29:
740:. Therefore, it is a better marker for acute phase reaction than ESR. While ESR and CRP generally together correlate with the degree of inflammation, this is not always the case and results may be discordant in 12.5% of the cases. Cases with raised CRP but normal ESR may demonstrate a combination of infection and some other tissue damage such as
855:. He defined the measurement standards of ESR which is still being used today. Robert Fåhræus and Alf Vilhelm Albertsson Westergren are eponymously remembered for the 'Fahraeus-Westergren test' (abbreviated as FW test; in the UK, usually termed Westergren test), which uses sodium citrate-anti-coagulated specimens.
659:
ESR reference ranges from a large 1996 study of 3,910 healthy adults (NB. these use 95% confidence intervals rather than the 98% intervals used in the study used to derive the formula above, and because of the skewness of the data, these values appear to be less than expected from the above formula):
440:
The usefulness of the ESR in current practice has been questioned by some, as it is a relatively imprecise and non-specific test compared to other available diagnostic tests. Current literature suggests that and ESR should be "obtained on all patients over the age of 50" who have an intense headache.
479:
Westergren's original normal values (men 3 mm/h and women 7 mm/h) made no allowance for a person's age. Later studies from 1967 confirmed that ESR values tend to rise with age and to be generally higher in women. Values of the ESR also appear to be slightly higher in normal populations of
1328:
Liu S, Ren J, Xia Q, Wu X, Han G, Ren H, Yan D, Wang G, Gu G, Li J (December 2013). "Preliminary case-control study to evaluate diagnostic values of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in differentiating active Crohn's disease from intestinal lymphoma, intestinal tuberculosis and
488:
The widely used rule calculating normal maximum ESR values in adults (98% confidence limit) is given by a formula devised in 1983 from a study of ≈1000 individuals over the age of 20: The normal values of ESR in men is age (in years) divided by 2; for women, the normal value is age (in years) plus
328:
are positively charged, thus increasing the ESR. ESR begins to rise at 24 to 48 hours after the onset of acute self-limited inflammation, decreases slowly as inflammation resolves, and can take weeks to months to return to normal levels. For ESR values more than 100 mm/hour, there is a 90%
195:
the sedimentation velocity varies like the square of the object's diameter, larger aggregates settle faster. While aggregation already takes place at normal physiological fibrinogen levels, these tend to increase when an inflammatory process is present, leading to increased ESR.
1219:
Sedimentation occurs in three stages. In the first stage, the red cells form rouleaux. In the second stage, sinking of the aggregates occurs at a constant speed. In the final stage, the rate of sedimentation slows as the aggregated cells pack at the bottom of the
651:
851:, OB). In 1918, Dr Robert Fåhræus noted that ESR differed only during pregnancy. Therefore, he suggested that ESR could be used as an indicator of pregnancy. In 1921, Dr Alf Vilhelm Albertsson Westergren used ESR to measure the disease outcome of
461:
The clinical usefulness of ESR is limited to monitoring the response to therapy in certain inflammatory diseases such as temporal arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica and rheumatoid arthritis. It can also be used as a crude measure of response in
1974:
Pediatric
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Collaborative Research Group , Mack DR, Langton C, Markowitz J, LeLeiko N, Griffiths A, et al. (June 2007). "Laboratory values for children with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease".
748:. Such inflammation may not be enough to raise the level of ESR. Those with high ESR usually do not have demonstrable inflammation. However, in cases of low grade bacterial infections of bone and joints such as coagulase negative
1865:
Wetteland P, Røger M, Solberg HE, Iversen OH (September 1996). "Population-based erythrocyte sedimentation rates in 3910 subjectively healthy
Norwegian adults. A statistical study based on men and women from the Oslo area".
432:
In markedly increased ESR of over 100 mm/h, infection is the most common cause (33% of cases in an
American study), followed by cancer (17%), kidney disease (17%) and noninfectious inflammatory disorders (14%). Yet, in
361:. The value of ESR does not change whether dialysis is performed or not. Therefore, ESR is not a reliable measure of inflammation in those with kidney injuries as the ESR value is already elevated.
