the gaseous form (but not to a significant effect in the bicarbonate form because the cell membrane is far less permeable to bicarbonate than to the dissolved
1024:– Anion transporter, also an important structural component of the red blood cell membrane, makes up to 25% of the cell membrane surface, each red cell contains approximately one million copies. Defines the
2325:
to ensure that donors do not contain risk factors for the presence of blood-borne diseases, or will not suffer themselves by giving blood. Blood is usually collected and tested for common or serious
2527:
provided another microscopic description in 1674, this time providing a more precise description of red blood cells, even approximating their size, "25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand".
495:-shaped rim on the edge of the disk. This shape allows for a high surface-area-to-volume (SA/V) ratio to facilitate diffusion of gases. However, there are some exceptions concerning shape in the
457:
Having oxygen-carrying proteins inside specialized cells (as opposed to oxygen carriers being dissolved in body fluid) was an important step in the evolution of vertebrates as it allows for less
6752:
1750:, a signalling gas that acts to relax vessel walls. It is believed that the cardioprotective effects of garlic are due to red blood cells converting its sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide.
1412:
5040:
A team of researchers led by the
National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant unit recently launched the first clinical trial to transfuse lab-grown red blood cells into a live human.
5027:
855:
red cells that expose PS at their outer surface. Thus the confinement of PS in the inner monolayer is essential if the cell is to survive its frequent encounters with macrophages of the
705:
in mammals consist of two forms: normoblasts, which are normal erythropoietic precursors to mature red blood cells, and megaloblasts, which are abnormally large precursors that occur in
363:); they live in very oxygen-rich cold water and transport oxygen freely dissolved in their blood. While they no longer use hemoglobin, remnants of hemoglobin genes can be found in their
297:. Each circulation takes about 60 seconds (one minute). Approximately 84% of the cells in the human body are the 20–30 trillion red blood cells. Nearly half of the blood's volume (
6130:
1676:
In summary, carbon dioxide produced by cellular respiration diffuses very rapidly to areas of lower concentration, specifically into nearby capillaries. When it diffuses into a RBC, CO
5205:
359:
and humans, have red blood cells. Red blood cells are cells present in blood to transport oxygen. The only known vertebrates without red blood cells are the crocodile icefish (family
2920:
Gulliver G (1875). "On the size and shape of red corpuscles of the blood of vertebrates, with drawings of them to a uniform scale, and extended and revised tables of measurements".
5019:
2372:
had been successfully coaxed into becoming red blood cells in the lab. The difficult step was to induce the cells to eject their nucleus; this was achieved by growing the cells on
2071:(or anaemias) are diseases characterized by low oxygen transport capacity of the blood, because of low red cell count or some abnormality of the red blood cells or the hemoglobin.
1863:
to mature red blood cells in about 7 days. When matured, in a healthy individual these cells live in blood circulation for about 100 to 120 days (and 80 to 90 days in a full term
238:
that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the red color of the cells and the blood. Each human red blood cell contains approximately 270 million hemoglobin molecules. The
337:
2353:
on the cell's surface. After this process, the blood is stored, and within a short duration is used. Blood can be given as a whole product or the red blood cells separated as
2581:
604:
5198:
6719:
1680:
is rapidly converted by the carbonic anhydrase found on the inside of the RBC membrane into bicarbonate ion. The bicarbonate ions in turn leave the RBC in exchange for
6767:
5835:
3981:
In plasma about 5% of CO2 is in physical solution 94% as bicarbonate and 1% as carbamino compounds; in the erythrocytes the corresponding figures are 7%, 82% and 11%.
5592:
649:). The red blood cells of an average adult human male store collectively about 2.5 grams of iron, representing about 65% of the total iron contained in the body.
117:
6123:
3554:
Yazdanbakhsh K, Lomas-Francis C, Reid ME (October 2000). "Blood groups and diseases associated with inherited abnormalities of the red blood cell membrane".
1978:
1802:
1645:
The second major contribution of RBC to carbon dioxide transport is that carbon dioxide directly reacts with globin protein components of hemoglobin to form
777:
Unlike cholesterol, which is evenly distributed between the inner and outer leaflets, the 5 major phospholipids are asymmetrically disposed, as shown below:
6637:
6250:
4522:
Tilton WM, Seaman C, Carriero D, Piomelli S (August 1991). "Regulation of glycolysis in the erythrocyte: role of the lactate/pyruvate and NAD/NADH ratios".
5830:
1878:
is the process by which new red blood cells are produced; it lasts about 7 days. Through this process red blood cells are continuously produced in the red
2081:
is the most common anemia; it occurs when the dietary intake or absorption of iron is insufficient, and hemoglobin, which contains iron, cannot be formed.
1909:
The functional lifetime of a red blood cell is about 100–120 days, during which time the red blood cells are continually moved by the blood flow push (in
5840:
5713:
2157:, causing the cells to be small, sphere-shaped, and fragile instead of donut-shaped and flexible. These abnormal red blood cells are destroyed by the
503:
including cattle, deer, and their relatives), which displays a wide variety of bizarre red blood cell morphologies: small and highly ovaloid cells in
721:
plays many roles in this. These functions are highly dependent on the membrane composition. The red blood cell membrane is composed of 3 layers: the
4327:
Ulker P, Sati L, Celik-Ozenci C, Meiselman HJ, Baskurt OK (2009). "Mechanical stimulation of nitric oxide synthesizing mechanisms in erythrocytes".
2252:(or erythrocytoses) are diseases characterized by a surplus of red blood cells. The increased viscosity of the blood can cause a number of symptoms.
1465:
is transported as bicarbonate. At physiological pH the equilibrium strongly favors carbonic acid, which is mostly dissociated into bicarbonate ion.
757:
The most common red blood cell membrane lipids, schematically disposed as they are distributed on the bilayer. Relative abundances are not at scale.
1638:
The H+ ions released by this rapid reaction within RBC, while still in the capillary, act to reduce the oxygen binding affinity of hemoglobin, the
1471:
6116:
603:
and a thickness at the thickest point of 2–2.5 μm and a minimum thickness in the centre of 0.8–1 μm, being much smaller than most other
1688:
colocated in the RBC membrane. The bicarbonate ion does not diffuse back out of the capillary, but is carried to the lung. In the lung the lower
1989:. Excessive eryptosis is observed in red blood cells lacking the cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I or the AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK.
1173:-based macromolecular complex – proteins linking the bilayer to the membrane skeleton through the interaction of their cytoplasmic domains with
5856:
2437:, which are variations in red blood cell shape. When red blood cells sometimes occur as a stack, flat side next to flat side. This is known as
2275:
1985:. Eryptosis can be elicited by osmotic shock, oxidative stress, and energy depletion, as well as by a wide variety of endogenous mediators and
619:
with low oxygen tension will have more. Red blood cells are thus much more common than the other blood particles: there are about 4,000–11,000
1867:). At the end of their lifespan, they are removed from circulation. In many chronic diseases, the lifespan of the red blood cells is reduced.
1673:. That is, there is always an abundance of bicarbonate in blood, both venous and arterial, because of its aforementioned role as a pH buffer.
6712:
5825:
3360:
3031:
3002:
2738:
2012:
Much of the resulting breakdown products are recirculated in the body. The heme constituent of hemoglobin are broken down into iron (Fe) and
878:
824:
This asymmetric phospholipid distribution among the bilayer is the result of the function of several energy-dependent and energy-independent
526:
Red blood cells in mammals are unique amongst vertebrates as they do not have nuclei when mature. They do have nuclei during early phases of
515:), and cells which assume fusiform, lanceolate, crescentic, and irregularly polygonal and other angular forms in red deer and wapiti (family
5851:
2342:
530:, but extrude them during development as they mature; this provides more space for hemoglobin. The red blood cells without nuclei, called
2534:
in
Bologna was able to demonstrate the presence of iron by passing magnets over the powder or ash remaining from heated red blood cells.
2641:
998:
1458:
5585:
5166:
5052:
962:
616:
4454:
Jiang N, Tan NS, Ho B, Ding JL (October 2007). "Respiratory protein-generated reactive oxygen species as an antimicrobial strategy".
2234:
parasite spends part of its life-cycle in red blood cells, feeds on their hemoglobin and then breaks them apart, causing fever. Both
1251:– defines the Kell Blood Group and the Mcleod unusual phenotype (lack of Kx antigen and greatly reduced expression of Kell antigens);
6802:
5868:
4662:
4506:
4147:
4115:
4087:
4058:
4037:
Despite being a heavier molecule, because it is more soluble, the relative rate of diffusion of CO2 is about 20 times the rate of O2
4030:
4002:
3956:
3928:
3900:
3868:
3840:
3233:
2050:
1917:) and a combination of the two as they squeeze through microvessels such as capillaries. They are also recycled in the bone marrow.
680:, where five different clades has evolved various degrees of enucleated red blood cells (most evolved in some species of the genus
3249:
McLaren CE, Brittenham GM, Hasselblad V (April 1987). "Statistical and graphical evaluation of erythrocyte volume distributions".
2207:
6835:
6782:
6742:
6705:
1823:(although it does contain RNAs), and consequently cannot divide and have limited repair capabilities. The inability to carry out
124:
3179:
Goodman SR, Kurdia A, Ammann L, Kakhniashvili D, Daescu O (December 2007). "The human red blood cell proteome and interactome".
889:. Recent studies have shown that binding of spectrin to PS promotes membrane mechanical stability. PIP2 enhances the binding of
717:
Red blood cells are deformable, flexible, are able to adhere to other cells, and are able to interface with immune cells. Their
289:
as the sack. Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults. The cells develop in the
3783:
Denomme GA (July 2004). "The structure and function of the molecules that carry human red blood cell and platelet antigens".
2411:
1685:
1461:
very rapidly, while the red cells are still moving through the capillary. Thus it is the RBC that ensures that most of the CO
942:
523:, as well as to maximize their apposing surface by assuming a cigar shape, where they efficiently release their oxygen load.
1437:
transport process, for two reasons. First, because, besides hemoglobin, they contain a large number of copies of the enzyme
491:
are typically shaped as biconcave disks: flattened and depressed in the center, with a dumbbell-shaped cross section, and a
1441:
on the inside of their cell membrane. Carbonic anhydrase, as its name suggests, acts as a catalyst of the exchange between
836:" do the opposite operation, against a concentration gradient in an energy-dependent manner. Additionally, there are also "
586:
Two drops of blood are shown with a bright red oxygenated drop on the left and a darker red deoxygenated drop on the right.