1951:
Ibsen KK, Nielsen M, Prag J, Hørlyk H, Vrang C, Korner B, Peitersen B (1980). "The value of the micromethod erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the diagnosis of infections in newborns".
1393:
Raiten, Daniel J; Ashour, Fayrouz A Sakr; Ross, A Catharine; Meydani, Simin N; Dawson, Harry D; Stephensen, Charles B; Brabin, Bernard J; Suchdev, Parminder S; van Ommen, Ben (2015).
495:
2251:
Karlsson, Håkan; Ahlborg, Björn; Dalman, Christina; Hemmingsson, Tomas (August 2010). "Association between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and IQ in
Swedish males aged 18–20".
1023:
Saha, Amit K; Schmidt, Brendan R; Wilhelmy, Julie; Nguyen, Vy; Do, Justin; Suja, Vineeth C; Nemat-Gorgani, Mohsen; Ramasubramanian, Anand K; Davis, Ronald W (2018-11-21).
255:. Although increases in immunoglobulins usually increase the ESR, very high levels can reduce it again due to hyperviscosity of the plasma. This is especially likely with
2155:"ICSH recommendations for measurement of erythrocyte sedimentation rate. International Council for Standardization in Haematology (Expert Panel on Blood Rheology)"
167:
blood is traditionally placed in an upright tube, known as a
Westergren tube, and the distance which the red blood cells fall is measured and reported in
296:
In normal conditions, the red blood cells are negatively charged and therefore repel each other rather than stacking. ESR is also reduced by high blood
756:
that inhibits the CRP production in liver cells during SLE. CRP is a better marker for other autoimmune diseases such as polymyalgia rheumatica,
714:
Normal values of ESR have been quoted as 1 to 2 mm/h at birth, rising to 4 mm/h 8 days after delivery, and then to 17 mm/h by day 14.
2354:
2082:
1606:
752:(CoNS), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ESR can be a good marker for the inflammatory process. This may be due to the production of
1206:
769:
466:. Additionally, ESR levels are used to define one of the several possible adverse prognostic factors in the staging of Hodgkin's lymphoma.
2204:"Genome sequencing elucidates Sardinian genetic architecture and augments association analyses for lipid and blood inflammatory markers"
2453:
480:
African-Americans than
Caucasians of both genders. Values also appear to be higher in anemic individuals than non-anemic individuals.
36:
on StaRRsed automated ESR analyzer. The ESR is the height (in mm) of the colourless portion at the top of the pipette after one hour.
337:
In non-inflammatory conditions, plasma albumin concentration, size, shape, and number of red blood cells, and the concentration of
2034:
Enocsson, Helena; Sjöwall, Christopher; Skogh, Thomas; Eloranta, Maija-Leena; Rönnblom, Lars; Wetterö, Jonas (December 2009).
453:(pediatric Crohn's disease activity index), an index for assessment of the severity of inflammatory bowel disease in children.
2036:"Interferon-α mediates suppression of C-reactive protein: Explanation for muted C-reactive protein response in lupus flares?"
2740:
878:
2014:
1283:"Do erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein levels have diagnostic usefulness in patients with renal failure?"
1627:
Westergren A (March 1957). "Diagnostic tests: the erythrocyte sedimentation rate range and limitations of the technique".
1489:"C-reactive protein and community-acquired pneumonia in ambulatory care: systematic review of diagnostic accuracy studies"
788:
406:, inflammatory bowel disease and chronic kidney diseases. In many of these cases, the ESR may exceed 100 mm/hour.
399:
2564:
2347:
1444:
Fincher, Ruth-Marie E. (1986). "Clinical
Significance of Extreme Elevation of the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate".