5653:
5578:
112:
5138:
3736:"Clinical and Functional Relevance of the Monocarboxylate Transporter Family in Disease Pathophysiology and Drug Therapy"
2341:(A, B, AB, or O) or the blood product is identified and matched with the recipient's blood to minimise the likelihood of
1078:– gas transporter, probably of carbon dioxide, defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh
6520:
6328:
5903:
5757:
4009:
from figure 41-5 Hgb.CO2 is about 23% and bicarbonate is about 70% of the total carbon dioxide transported to the lungs.
2545:—A, B, and C (which he later renamed to O). Landsteiner described the regular patterns in which reactions occurred when
2279:
1938:
1144:
870:
and sickle red cells has been linked to disruptions of lipid asymmetry leading to exposure of PS on the outer monolayer.
611:
with a surface area of about 136 μm, and can swell up to a sphere shape containing 150 fL, without membrane distension.
4994:
3223:
2376:
from the bone marrow. It is hoped that these artificial red blood cells can eventually be used for blood transfusions.
1330:, as illustrated schematically here with a unit of carbohydrate, produces about as many molecules of carbon dioxide, CO
937:
that have been implicated in cell signaling events in nonerythroid cells have been shown in erythroid cells to mediate
5773:
5184:
3134:
Gregory TR (2001). "The bigger the C-value, the larger the cell: genome size and red blood cell size in vertebrates".
1344:
1055:
4427:"Red blood cells do more than just carry oxygen; New findings by NUS team show they aggressively attack bacteria too"
1962:
1897:(EPO), synthesised by the kidney. Just before and after leaving the bone marrow, the developing cells are known as
856:
695:
The elimination of the nucleus in vertebrate red blood cells has been offered as an explanation for the subsequent
399:
2129:, meaning that they have become rigid and can cause blood vessel blockage, pain, strokes, and other tissue damage.
6817:
5983:
5978:
5943:
5923:
5878:
5820:
3817:
Tokumasu F, Ostera GR, Amaratunga C, Fairhurst RM (2012) Modifications in erythrocyte membrane zeta potential by
3643:
Rodi PM, Trucco VM, Gennaro AM (June 2008). "Factors determining detergent resistance of erythrocyte membranes".
2606:
1798:
1419:
1103:
994:
990:
255:
5790:
6873:
6582:
5800:
2504:
2150:
1790:
1327:
986:
938:
930:
805:
702:
466:
diameter, and it has been hypothesized that this improves the oxygen transfer from red blood cells to tissues.
100:
88:
3847:
The
Respiratory Exchange Ratio is 1:1 when carbohydrate is consumed, it is as low as 0.7 when fat is consumed.
2195:
5948:
2219:
is the general term for excessive breakdown of red blood cells. It can have several causes and can result in
1724:, which also act to dilate blood vessels, thus directing more blood to areas of the body depleted of oxygen.
985:
of red blood cells. Disorders of the proteins in these membranes are associated with many disorders, such as
6757:
6747:
6728:
6684:
6603:
6472:
6097:
6048:
6028:
5675:
5528:
5258:
3048:
2028:. Almost all red blood cells are removed in this manner from the circulation before they are old enough to
1152:
1148:
2433:(or peripheral blood smear), where a thin layer of blood is smeared on a microscope slide. This may reveal
881:(PIP2) can regulate membrane mechanical function, due to their interactions with skeletal proteins such as
765:, similar to what can be found in virtually all human cells. Simply put, this lipid bilayer is composed of
6072:
6018:
5993:
5913:
5891:
5638:
3258:
3143:
2596:
2542:
2473:
2354:
2078:
1778:
1714:
1701:
on hemoglobin, sufficient bicarbonate ion converts rapidly to carbon dioxide to maintain the equilibrium.
1242:
1232:
1097:
304:
153:
5263:
909:" in the red blood cell membrane have been described by recent studies. These are structures enriched in
6058:
6013:
5918:
5112:
3688:
Hempelmann E, Götze O (1984). "Characterization of membrane proteins by polychromatic silver staining".
2572:
the Iceman, a natural mummy of a man who died around 3255 BCE. These cells were discovered in May 2012.
2554:
2524:
2492:
2444:, and it occurs more often if the levels of certain serum proteins are elevated, as for instance during
2423:
2387:
2186:
2126:
1740:
1035:
734:
547:
259:
4649:
Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002).
957:
5554:
2242:
are more common in malaria areas, because these mutations convey some protection against the parasite.
105:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6812:
6787:
6679:
6023:
5938:
5928:
5810:
5752:
5631:
5605:
5292:
4379:
4183:
3505:
3449:
Wingstrand KG (1956). "Non-nucleated erythrocytes in a teleostean fish
Maurolicus mülleri (Gmelin)".
2948:
2767:
2477:
2346:
2322:
1809:
1264:
1045:
1025:
706:
670:. In comparison, the red blood cells of other vertebrates have nuclei; the only known exceptions are
3294:
Bianconi E, Piovesan A, Facchin F, Beraudi A, Casadei R, Frabetti F, et al. (1 November 2013).
3263:
2379:
A human trial is conducted in 2022, using blood cultured from stem cells obtained from donor blood.
1835:) can affect erythroid precursors while they still have DNA, as recognized by the presence of giant
1457:
transport by hemoglobin. In the presence of this catalyst carbon dioxide and carbonic acid reach an
6792:
6467:
6442:
6008:
5998:
5648:
5508:
5503:
5488:
5458:
5397:
5326:
5268:
5253:
4426:
4363:
3148:
2469:
2369:
2326:
2321:
from another person, or stored by the recipient at an earlier date. Donated blood usually requires
2235:
2121:
2054:
1982:
1953:), thus removing old and defective cells and continually purging the blood. This process is termed
1646:
1069:
786:
5190:
5058:. American Association of Blood Banks, American Red Cross, America's Blood Centers. Archived from
582:
6613:
6038:
5513:
5468:
5463:
5422:
4975:
4932:
4785:
4479:
4309:
3474:
3431:
3333:
3204:
2972:
2484:, the red blood cells are pumped back into the body right away and only the plasma is collected.
2094:
1970:
1777:, red blood cells use none of the oxygen they transport; instead they produce the energy carrier
1438:
1192:
1115:
817:
341:
Mature red blood cells of birds have a nucleus, however in the blood of adult females of penguin
285:, to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin; they can be viewed as sacks of hemoglobin, with a
204:
4049:
Guyton AC (1976). "Ch. 41 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide in the Blood and Body Fluids".
3993:
Guyton AC (1976). "Ch. 41 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide in the Blood and Body Fluids".
3919:
Guyton AC (1976). "Ch. 41 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide in the Blood and Body Fluids".
3891:
Guyton AC (1976). "Ch. 41 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide in the Blood and Body Fluids".
3831:
Guyton AC (1976). "Ch. 41 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide in the Blood and Body Fluids".
3375:
2141:
is a genetic disease that results in the production of an abnormal ratio of hemoglobin subunits.
4138:
Stone WE (1973). "Ch. 6-1 Uptake and Delivery of the Respiratory Gasses". In Brobeck JR (ed.).
3494:"Genome size, cell size, and the evolution of enucleated erythrocytes in attenuate salamanders"
1453:
molecules, so it performs its essential role without needing as many copies as are needed for O
590:
6797:
6477:
6092:
6087:
5973:
5670:
5601:
5544:
5533:
5523:
5483:
5478:
5417:
4967:
4924:
4883:
4834:
4777:
4742:
4658:
4631:
4580:
4531:
4502:
4471:
4407:
4344:
4301:
4260:
4211:
4143:
4111:
4083:
4054:
4026:
3998:
3952:
3924:
3896:
3864:
3836:
3800:
3765:
3716:
3670:
3625:
3571:
3531:
3466:
3356:
3325:
3276:
3229:
3196:
3161:
3027:
2998:
2964:
2899:
2844:
2793:
2734:
2690:
2586:
2531:
2419:
2314:
2308:
2260:
2153:
syndromes are a group of inherited disorders characterized by defects in the red blood cell's
2090:
1824:
1007:
753:
620:
443:
328:
312:
5570:
2728:
2645:
6554:
6457:
6272:
5795:
5742:
5708:
5682:
5493:
5221:
4959:
4914:
4873:
4865:
4824:
4816:
4769:
4732:
4724:
4621:
4611:
4570:
4562:
4463:
4397:
4387:
4336:
4291:
4250:
4242:
4201:
4191:
3792:
3755:
3747:
3660:
3652:
3615:
3607:
3563:
3521:
3513:
3458:
3423:
3317:
3307:
3268:
3188:
3153:
3106:
3086:
2956:
2891:
2834:
2824:
2783:
2775:
2680:
2672:
2591:
2538:
2220:
2200:
2098:
1990:
1840:
1827:
means that no virus can evolve to target mammalian red blood cells. However, infection with
1747:
1736:
1689:
200:
41:
5059:
3907:
Reaction of Carbon Dioxide with Water in the Red Blood Cells - Effect of Carbonic Anhydrase
6503:
6292:
6224:
6082:
5896:
5663:
5658:
5473:
5407:
5362:
5102:"Swammerdam, Jan (1637–1680)", McGraw Hill AccessScience, 2007. Accessed 27 December 2007.
4686:
2990:
2754:
Hatton IA, Galbraith ED, Merleau NS, Miettinen TP, Smith BM, Shander JA (September 2023).
2271:
2170:
1926:
1754:
1653:
binds to hemoglobin, and as oxygen binds in the lung, it displaces the hemoglobin bound CO
1085:
966:
811:
543:
451:
360:
1665:
in blood is bound to hemoglobin in venous blood, a greater proportion of the change in CO
1199:," which may play a key role in regulating red cell metabolism and ion and gas transport
293:
and circulate for about 100–120 days in the body before their components are recycled by
4383:
4187:
3509:
2952:
2788:
2771:
2755:
1890:
is the main site of red blood cell production.) The production can be stimulated by the
1717:, which causes the vessel walls to relax and dilate so as to promote normal blood flow.
168:
translated as 'cell' in modern usage) in academia and medical publishing, also known as
6807:
6549:
6498:
6342:
6287:
6267:
6262:
6184:
6148:
5968:
5863:
5778:
5738:
5703:
5498:
5412:
5377:
5316:
4878:
4853:
4829:
4804:
4773:
4650:
4626:
4599:
4575:
4550:
4402:
4367:
4278:
Kleinbongard P, Schulz R, Rassaf T, Lauer T, Dejam A, Jax T, et al. (April 2006).
4255:
4230:
4206:
4171:
3760:
3735:
3620:
3595:
3526:
3493:
2839:
2812:
2714:, Handbook of Biological Physics, (ed. R.Lipowsky and E.Sackmann, vol.1, Elsevier, 1995
2707:
2685:
2660:
2516:
2500:
2481:
2461:
2434:
2392:
2362:
2318:
2263:
the increased number of red blood cells results from an abnormality in the bone marrow.
2061:
2024:. The iron is released into the plasma to be recirculated by a carrier protein called
1994:
1894:
1875:
1856:
1832:
1721:
1681:
1658:
1446:
1297:
1109:
1091:
696:
676:
630:
Human red blood cells take on average 60 seconds to complete one cycle of circulation.
565:
Scanning electron micrograph of blood cells. From left to right: human red blood cell,
527:
435:
395:
375:
343:
278:
270:
251:
4737:
4712:
4231:"Hypoxic vasodilation by red blood cells: evidence for an s-nitrosothiol-based signal"
2882:
Pierigè F, Serafini S, Rossi L, Magnani M (January 2008). "Cell-based drug delivery".
2863:
1743:
and export of nitric oxide, which may contribute to the regulation of vascular tonus.
561:
398:
back from the tissues; most waste carbon dioxide, however, is transported back to the
6852:
6649:
6559:
6204:
5953:
5746:
5613:
5518:
5387:
5367:
5243:
4963:
3389:
3272:
3020:
3018:
Maton A, Hopkins J, McLaughlin CW, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, Wright JD (1993).
2601:
2283:
2154:
2002:
1836:
1774:
1442:
1238:
914:
894:
792:
762:
730:
726:
718:
539:
531:
391:
286:
239:
4936:
4483:
4313:
3707:
Iolascon A, Perrotta S, Stewart GW (March 2003). "Red blood cell membrane defects".
3478:
3435:
3337:
3208:
3075:"Red Blood Cells: Centerpiece in the Evolution of the Vertebrate Circulatory System"
1815:
Because of the lack of nuclei and organelles, mature red blood cells do not contain
1309:
residues in the membrane: their removal results in zeta potential of −6.06 mV.
6674:
6608:
6577:
6437:
6302:
6194:
6157:
6140:
6002:
5643:
5538:
5321:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5225:
4979:
4789:
3414:
Cohen WD (1982). "The cytomorphic system of anucleate non-mammalian erythrocytes".
2976:
2488:
2476:, which are made in this way from whole blood with the plasma removed, are used in
2465:
2445:
2373:
2249:
1998:
1934:
1898:
1762:
1728:
1710:
982:
825:
770:
738:
682:
667:
646:
447:
430:
415:
274:
4728:
4246:
6108:
3611:
3312:
3295:
2829:
1209:– also involved in transport, defines associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh
832:" move phospholipids from the outer to the inner monolayer, while others called "
93:
17:
6351:
6234:
5958:
5785:
5621:
5382:
5331:
5302:
5171:
by Laura Dean. Searchable and downloadable online textbook in the public domain.
5085:
3492:
Mueller, R. L.; Gregory, T. R.; Gregory, S. M.; Hsieh, A.; Boore, J. L. (2008).
2546:
2457:
2334:
2330:
2287:
2239:
2174:
2138:
2102:
2033:
2025:
1974:
1879:
1739:. Exposure of red blood cells to physiological levels of shear stress activates
1669:
content between venous and arterial blood comes from the change in this bound CO
1639:
1306:
1059:
1031:
934:
910:
906:
867:
852:
848:
766:
742:
496:
407:
386:) in the lungs or gills and release them throughout the body. Oxygen can easily
290:
235:
4372:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4296:
4279:
4176:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3796:
3517:
2895:
2760:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
901:, and thereby may modulate the linkage of the bilayer to the membrane skeleton.
262:
of the blood cell while traversing the circulatory system and specifically the
6462:
6452:
6432:
6424:
6386:
6369:
6359:
6297:
6189:
5886:
5698:
5392:
5372:
5336:
5311:
5288:
4820:
4616:
4082:(1971 ed.). Chicago, IL: Year Book Medical Publishers. pp. 175–177.
3656:
2562:
2558:
2520:
2503:
to stimulate production of red blood cells. Both practices are banned by the
2430:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2338:
2189:
is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce only red blood cells.
2161:. Several other hereditary disorders of the red blood cell membrane are known.
2013:
1986:
1950:
1930:
1828:
1782:
1732:
1628:{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2 + H2O <=>> H2CO3 <=>> HCO3- + H+}}}
1248:
1184:
1063:
978:
926:
837:
722:
688:
671:
642:
512:
371:
308:
298:
294:
227:
185:
181:
6669:
6515:
6447:
6398:
6364:
6229:
6209:
6199:
5963:
5845:
5734:
5346:
4392:
4196:
3567:
2779:
2496:
2216:
2029:
2017:
1954:
1860:
1268:
1257:– defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh
1254:
1196:
1138:
1004:
The red blood cell membrane proteins organized according to their function:
570:
535:
520:
508:
500:
463:
458:
419:
387:
282:
263:
223:
216:
4971:
4928:
4887:
4838:
4746:
4635:
4584:
4475:
4411:
4348:
4305:
4264:
4215:
4142:(9th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins. pp. 6.16–6.18.
3935:
carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and water.
3804:
3769:
3720:
3674:
3629:
3575:
3535:
3470:
3329:
3200:
3165:
3157:
3091:
3074:
2968:
2903:
2848:
2797:
2694:
2515:
The first person to describe red blood cells was the young Dutch biologist
2020:, which is released into the plasma and recirculated to the liver bound to
394:. Hemoglobin in the red blood cells also carries some of the waste product
6697:
4535:
4340:
3979:(7th ed.). Basle, Switzerland: Ciba-Geigy Limited. pp. 570–571.
3280:
2939:
Ruud JT (May 1954). "Vertebrates without erythrocytes and blood pigment".
2813:"Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body"
1720:
When their hemoglobin molecules are deoxygenated, red blood cells release
6642:
6536:
6415:
6403:
6379:
6374:
6162:
5718:
5626:
5549:
5442:
5432:
5402:
5341:
4781:
4025:(1971 ed.). Chicago, IL: Year Book Medical Publishers. p. 140.
3951:(1971 ed.). Chicago, IL: Year Book Medical Publishers. p. 176.
2676:
2439:
2295:
1910:
1794:
1426:
transport, there is a physiological advantage to not having a specific CO
1228:
1222:
1218:
890:
886:
882:
833:
829:
624:
566:
516:
429:
The color of red blood cells is due to the heme group of hemoglobin. The
243:
4549:
Kabanova S, Kleinbongard P, Volkmer J, Andrée B, Kelm M, Jax TW (2009).
4366:, Mills RW, Patel HD, Isbell TS, Patel RP, et al. (November 2007).
4280:"Red blood cells express a functional endothelial nitric oxide synthase"
3321:
3192:
2406:(the number of red blood cells per volume of blood), calculation of the
2049:
6544:
6391:
6077:
6043:
5437:
5427:
5248:
4566:
3665:
3462:
3427:
2569:
2350:
2231:
2021:
1966:
1891:
1786:
1174:
1170:
1156:
946:
600:
480:
438:
takes advantage of the hemoglobin color change to directly measure the
307:
are red blood cells that have been donated, processed, and stored in a
5174:
4869:
3923:(Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders. pp. 553–554.
3895:(Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders. pp. 553–554.
3751:
1765:, which break down the pathogen's cell wall and membrane, killing it.
1305:(mV). Much of this potential appears to be contributed by the exposed
973:
compressive forces, in a similar fashion to an object made of rubber.
6632:
6508:
6172:
5988:
5559:
5020:"Researchers are trialing lab-grown blood transfusions: What to know"
3129:
3127:
2960:
2291:
2158:
2068:
2057:, red blood cells alter shape and threaten to damage internal organs.
1958:
1942:
1883:
1864:
1844:
1180:
1021:
898:
860:
608:
554:
488:
439:
423:
364:
356:
250:, and this structure provides properties essential for physiological
247:
189:
67:
4919:
4902:
4078:
Comroe Jr JH (1965). "Transport and elimination of carbon dioxide".
3947:
Comroe Jr JH (1965). "Transport and elimination of carbon dioxide".
3353:
Hematology in Clinical Practice: A Guide to Diagnosis and Management
2659:
D'Alessandro A, Dzieciatkowska M, Nemkov T, Hansen KC (March 2017).
1843:, thus temporarily depleting the blood of reticulocytes and causing
599:
A typical human red blood cell has a disk diameter of approximately
130:
5180:
4467:
474:
27:
Oxygen-delivering blood cell and the most common type of blood cell
6587:
6067:
6053:
6033:
5234:
2410:(percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells), and the
2386:
2206:
2194:
2048:
1946:
1914:
1887:
1758:
1449:
of carbonic acid). Because it is a catalyst, it can affect many CO
1280:
1134:
1121:
1041:
1006:
956:
918:
504:
492:
5092:. National Academies Press (US) – via www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
4053:(Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders. p. 553.
3997:(Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders. p. 554.
3835:(Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders. p. 556.
2495:
which is not equipped to deal with blood of the resulting higher
215:, and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body's
6062:
5933:
5908:
2568:
The oldest intact red blood cells ever discovered were found in
2006:
1302:
1274:
1206:
1075:
1051:
922:
634:
403:
379:
231:
212:
208:
6701:
6112:
5574:
5194:
4950:
An X, Mohandas N (May 2008). "Disorders of red cell membrane".
3378:, University of Virginia Pathology. Accessed 22 September 2007.
2112:
is needed for the production of red blood cells and hemoglobin.
633:
The blood's red color is due to the spectral properties of the
382:
groups whose iron atoms temporarily bind to oxygen molecules (O
2661:"Red blood cell proteomics update: is there more to discover?"
2294:
strands that sever red blood cells as they try to move past a
2032:. Hemolyzed hemoglobin is bound to a protein in plasma called
1820:
1816:
638:
4598:
Jain V, Yang WH, Wu J, Roback JD, Gregory SG, Chi JT (2022).
2429:
Many diseases involving red blood cells are diagnosed with a
4172:"Dynamics of shear-induced ATP release from red blood cells"
3963:
makes the reaction go to the right about 13000 times as fast
3394:
Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassemic Disorders
2523:
in 1658 to study the blood of a frog. Unaware of this work,
1901:; these constitute about 1% of circulating red blood cells.
422:, a compound related to hemoglobin, acts to store oxygen in
4501:(7th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 455, 609.
4140:
Best & Taylor's Physiological basis of medical practice
1855:
Human red blood cells are produced through a process named
1221:-based macromolecular complex – proteins interacting with
6753:
Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopic discovery of microbial life
6748:
Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopic experiments and discoveries
4110:. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkens. pp. 77–79.
3451:
Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie
2499:. Another method of blood doping involves injection with
2487:
Some athletes have tried to improve their performance by
1761:
by pathogens such as bacteria, their hemoglobin releases
1562:
1549:
1502:
1486:
1397:
1381:
1365:
450:
techniques. Hemoglobin also has a very high affinity for
4687:"Scientists Explore Ways to Lure Viruses to Their Death"
3296:"An estimation of the number of cells in the human body"
1649:
compounds. As oxygen is released in the tissues, more CO
1433:
Red blood cells, nevertheless, play a key role in the CO
4760:
Harrison KL (June 1979). "Fetal erythrocyte lifespan".
5053:"Circular of Information for Blood and Blood Products"
4651:"Erythropoiesis Depends on the Hormone Erythropoietin"
4368:"Hydrogen sulfide mediates the vasoactivity of garlic"
1579:
1522:
3863:. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkens. p. 80.
3355:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 1.
2868:. National Center for Biotechnology Information (US).
1661:. Despite the fact that only a small amount of the CO
1474:
1347:
1929:, making it susceptible to selective recognition by
6775:
6735:
6662:
6622:
6596:
6568:
6535:
6488:
6423:
6414:
6350:
6341:
6321:
6249:
6171:
6156:
6147:
5877:
5809:
5766:
5727:
5691:
5612:
5451:
5355:
5301:
5233:
4551:"Gene expression analysis of human red blood cells"
3549:
3547:
3545:
2582:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
2391:Variations of red blood cell shape, overall termed
917:associated with specific membrane proteins, namely
351:) have been observed, but with very low frequency.
111:
99:
87:
79:
74:
63:
58:
34:
4106:West JB (1974). "Gas Transport to the Periphery".
3859:West JB (1974). "Gas Transport to the Periphery".
3228:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 100.
3107:"BBC Bitesize – GCSE Biology – Blood – Revision 2"
3019:
2565:, the red blood cell protein that carries oxygen.
1925:The aging red blood cell undergoes changes in its
1812:is currently assumed to be absent in these cells.
1627:
1406:
5139:"'Iceman' mummy holds world's oldest blood cells"
4600:"Single Cell RNA-Seq Analysis of Human Red Cells"
2626:Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN (2007).
1586:
1585:
1529:
1528:
1407:{\displaystyle {\ce {HCOH + O2 -> CO2 + H2O}}}
1283:- interaction with the Glut1 glucose transporter.
5836:Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease
3975:Diem K, Lentner C, eds. (1970). "Blood Gasses".
1801:plays an important role in red blood cells; see
761:The red blood cell membrane comprises a typical
4524:The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine
4170:Wan J, Ristenpart WD, Stone HA (October 2008).
3709:Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Hematology
3589:
3587:
3585:
3026:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
2922:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
2915:
2913:
2712:Biological Membranes Architecture and Function.
1753:Red blood cells also play a part in the body's
269:In humans, mature red blood cells are flexible
6758:Van Leeuwenhoek's letters to the Royal Society
4229:Diesen DL, Hess DT, Stamler JS (August 2008).
3734:Fisel P, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M (July 2018).
3596:"Red cell membrane: past, present, and future"
2211:Micrographs of the effects of osmotic pressure
961:Red blood cell membrane proteins separated by
905:The presence of specialized structures named "
607:. These cells have an average volume of about
511:), tiny spherical cells in mouse deer (family
6713:
6124:
5586:
5206:
4854:"Physiology and pathophysiology of eryptosis"
2286:(diagnostic) red blood cell fragments called
370:Vertebrate red blood cells consist mainly of
8:
4021:Comroe J (1965). "Pulmonary Gas Diffusion".
2756:"The human cell count and size distribution"
1979:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
1803:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
697:accumulation of non-coding DNA in the genome
434:when seen through the vessel wall and skin.
355:The vast majority of vertebrates, including
5831:Transfusion associated circulatory overload
4901:Föller M, Huber SM, Lang F (October 2008).
3390:"Transferrin and Iron Transport Physiology"
2722:
2720:
1981:, phosphate depletion, iron deficiency and
981:of humans are due to variations in surface
6720:
6706:
6698:
6420:
6347:
6255:
6177:
6168:
6153:
6131:
6117:
6109:
5841:Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction
5714:International Society of Blood Transfusion
5593:
5579:
5571:
5213:
5199:
5191:
3886:
3884:
3594:Mohandas N, Gallagher PG (November 2008).
3225:Clinical Hematology: Theory and Procedures
2665:Blood Transfusion = Trasfusione del Sangue
2541:published his discovery of the three main
2313:Red blood cells may be given as part of a
1267:– has been proposed to be associated with
1200:
40:
4918:
4877:
4852:Lang F, Lang E, Föller M (October 2012).
4828:
4736:
4625:
4615:
4574:
4555:International Journal of Medical Sciences
4401:
4391:
4295:
4254:
4205:
4195:
3759:
3664:
3619:
3525:
3311:
3262:
3147:
3090:
2877:
2875:
2838:
2828:
2811:Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R (August 2016).
2787:
2730:Monitoring of Respiration and Circulation
2684:
2402:involve red blood cells. These include a
1618:
1605:
1600:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1548:
1543:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1501:
1496:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1396:
1391:
1380:
1375:
1364:
1359:
1348:
1346:
595:oxygenation along the circulatory system.
5175:Database of vertebrate erythrocyte sizes
4995:"First red blood cells grown in the lab"
2418:needs to be determined to prepare for a
1195:into a macromolecular complex termed a "
752:
589:
581:
560:
473:
336:
327:
195:
6638:Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell
4497:Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2012).
4108:Respiratory Physiology – the essentials
3861:Respiratory Physiology – the essentials
3351:Hillman RS, Ault KA, Rinder HM (2005).
2618:
2064:involving the red blood cells include:
2036:, which is not excreted by the kidney.
1808:As red blood cells contain no nucleus,
1570:
1513:
534:, subsequently lose all other cellular
46:3D rendering of human red blood cells (
5026:. MedicalNewsToday. 11 November 2022.
4094:the buffering occurred in the red cell
2276:disseminated intravascular coagulation
1011:Red blood cell membrane major proteins
666:when mature, meaning that they lack a
128:
31:
5826:Transfusion related acute lung injury
5088:. In Sparacino L, Manning FJ (eds.).
5030:from the original on 15 November 2022
3136:Blood Cells, Molecules & Diseases
2464:, which separates the cells from the
2456:Red blood cells can be obtained from
1713:in constricted vessels, they release
945:levels, and thus regulating entry of
879:phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
828:transport proteins. Proteins called "
207:. Erythrocytes take up oxygen in the
7:
4858:Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy
4805:"Red blood cell population dynamics"
2343:acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
1727:Red blood cells can also synthesize
1684:from the plasma, facilitated by the
4903:"Erythrocyte programmed cell death"
4711:Heegaard ED, Brown KE (July 2002).
4657:(4th ed.). New York: Garland.
3079:Integrative and Comparative Biology
2368:In 2008 it was reported that human
1568:
1511:
999:paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
897:but decreases its interaction with
5168:Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens
5090:Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens
4774:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1979.tb01197.x
3740:Clinical and Translational Science
3251:The American Journal of Physiology
2865:Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens
2349:. This relates to the presence of
2173:is caused by the inability of the
1147:– a glycoprotein that defines the
725:on the exterior, which is rich in
25:
6803:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (journal)
6783:Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ziekenhuis
5869:Transfusion transmitted infection
5187:site containing facts and history
3977:Documenta Geigy Scientific Tables
3181:Experimental Biology and Medicine
1746:Red blood cells can also produce
1445:and carbon dioxide (which is the
1034:– water transporter, defines the
949:parasites into normal red cells.
188:'s principal means of delivering
6831:
6830:
6766:
4964:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07091.x
3273:10.1152/ajpheart.1987.252.4.H857
125:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
2016:. The biliverdin is reduced to
1422:. Thus, unlike hemoglobin for O
1292:Surface electrostatic potential
662:Red blood cells in mammals are
617:people living at high altitudes
226:of a red blood cell is rich in
5113:"Max F. Perutz – Biographical"
4952:British Journal of Haematology
4809:Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
4051:Textbook of Medical Physiology
3995:Textbook of Medical Physiology
3921:Textbook of Medical Physiology
3893:Textbook of Medical Physiology
3833:Textbook of Medical Physiology
3073:Snyder GK, Sheafor BA (1999).
2884:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
2412:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
1773:As a result of not containing
1686:band 3 anion transport protein
1588:
1571:
1531:
1514:
1368:
1241:and D – glycoprotein, defines
180:, are the most common type of
1:
6743:Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes
5459:Peritoneal dialysis solutions
5084:Valeri CR (8 February 1996).
4762:Australian Paediatric Journal
4729:10.1128/CMR.15.3.485-505.2002
4717:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
4655:Molecular biology of the cell
4425:Kesava S (1 September 2007).
4247:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.176867
3690:Hoppe-Seyler's Z Physiol Chem
2290:. These pathologies generate
1709:When red blood cells undergo
1334:, as it consumes of oxygen, O
390:through the red blood cell's
164: 'hollow vessel', with -
47:
6329:Extramedullary hematopoiesis
5758:Intraoperative blood salvage
5086:"Frozen Red Cell Technology"
4993:Coghlan A (19 August 2008).
3785:Transfusion Medicine Reviews
3612:10.1182/blood-2008-07-161166
3556:Transfusion Medicine Reviews
3313:10.3109/03014460.2013.807878
2830:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533
2280:thrombotic microangiopathies
1939:mononuclear phagocyte system
1859:, developing from committed
347:enucleated red blood cells (
203:—via blood flow through the
5774:Blood compatibility testing
5356:Irrigating solutions (B05C)
5237:and related products (B05A)
2452:Separation and blood doping
2005:and high concentrations of
1187:enzymes, the presumptive CO
1056:Monocarboxylate transporter
6890:
4685:Zimmer C (27 March 2007).
4297:10.1182/blood-2005-10-3992
3797:10.1016/j.tmrv.2004.03.006
3518:10.1016/j.zool.2007.07.010
3047:Anthis N (17 April 2008).
2896:10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.029
2306:
1963:haemolytic uremic syndrome
1819:and cannot synthesize any
1277:– interaction with band 3;
857:reticuloendothelial system
623:and about 150,000–400,000
277:(which is expelled during
6826:
6764:
6495:Antigen-presenting cells
6283:
6258:
6220:
6180:
5821:Transfusion hemosiderosis
5224:and perfusion solutions (
4821:10.1016/j.cll.2014.10.002
4803:Higgins JM (March 2015).
4617:10.3389/fphys.2022.828700
4080:Physiology of Respiration
4023:Physiology of Respiration
3949:Physiology of Respiration
3657:10.1016/j.bpc.2008.02.015
2995:The Making of the Fittest
2733:. CRC Press. p. 27.
2630:(8th ed.). Saunders.
2607:Er blood group collection
2272:microangiopathic diseases
1839:with viral particles and
1799:pentose phosphate pathway
1183:– also assembles various
995:hereditary stomatocytosis
991:hereditary elliptocytosis
866:Premature destruction of
703:Nucleated red blood cells
686:), and fish of the genus
123:
39:
6583:Nucleated red blood cell
6139:Myeloid blood cells and
5801:Monocyte monolayer assay
3821:infection. Exp Parasitol
3022:Human Biology and Health
2561:was able to unravel the
2519:, who had used an early
2505:World Anti-Doping Agency
2151:Hereditary spherocytosis
1882:of large bones. (In the
1791:lactic acid fermentation
1098:Na K 2Cl – cotransporter
987:hereditary spherocytosis
806:Phosphatidylethanolamine
160: 'red' and
6729:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
6685:Hematopoietic stem cell
6604:Leukocyte extravasation
6473:Foreign-body giant cell
5676:Granulocyte transfusion
5529:Sodium glycerophosphate
5137:Pappas S (2 May 2012).
4604:Frontiers in Physiology
4393:10.1073/pnas.0705710104
4197:10.1073/pnas.0805779105
3568:10.1053/tmrv.2000.16232
3300:Annals of Human Biology
2780:10.1073/pnas.2303077120
2628:Robbins Basic Pathology
2563:structure of hemoglobin
2177:to produce blood cells.
2097:wherein the body lacks
941:signaling and increase
487:The red blood cells of
5259:Hemoglobin crosfumaril
4713:"Human parvovirus B19"
3158:10.1006/bcmd.2001.0457
2597:Red blood cell indices
2474:Packed red blood cells
2468:in a process known as
2395:
2355:packed red blood cells
2212:
2204:
2079:Iron deficiency anemia
2058:
1805:for more information.
1629:
1430:transporter molecule.
1408:
1046:L-dehydroascorbic acid
1012:
969:
931:β-adrenergic receptors
758:
735:transmembrane proteins
596:
587:
574:
484:
352:
334:
305:Packed red blood cells
301:) is red blood cells.
5811:Transfusion reactions
4341:10.3233/BIR-2009-0532
3819:Plasmodium falciparum
3645:Biophysical Chemistry
3257:(4 Pt 2): H857–H866.
3049:"Why Are Veins Blue?"
2555:X-ray crystallography
2525:Anton van Leeuwenhoek
2493:cardiovascular system
2424:organ transplantation
2390:
2210:
2198:
2187:Pure red cell aplasia
2101:, required to absorb
2052:
2040:Clinical significance
1993:of eryptosis include
1741:nitric oxide synthase
1731:enzymatically, using
1657:, this is called the
1630:
1409:
1231:– weak expression of
1104:Na-Cl – cotransporter
1010:
960:
939:β2-adregenic receptor
814:(PI) (small amounts).
756:
707:megaloblastic anemias
593:
585:
564:
548:endoplasmic reticulum
477:
400:pulmonary capillaries
340:
331:
6788:Leeuwenhoek (crater)
6680:Hematopoietic system
6468:Langhans giant cells
5791:Kleihauer–Betke test
5753:Exchange transfusion
5632:Platelet transfusion
5606:transfusion medicine
5327:Protein hydrolysates
5293:umbilical cord blood
5024:medicalnewstoday.com
4235:Circulation Research
3092:10.1093/icb/39.2.189
2677:10.2450/2017.0293-16
2478:transfusion medicine
2370:embryonic stem cells
2347:transfusion reaction
2327:blood-borne diseases
2108:from food. Vitamin B
1810:protein biosynthesis
1735:as substrate, as do
1472:
1345:
1149:Lutheran blood group
1116:K-Cl – cotransporter
1070:Kidd antigen protein
859:, especially in the
733:which contains many
713:Membrane composition
6793:Leeuwenhoek Lecture
6443:Alveolar macrophage
5879:Blood group systems
5814:and adverse effects
5649:Fresh frozen plasma
5509:Magnesium phosphate
5489:Potassium phosphate
5452:Others (B05D, B05X)
5398:Ethacridine lactate
5269:Hydroxyethyl starch
5264:Hemoglobin raffimer
4384:2007PNAS..10417977B
4378:(46): 17977–17982.
4188:2008PNAS..10516432W
4182:(43): 16432–16437.
3510:2008Zool..111..218M
3222:Turgeon ML (2004).
3193:10.3181/0706-MR-156
2953:1954Natur.173..848R
2772:2023PNAS..12003077H
2766:(39): e2303077120.
2553:In 1959, by use of
2470:blood fractionation
2236:sickle-cell disease
2122:Sickle-cell disease
2055:Sickle-cell disease
1905:Functional lifetime
1797:. Furthermore, the
1705:Secondary functions
1647:carbaminohemoglobin
1610:
1574:
1564:
1551:
1517:
1504:
1488:
1399:
1383:
1367:
1243:Gerbich Blood Group
1072:– urea transporter;
787:Phosphatidylcholine
507:and camels (family
414:) dissolved in the
6614:Intrinsic immunity
6478:Touton giant cells
5514:Magnesium chloride
5469:Sodium bicarbonate
5464:Potassium chloride
5423:Sodium bicarbonate
5065:on 30 October 2011
4691:The New York Times
4567:10.7150/ijms.6.156
3463:10.1007/BF00338830
3428:10.1007/BF01283036
2396:
2213:
2205:
2095:autoimmune disease
2059:
1971:sickle cell anemia
1769:Cellular processes
1625:
1596:
1592:
1576:
1552:
1539:
1535:
1519:
1492:
1476:
1439:carbonic anhydrase
1420:critical pH buffer
1404:
1387:
1371:
1355:
1193:carbonic anhydrase
1151:and also known as
1062:to the liver. See
1036:Colton Blood Group
1013:
970:
818:Phosphatidylserine
759:
597:
588:
575:
485:
353:
335:
205:circulatory system
148:), referred to as
106:H2.00.04.1.01001
6844:
6843:
6798:Leeuwenhoek Medal
6695:
6694:
6658:
6657:
6531:
6530:
6458:Epithelioid cells
6337:
6336:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6245:
6244:
6106:
6105:
5683:Blood substitutes
5671:White blood cells
5602:Blood transfusion
5568:
5567:
5545:Potassium acetate
5534:Potassium lactate
5524:Hydrochloric acid
5484:Magnesium sulfate
5479:Ammonium chloride
5418:Magnesium citrate
5222:Blood substitutes
4870:10.1159/000342534
4462:(10): 1114–1122.
4456:Nature Immunology
4434:The Straits Times
3752:10.1111/cts.12551
3606:(10): 3939–3948.
3362:978-0-07-144035-6
3187:(11): 1391–1408.
3033:978-0-13-981176-0
3004:978-0-393-06163-5
2947:(4410): 848–850.
2740:978-0-203-50328-7
2587:Altitude training
2532:Vincenzo Menghini
2420:blood transfusion
2315:blood transfusion
2309:Blood transfusion
2261:polycythemia vera
2091:Pernicious anemia
1825:protein synthesis
1793:on the resulting
1737:endothelial cells
1697:is displaced by O
1617:
1599:
1594:
1555:
1542:
1537:
1507:
1495:
1479:
1402:
1390:
1374:
1358:
1351:
1191:transporter, and
1159:-binding protein.
1137:– interacts with
1026:Diego Blood Group
953:Membrane proteins
891:protein band 4.1R
874:microcirculation.
621:white blood cells
499:order (even-toed
444:oxygen saturation
313:blood transfusion
254:function such as
211:, or in fish the
139:
138:
134:
18:Erythrocyte count
16:(Redirected from
6881:
6834:
6833:
6818:Leeuwenhoekiella
6770:
6722:
6715:
6708:
6699:
6629:Precursor cells
6555:Promegakaryocyte
6421:
6348:
6273:Promegakaryocyte
6256:
6178:
6169:
6154:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6110:
5796:Antibody elution
5743:plateletpheresis
5709:Blood management
5692:General concepts
5595:
5588:
5581:
5572:
5555:Alanyl glutamine
5504:Sodium phosphate
5494:Calcium chloride
5305:solutions (B05B)
5215:
5208:
5201:
5192:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5109:
5103:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5064:
5057:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5035:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4922:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4881:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4832:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4740:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4629:
4619:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4578:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4431:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4405:
4395:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4299:
4290:(7): 2943–2951.
4275:
4269:
4268:
4258:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4209:
4199:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3828:
3822:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3668:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3591:
3580:
3579:
3551:
3540:
3539:
3529:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3315:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3266:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3151:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3025:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2961:10.1038/173848a0
2936:
2930:
2929:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2842:
2832:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2727:Blom JA (2003).
2724:
2715:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2648:on 23 July 2016.
2644:. Archived from
2638:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2592:Blood substitute
2539:Karl Landsteiner
2221:hemolytic anemia
2201:osmotic pressure
2099:intrinsic factor
1983:Wilson's disease
1841:inclusion bodies
1748:hydrogen sulfide
1690:partial pressure
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1477:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1301:−15.7 milli
627:per microliter.
344:Pygoscelis papua
198:
131:edit on Wikidata
52:
49:
44:
32:
21:
6889:
6888:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6874:1658 in science
6849:
6848:
6845:
6840:
6822:
6771:
6762:
6731:
6726:
6696:
6691:
6654:
6618:
6597:Immune response
6592:
6570:Red blood cells
6564:
6527:
6504:Langerhans cell
6499:Dendritic cells
6484:
6410:
6333:
6309:
6293:Proerythroblast
6279:
6241:
6225:Monocytopoiesis
6216:
6160:
6143:
6137:
6107:
6102:
5897:Secretor status
5873:
5813:
5805:
5762:
5723:
5687:
5664:Cryosupernatant
5659:Cryoprecipitate
5639:Red blood cells
5608:
5599:
5569:
5564:
5474:Sodium chloride
5447:
5408:Sodium chloride
5363:Cetylpyridinium
5351:
5317:Lipid emulsions
5297:
5229:
5219:
5163:
5158:
5157:
5147:
5145:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5121:
5119:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5033:
5031:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5003:
5001:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4920:10.1002/iub.106
4913:(10): 661–668.
4900:
4899:
4895:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4438:
4436:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4154:Transport of CO
4150:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4090:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4061:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4033:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4005:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3890:
3889:
3882:
3871:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3816:
3812:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3593:
3592:
3583:
3553:
3552:
3543:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3376:Iron Metabolism
3374:
3370:
3363:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3264:10.1.1.1000.348
3248:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3133:
3132:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2997:. W.W. Norton.
2989:
2988:
2984:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2862:Dean L (2005).
2861:
2860:
2856:
2823:(8): e1002533.
2810:
2809:
2805:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2706:
2702:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2578:
2513:
2482:plasma donation
2454:
2385:
2317:. Blood may be
2311:
2305:
2282:, present with
2171:Aplastic anemia
2111:
2106:
2047:
2042:
1933:and subsequent
1927:plasma membrane
1923:
1907:
1873:
1853:
1831:(such as human
1771:
1755:immune response
1722:S-Nitrosothiols
1707:
1700:
1696:
1679:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1614:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1436:
1429:
1425:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1294:
1260:
1212:
1190:
1164:Structural role
1081:
955:
812:Phosphoinositol
800:Inner monolayer
781:Outer monolayer
751:
749:Membrane lipids
715:
660:
655:
580:
544:Golgi apparatus
472:
452:carbon monoxide
413:
385:
361:Channichthyidae
326:
321:
287:plasma membrane
271:biconcave disks
242:is composed of
197:
193:
174:erythroid cells
142:Red blood cells
135:
54:
50:
35:Red blood cells
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6887:
6885:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6851:
6850:
6842:
6841:
6839:
6838:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6808:Leeuwenhoeckia
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6779:
6777:
6773:
6772:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6739:
6737:
6736:General topics
6733:
6732:
6727:
6725:
6724:
6717:
6710:
6702:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6677:
6672:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6626:
6624:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6600:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6574:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6550:Megakaryoblast
6547:
6541:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6429:
6427:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6356:
6354:
6345:
6343:Myeloid tissue
6339:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6325:
6323:
6319:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6288:Erythropoiesis
6284:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6270:
6268:Megakaryoblast
6263:Thrombopoiesis
6259:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6185:Granulopoiesis
6181:
6175:
6166:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6113:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5889:
5883:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5864:Serum sickness
5861:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5817:
5815:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5779:Cross-matching
5770:
5768:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5739:plasmapheresis
5731:
5729:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5704:Blood donation
5701:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5641:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5624:
5618:
5616:
5614:Blood products
5610:
5609:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5575:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5499:Sodium acetate
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5413:Sodium citrate
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5378:Sulfamethizole
5375:
5370:
5365:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5308:
5306:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5254:Gelatin agents
5251:
5246:
5240:
5238:
5231:
5230:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5178:
5172:
5162:
5161:External links
5159:
5156:
5155:
5129:
5117:NobelPrize.org
5104:
5095:
5076:
5044:
5011:
4985:
4958:(3): 367–375.
4942:
4893:
4864:(5): 308–314.
4844:
4795:
4752:
4723:(3): 485–505.
4703:
4677:
4663:
4641:
4590:
4561:(4): 156–159.
4541:
4530:(2): 146–152.
4514:
4507:
4489:
4468:10.1038/ni1501
4446:
4417:
4362:Benavides GA,
4354:
4335:(2): 121–132.
4319:
4270:
4241:(5): 545–553.
4221:
4162:
4158:as Bicarbonate
4155:
4148:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4098:
4088:
4070:
4059:
4041:
4031:
4013:
4003:
3985:
3967:
3957:
3939:
3929:
3911:
3901:
3880:
3869:
3851:
3841:
3823:
3810:
3791:(3): 203–231.
3775:
3746:(4): 352–364.
3726:
3699:
3680:
3651:(1–3): 14–18.
3635:
3581:
3562:(4): 364–374.
3541:
3504:(3): 218–230.
3484:
3457:(2): 195–200.
3441:
3406:
3380:
3368:
3361:
3343:
3306:(6): 463–471.
3286:
3241:
3234:
3214:
3171:
3149:10.1.1.22.9555
3142:(5): 830–843.
3123:
3098:
3085:(2): 189–198.
3065:
3039:
3032:
3010:
3003:
2982:
2931:
2909:
2890:(2): 286–295.
2871:
2854:
2803:
2746:
2739:
2716:
2708:Erich Sackmann
2700:
2671:(2): 182–187.
2651:
2633:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2530:In the 1740s,
2517:Jan Swammerdam
2512:
2509:
2501:erythropoietin
2462:centrifugation
2453:
2450:
2435:poikilocytosis
2393:poikilocytosis
2384:
2381:
2363:cross-matching
2307:Main article:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2225:
2224:
2203:on blood cells
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2062:Blood diseases
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2003:catecholamines
1995:erythropoietin
1922:
1919:
1906:
1903:
1895:erythropoietin
1876:Erythropoiesis
1872:
1869:
1857:erythropoiesis
1852:
1849:
1837:pronormoblasts
1833:parvovirus B19
1770:
1767:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1677:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1659:Haldane effect
1654:
1650:
1636:
1635:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1590:
1583:
1573:
1559:
1546:
1533:
1526:
1516:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1434:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1394:
1386:
1378:
1370:
1362:
1354:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1298:zeta potential
1293:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1236:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1188:
1161:
1160:
1142:
1126:
1125:
1122:Gardos Channel
1119:
1113:
1110:Na-H exchanger
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1058:for exporting
1049:
1044:– glucose and
1039:
1029:
954:
951:
903:
902:
899:protein band 3
875:
871:
864:
851:recognize and
822:
821:
815:
809:
797:
796:
790:
750:
747:
714:
711:
677:Plethodontidae
674:of the family
659:
656:
654:
653:Microstructure
651:
579:
576:
538:such as their
528:erythropoiesis
471:
468:
436:Pulse oximetry
411:
396:carbon dioxide
383:
376:metalloprotein
325:
322:
320:
317:
273:. They lack a
199:) to the body
137:
136:
127:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
72:
71:
65:
61:
60:
56:
55:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6886:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6847:
6837:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6769:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6723:
6718:
6716:
6711:
6709:
6704:
6703:
6700:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6661:
6651:
6650:Myelomonocyte
6648:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6621:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6595:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6567:
6561:
6560:Megakaryocyte
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6534:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6438:Kupffer cells
6436:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6340:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6219:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6205:Metamyelocyte
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6159:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6149:Hematopoiesis
6146:
6142:
6134:
6129:
6127:
6122:
6120:
6115:
6114:
6111:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5914:Chido-Rodgers
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5747:leukapheresis
5744:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5591:
5589:
5584:
5582:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5519:Zinc chloride
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5388:Mandelic acid
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5368:Chlorhexidine
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5322:Carbohydrates
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5244:Serum albumin
5242:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5227:
5223:
5216:
5211:
5209:
5204:
5202:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5144:
5140:
5133:
5130:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5080:
5077:
5061:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5012:
5000:
4999:New Scientist
4996:
4989:
4986:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4946:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4897:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4848:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4799:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4756:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4704:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4678:
4666:
4664:0-8153-4072-9
4660:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4642:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4518:
4515:
4510:
4508:9781429229364
4504:
4500:
4493:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4447:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4151:
4149:0-683-10160-9
4145:
4141:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4119:
4117:0-683-08932-3
4113:
4109:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4089:0-8151-1824-4
4085:
4081:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4060:0-7216-4393-0
4056:
4052:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4032:0-8151-1824-4
4028:
4024:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4004:0-7216-4393-0
4000:
3996:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3958:0-8151-1824-4
3954:
3950:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3930:0-7216-4393-0
3926:
3922:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3902:0-7216-4393-0
3898:
3894:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3870:0-683-08932-3
3866:
3862:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3842:0-7216-4393-0
3838:
3834:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3407:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3235:9780781750073
3231:
3227:
3226:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3112:
3111:www.bbc.co.uk
3108:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2642:"Blood Cells"
2637:
2634:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:Serum (blood)
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2374:stromal cells
2371:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2337:and HIV. The
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2284:pathognomonic
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2250:Polycythemias
2248:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2202:
2197:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2155:cell membrane
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1899:reticulocytes
1896:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1763:free radicals
1760:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1702:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:chloride ions
1674:
1660:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1619:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1581:
1557:
1544:
1524:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1448:
1444:
1443:carbonic acid
1440:
1431:
1421:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1360:
1352:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1265:Duffy protein
1263:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1239:Glycophorin C
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:Cell adhesion
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:Na/K – ATPase
1084:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:glycoproteins
980:
974:
968:
967:silverstained
964:
959:
952:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
915:sphingolipids
912:
908:
900:
896:
895:glycophorin C
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
869:
865:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
846:
845:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
803:
802:
801:
794:
793:Sphingomyelin
791:
788:
785:
784:
783:
782:
778:
775:
772:
771:phospholipids
768:
764:
763:lipid bilayer
755:
748:
746:
744:
740:
739:phospholipids
736:
732:
731:lipid bilayer
728:
727:carbohydrates
724:
720:
712:
710:
708:
704:
700:
698:
693:
691:
690:
685:
684:
679:
678:
673:
669:
665:
657:
652:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
628:
626:
622:
618:
612:
610:
606:
602:
592:
584:
577:
572:
568:
563:
559:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:reticulocytes
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
482:
476:
469:
467:
465:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:cell membrane
389:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
350:
346:
345:
339:
330:
323:
318:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
256:deformability
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:cell membrane
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:, and rarely
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:Ancient Greek
151:
147:
143:
132:
126:
122:
119:
116:
114:
110:
107:
104:
102:
98:
95:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
69:
66:
62:
57:
51: 6–8 μm
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6846:
6776:Recognitions
6609:Phagocytosis
6578:Reticulocyte
6569:
6352:Granulocytes
6303:Reticulocyte
6195:Promyelocyte
6158:Myelopoiesis
5539:Cardioplegia
5332:Electrolytes
5284:Blood plasma
5279:Thrombocytes
5274:Erythrocytes
5167:
5146:. Retrieved
5142:
5132:
5120:. Retrieved
5116:
5107:
5098:
5089:
5079:
5067:. Retrieved
5060:the original
5047:
5039:
5032:. Retrieved
5023:
5014:
5002:. Retrieved
4998:
4988:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4910:
4906:
4896:
4861:
4857:
4847:
4815:(1): 43–57.
4812:
4808:
4798:
4768:(2): 96–97.
4765:
4761:
4755:
4720:
4716:
4706:
4694:. Retrieved
4690:
4680:
4668:. Retrieved
4654:
4644:
4607:
4603:
4593:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4499:Biochemistry
4498:
4492:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4437:. Retrieved
4433:
4420:
4375:
4371:
4364:Squadrito GL
4357:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4287:
4283:
4273:
4238:
4234:
4224:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4153:
4139:
4133:
4121:
4107:
4101:
4093:
4079:
4073:
4064:
4050:
4044:
4036:
4022:
4016:
4008:
3994:
3988:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3962:
3948:
3942:
3934:
3920:
3914:
3906:
3892:
3874:
3860:
3854:
3846:
3832:
3826:
3818:
3813:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3715:(1): 22–56.
3712:
3708:
3702:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3603:
3599:
3559:
3555:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3397:. Retrieved
3393:
3388:Bridges KR.
3383:
3371:
3352:
3346:
3322:11585/152451
3303:
3299:
3289:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3224:
3217:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3139:
3135:
3114:. Retrieved
3110:
3101:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3056:. Retrieved
3053:Scienceblogs
3052:
3042:
3021:
3013:
2994:
2985:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2925:
2921:
2887:
2883:
2864:
2857:
2820:
2817:PLOS Biology
2816:
2806:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2729:
2711:
2703:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2646:the original
2636:
2627:
2621:
2567:
2552:
2543:blood groups
2536:
2529:
2514:
2489:blood doping
2486:
2466:blood plasma
2455:
2446:inflammation
2438:
2428:
2403:
2397:
2378:
2367:
2359:
2345:, a type of
2312:
2288:schistocytes
2274:, including
2127:viscoelastic
2060:
2053:Affected by
2011:
1999:nitric oxide
1935:phagocytosis
1924:
1913:), pull (in
1908:
1874:
1854:
1829:parvoviruses
1814:
1807:
1775:mitochondria
1772:
1752:
1745:
1729:nitric oxide
1726:
1719:
1711:shear stress
1708:
1675:
1644:
1637:
1432:
1416:
1326:Recall that
1325:
1295:
1288:
1229:Protein 4.1R
1223:Protein 4.1R
1219:Protein 4.1R
1163:
1162:
1128:
1127:
1048:transporter;
1015:
1014:
1003:
975:
971:
904:
887:protein 4.1R
877:Both PS and
868:thallassemic
842:
826:phospholipid
823:
799:
798:
780:
779:
776:
760:
716:
701:
694:
687:
683:Batrachoseps
681:
675:
668:cell nucleus
663:
661:
647:blood plasma
632:
629:
613:
598:
569:(platelet),
552:
540:mitochondria
525:
486:
456:
448:colorimetric
431:blood plasma
428:
416:blood plasma
374:, a complex
369:
354:
348:
342:
333:vertebrates.
303:
275:cell nucleus
268:
234:-containing
221:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
150:erythrocytes
149:
145:
141:
140:
53:in diameter)
29:
6869:Respiration
6864:Blood cells
6859:Human cells
6813:Levenhookia
6463:giant cells
6453:Osteoclasts
6433:Histiocytes
6425:Macrophages
6235:Promonocyte
5887:Blood types
5786:Coombs test
5622:Whole blood
5383:Taurolidine
5312:Amino acids
5303:Intravenous
5034:17 November
4670:30 November
4329:Biorheology
3666:11336/24825
3416:Protoplasma
3116:26 November
2458:whole blood
2400:blood tests
2335:Hepatitis C
2331:Hepatitis B
2303:Transfusion
2240:thalassemia
2175:bone marrow
2139:Thalassemia
2034:haptoglobin
2026:transferrin
1987:xenobiotics
1975:thalassemia
1951:lymph nodes
1931:macrophages
1880:bone marrow
1640:Bohr effect
1459:equilibrium
1328:respiration
1307:sialic acid
1092:Ca – ATPase
1060:Lactic acid
1032:Aquaporin 1
979:blood types
935:Lipid rafts
911:cholesterol
907:lipid rafts
853:phagocytose
849:Macrophages
767:cholesterol
743:cholesterol
672:salamanders
605:human cells
567:thrombocyte
521:capillaries
497:artiodactyl
408:bicarbonate
378:containing
324:Vertebrates
295:macrophages
291:bone marrow
279:development
236:biomolecule
217:capillaries
75:Identifiers
6853:Categories
6387:Eosinophil
6370:Neutrophil
6360:Myeloblast
6298:Normoblast
6190:Myeloblast
5699:Blood bank
5393:Noxytiolin
5373:Nitrofural
5337:Trometamol
5289:Stem cells
5122:23 October
5069:1 November
4907:IUBMB Life
4610:: 828700.
2928:: 474–495.
2613:References
2559:Max Perutz
2521:microscope
2431:blood film
2416:blood type
2408:hematocrit
2339:blood type
2329:including
2199:Effect of
2014:biliverdin
1991:Inhibitors
1921:Senescence
1861:stem cells
1851:Life cycle
1783:glycolysis
1733:L-arginine
1318:Role in CO
1271:clearance;
1185:glycolytic
1064:Cori cycle
927:G-proteins
925:(band 7),
919:flotillins
838:scramblase
723:glycocalyx
689:Maurolicus
643:hemoglobin
601:6.2–8.2 μm
536:organelles
513:Tragulidae
479:cells, by
372:hemoglobin
309:blood bank
299:40% to 45%
283:organelles
228:hemoglobin
186:vertebrate
182:blood cell
152:(from
80:Acronym(s)
6670:Phagocyte
6537:Platelets
6516:Monoblast
6448:Microglia
6416:Monocytes
6399:Mast cell
6365:Band cell
6230:Monoblast
6210:Band cell
6200:Myelocyte
5904:Augustine
5848:reaction
5846:Hemolytic
5735:Apheresis
5627:Platelets
5541:solutions
5347:Carbamide
4126:Transport
3696:: 241–42.
3422:: 23–32.
3259:CiteSeerX
3144:CiteSeerX
2991:Carroll S
2537:In 1901,
2497:viscosity
2480:. During
2442:formation
2404:RBC count
2323:screening
2217:Hemolysis
2103:vitamin B
2018:bilirubin
1955:eryptosis
1607:−
1589:⇀
1582:−
1572:↽
1532:⇀
1525:−
1515:↽
1447:anhydride
1369:⟶
1322:transport
1269:chemokine
1235:antigens;
1197:metabolon
1139:integrins
1016:Transport
923:STOMatins
834:floppases
830:Flippases
664:anucleate
625:platelets
571:leukocyte
509:Camelidae
501:ungulates
464:capillary
420:Myoglobin
319:Structure
266:network.
264:capillary
260:stability
230:(Hb), an
224:cytoplasm
178:haematids
170:red cells
70:transport
6836:Category
6643:CFU-GEMM
6404:CFU-Mast
6380:CFU-Baso
6375:Basophil
6163:CFU-GEMM
6029:Lutheran
5934:Dombrock
5719:ISBT 128
5550:Arginine
5443:Mannitol
5433:Sorbitol
5403:Neomycin
5342:Mannitol
5181:Red Gold
5143:Fox News
5028:Archived
5004:26 March
4972:18341630
4937:41603762
4929:18720418
4888:23801921
4839:25676371
4747:12097253
4696:26 March
4636:35514346
4585:19421340
4484:11359246
4476:17721536
4439:26 March
4412:17951430
4349:19458415
4314:38270024
4306:16368881
4265:18658051
4216:18922780
3805:15248170
3770:29660777
3721:14692233
3675:18394774
3630:18988878
3576:11055079
3536:18328681
3479:12916049
3471:13402080
3436:41287948
3399:26 March
3338:16247166
3330:23829164
3209:32326166
3201:18040063
3166:11783946
3058:23 April
2993:(2006).
2969:13165664
2904:17997501
2849:27541692
2798:37722043
2789:10523466
2695:28263177
2576:See also
2440:rouleaux
2398:Several
2351:antigens
2296:thrombus
2270:Several
2030:hemolyze
1911:arteries
1871:Creation
1795:pyruvate
1313:Function
1255:RhD/RhCE
1201:function
963:SDS-PAGE
947:malarial
883:spectrin
719:membrane
517:Cervidae
440:arterial
244:proteins
184:and the
158:erythros
64:Function
6545:CFU-Meg
6392:CFU-Eos
6322:General
6068:Scianna
5954:Gerbich
5857:delayed
5728:Methods
5438:Glycine
5428:Glucose
5249:Dextran
4980:7313716
4879:3678267
4830:4717490
4790:5370064
4627:9065680
4576:2677714
4536:1856577
4403:2084282
4380:Bibcode
4256:2763414
4207:2575437
4184:Bibcode
3876:kidney.
3761:6039204
3621:2582001
3527:2435017
3506:Bibcode
3498:Zoology
3281:3565597
2977:3261779
2949:Bibcode
2840:4991899
2768:Bibcode
2686:5336341
2511:History
2319:donated
2232:malaria
2069:Anemias
2045:Disease
2022:albumin
1973:, beta-
1967:malaria
1937:in the
1892:hormone
1787:glucose
1781:by the
1757:: when
1281:Dematin
1275:Adducin
1233:Gerbich
1175:Ankyrin
1171:Ankyrin
1157:laminin
658:Nucleus
489:mammals
481:osmosis
470:Mammals
459:viscous
426:cells.
402:of the
388:diffuse
357:mammals
201:tissues
94:D004912
59:Details
6675:Plasma
6633:CFU-GM
6509:CFU-DL
6173:CFU-GM
6141:plasma
5979:Indian
5924:Cromer
5919:Colton
5644:Plasma
5560:Lysine
4978:
4970:
4935:
4927:
4886:
4876:
4837:
4827:
4788:
4782:485998
4780:
4745:
4738:118081
4735:
4661:
4634:
4624:
4583:
4573:
4534:
4505:
4482:
4474:
4410:
4400:
4347:
4312:
4304:
4263:
4253:
4214:
4204:
4146:
4114:
4086:
4057:
4029:
4001:
3955:
3927:
3899:
3867:
3839:
3803:
3768:
3758:
3719:
3673:
3628:
3618:
3574:
3534:
3524:
3477:
3469:
3434:
3359:
3336:
3328:
3279:
3261:
3232:
3207:
3199:
3164:
3146:
3030:
3001:
2975:
2967:
2941:Nature
2902:
2847:
2837:
2796:
2786:
2737:
2693:
2683:
2422:or an
2414:. The
2292:fibrin
2159:spleen
2093:is an
1959:sepsis
1943:spleen
1886:, the
1884:embryo
1865:infant
1845:anemia
1181:Band 3
1135:ICAM-4
1022:Band 3
997:, and
929:, and
861:spleen
729:; the
555:spleen
505:llamas
446:using
442:blood
424:muscle
365:genome
281:) and
248:lipids
190:oxygen
68:Oxygen
6663:Other
6623:Other
6588:CFU-E
6489:Other
6098:Other
6024:Lewis
6014:Knops
5994:KANNO
5939:Duffy
5929:Diego
5852:acute
5767:Tests
5291:from
5235:Blood
5148:2 May
5063:(PDF)
5056:(PDF)
4976:S2CID
4933:S2CID
4786:S2CID
4480:S2CID
4430:(PDF)
4310:S2CID
4284:Blood
3600:Blood
3475:S2CID
3432:S2CID
3334:S2CID
3205:S2CID
2973:S2CID
2547:serum
2383:Tests
1947:liver
1915:veins
1888:liver
1759:lysed
1303:volts
1042:Glut1
820:(PS);
808:(PE);
795:(SM).
789:(PC);
637:iron
635:hemic
609:90 fL
578:Human
493:torus
404:lungs
213:gills
209:lungs
162:kytos
156:
129:[
118:62845
6078:T-Tn
6063:RHAG
6061:and
6054:Raph
6049:P1PK
6009:Kidd
5999:Kell
5964:GLOB
5949:FORS
5909:CD59
5654:PF24
5604:and
5150:2012
5124:2018
5071:2010
5036:2022
5006:2023
4968:PMID
4925:PMID
4884:PMID
4835:PMID
4778:PMID
4743:PMID
4698:2013
4672:2023
4659:ISBN
4632:PMID
4581:PMID
4532:PMID
4503:ISBN
4472:PMID
4441:2013
4408:PMID
4345:PMID
4302:PMID
4261:PMID
4212:PMID
4144:ISBN
4112:ISBN
4084:ISBN
4066:gas.
4055:ISBN
4027:ISBN
3999:ISBN
3953:ISBN
3925:ISBN
3897:ISBN
3865:ISBN
3837:ISBN
3801:PMID
3766:PMID
3717:PMID
3671:PMID
3626:PMID
3572:PMID
3532:PMID
3467:PMID
3401:2023
3357:ISBN
3326:PMID
3277:PMID
3230:ISBN
3197:PMID
3162:PMID
3118:2017
3060:2015
3028:ISBN
2999:ISBN
2965:PMID
2926:1875
2900:PMID
2845:PMID
2794:PMID
2735:ISBN
2691:PMID
2570:Ötzi
2278:and
2238:and
2230:The
2007:urea
1949:and
1789:and
1350:HCOH
1296:The
1259:null
1207:RHAG
1145:BCAM
1080:null
1076:RHAG
1052:MCT1
965:and
943:cAMP
913:and
885:and
769:and
741:and
639:ions
553:The
546:and
410:(HCO
380:heme
311:for
258:and
252:cell
246:and
232:iron
222:The
166:cyte
146:RBCs
89:MeSH
6521:MPS
6251:MEP
6083:Vel
6073:Sid
6039:MNS
6019:Lan
5989:JMH
5959:GIL
5892:ABO
5226:B05
5185:PBS
4960:doi
4956:141
4915:doi
4874:PMC
4866:doi
4825:PMC
4817:doi
4770:doi
4733:PMC
4725:doi
4622:PMC
4612:doi
4571:PMC
4563:doi
4528:118
4464:doi
4398:PMC
4388:doi
4376:104
4337:doi
4292:doi
4288:107
4251:PMC
4243:doi
4239:103
4202:PMC
4192:doi
4180:105
3793:doi
3756:PMC
3748:doi
3694:365
3661:hdl
3653:doi
3649:135
3616:PMC
3608:doi
3604:112
3564:doi
3522:PMC
3514:doi
3502:111
3459:doi
3424:doi
3420:113
3318:hdl
3308:doi
3269:doi
3255:252
3189:doi
3185:232
3154:doi
3087:doi
2957:doi
2945:173
2892:doi
2835:PMC
2825:doi
2784:PMC
2776:doi
2764:120
2681:PMC
2673:doi
2460:by
2259:In
1821:RNA
1817:DNA
1785:of
1779:ATP
1715:ATP
1598:HCO
1211:mod
1155:or
893:to
641:in
406:as
113:FMA
83:RBC
6855::
6093:Yt
6088:Xg
6059:Rh
6044:OK
6034:LW
6003:Xk
5984:JR
5974:Ii
5969:Hh
5944:Er
5745:,
5741:,
5183:,
5141:.
5115:.
5038:.
5022:.
4997:.
4974:.
4966:.
4954:.
4931:.
4923:.
4911:60
4909:.
4905:.
4882:.
4872:.
4862:39
4860:.
4856:.
4833:.
4823:.
4813:35
4811:.
4807:.
4784:.
4776:.
4766:15
4764:.
4741:.
4731:.
4721:15
4719:.
4715:.
4689:.
4653:.
4630:.
4620:.
4608:13
4606:.
4602:.
4579:.
4569:.
4557:.
4553:.
4526:.
4478:.
4470:.
4458:.
4432:.
4406:.
4396:.
4386:.
4374:.
4370:.
4343:.
4333:46
4331:.
4308:.
4300:.
4286:.
4282:.
4259:.
4249:.
4237:.
4233:.
4210:.
4200:.
4190:.
4178:.
4174:.
4152:.
4122:CO
4120:.
4092:.
4063:.
4035:.
4007:.
3961:.
3933:.
3905:.
3883:^
3873:.
3845:.
3799:.
3789:18
3787:.
3764:.
3754:.
3744:11
3742:.
3738:.
3711:.
3692:.
3669:.
3659:.
3647:.
3624:.
3614:.
3602:.
3598:.
3584:^
3570:.
3560:14
3558:.
3544:^
3530:.
3520:.
3512:.
3500:.
3496:.
3473:.
3465:.
3455:45
3453:.
3430:.
3418:.
3392:.
3332:.
3324:.
3316:.
3304:40
3302:.
3298:.
3275:.
3267:.
3253:.
3203:.
3195:.
3183:.
3160:.
3152:.
3140:27
3138:.
3126:^
3109:.
3083:39
3081:.
3077:.
3051:.
2971:.
2963:.
2955:.
2943:.
2924:.
2912:^
2898:.
2888:60
2886:.
2874:^
2843:.
2833:.
2821:14
2819:.
2815:.
2792:.
2782:.
2774:.
2762:.
2758:.
2719:^
2710:,
2689:.
2679:.
2669:15
2667:.
2663:.
2557:,
2507:.
2472:.
2448:.
2426:.
2365:.
2357:.
2333:,
2110:12
2105:12
2009:.
2001:,
1997:,
1977:,
1969:,
1965:,
1961:,
1945:,
1847:.
1693:CO
1642:.
1554:CO
1478:CO
1373:CO
1338:.
1249:XK
1225:.
1177:.
1153:Lu
1066:.;
1054:–
1001:.
993:,
989:,
933:.
921:,
745:.
709:.
692:.
550:.
542:,
418:.
367:.
315:.
219:.
172:,
101:TH
48:c.
6721:e
6714:t
6707:v
6165:)
6161:(
6132:e
6125:t
6118:v
6005:)
6001:(
5749:)
5737:(
5594:e
5587:t
5580:v
5228:)
5214:e
5207:t
5200:v
5177:.
5152:.
5126:.
5073:.
5008:.
4982:.
4962::
4939:.
4917::
4890:.
4868::
4841:.
4819::
4792:.
4772::
4749:.
4727::
4700:.
4674:.
4638:.
4614::
4587:.
4565::
4559:6
4538:.
4511:.
4486:.
4466::
4460:8
4443:.
4414:.
4390::
4382::
4351:.
4339::
4316:.
4294::
4267:.
4245::
4218:.
4194::
4186::
4156:2
4124:2
3807:.
3795::
3772:.
3750::
3723:.
3713:7
3677:.
3663::
3655::
3632:.
3610::
3578:.
3566::
3538:.
3516::
3508::
3481:.
3461::
3438:.
3426::
3403:.
3365:.
3340:.
3320::
3310::
3283:.
3271::
3238:.
3211:.
3191::
3168:.
3156::
3120:.
3095:.
3089::
3062:.
3036:.
3007:.
2979:.
2959::
2951::
2906:.
2894::
2851:.
2827::
2800:.
2778::
2770::
2743:.
2697:.
2675::
2298:.
2223:.
1941:(
1699:2
1695:2
1678:2
1671:2
1667:2
1663:2
1655:2
1651:2
1620:+
1616:H
1612:+
1602:3
1558:3
1545:2
1541:H
1506:O
1498:2
1494:H
1490:+
1482:2
1463:2
1455:2
1451:2
1435:2
1428:2
1424:2
1401:O
1393:2
1389:H
1385:+
1377:2
1361:2
1357:O
1353:+
1336:2
1332:2
1320:2
1261:;
1245:;
1213:.
1203:.
1189:2
1141:;
1124:.
1118:;
1112:;
1106:;
1100:;
1094:;
1088:;
1082:;
1038:;
1028:;
863:.
573:.
483:.
412:3
384:2
349:B
196:2
194:O
192:(
144:(
133:]
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.