1248:
252:
244:
94:
1395:"Inflammation and Nutritional Science for Programs/Policies and Interpretation of Research Evidence (INSPIRE)"
646:{\displaystyle {\rm {ESR}}\ (mm/h)\leq {\frac {{\rm {Age}}\ ({\it {in\ years}})+10\ ({\it {if\ female}})}{3}}}
417:; which would have a markedly elevated ESR) and it may be increased in some chronic infective conditions like
1249:"Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and C-reactive Protein Measurements and Their Relevance in Clinical Medicine"
2766:
2677:
2448:
414:
33:
2508:
2443:
807:
745:
395:
1586:
2667:
2377:
2340:
2153:
International
Council for Standardization in Haematology (Expert Panel on Blood Rheology) (March 1993).
741:
127:
877:. The red blood cell count, whose values are inversely related to ESR, is affected in carriers of this
463:
410:
369:
An increased number of red blood cells (polycythemia) causes reduced ESR as blood viscosity increases.
999:
915:
2761:
2618:
889:
757:
403:
212:
2326:
2657:
737:
374:
208:
292:
Packing stage - 10 minutes (sedimentation slows and cells start to pack at the bottom of the tube)
2714:
2387:
2276:
2202:
Sidore C, Busonero F, Maschio A, Porcu E, Naitza S, Zoledziewska M, et al. (November 2015).
2000:
1891:
1567:
1354:
1310:
864:
733:
391:
236:
175:
1199:
2437:
2315:
2268:
2233:
2184:
2078:
2055:
1992:
1956:
1930:
1883:
1847:
1778:
1726:
1685:
1636:
1602:
1559:
1518:
1510:
1469:
1461:
1432:
1414:
1346:
1302:
1263:
1181:
1101:
1046:
981:
963:
753:
1913:
Adler SM, Denton RL (June 1975). "The erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the newborn period".
2702:
2631:
2554:
2296:
2260:
2223:
2215:
2174:
2166:
2047:
1984:
1922:
1875:
1837:
1829:
1768:
1760:
1716:
1675:
1667:
1594:
1549:
1500:
1453:
1422:
1406:
1338:
1294:
1171:
1163:
1091:
1083:
1036:
971:
955:
882:
881:. This mutation is almost exclusive of the inhabitants of Sardinia and is a common cause of
874:
840:
370:
224:
1879:
1797:
843:. In some parts of the world the test continues to be referred to as Biernacki's Reaction (
450:
181:
The ESR is influenced by the aggregation of red blood cells: blood plasma proteins, mainly
2735:
1900:- listing upper reference levels expected to be exceeded only by chance in 5% of subjects
844:
761:
724:
Neonatal to puberty: 3 to 13 mm/h, but other laboratories place an upper limit of 20.
148:
52:
1457:
2141:
2109:
2035:
1372:
2583:
2514:
2228:
2203:
1842:
1817:
1773:
1746:"Haemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in primary care patients"
1745:
1721:
1704:
1680:
1655:
1598:
1427:
1394:
1176:
1151:
1096:
1071:
1024:
976:
943:
749:
656:
Other studies confirm a dependence of ESR on age and gender, as seen in the following:
346:
338:
325:
272:
248:
232:
192:
2179:
2154:
1926:
2755:
2588:
2559:
2397:
164:
1895:
1282:
377:
can have low ESR due to an improper shape of red blood cells that impairs stacking.
191:
or larger structures (interconnected rouleaux, irregular clusters). As according to
28:
2707:
2662:
2595:
2489:
2423:
2414:
2363:
2280:
2004:
1571:
1358:
1314:
852:
422:
418:
354:
309:
276:
228:
160:
86:
66:
1247:
Bray C, Bell LN, Liang H, Haykal R, Kaiksow F, Mazza JJ, Yale SH (December 2016).
1127:
341:
can affect the ESR. Non-inflammatory conditions that can cause raised ESR include
114:
2130:
2124:
2098:
1342:
1167:
1041:
1025:"Erythrocyte Deformability As a Potential Biomarker for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome"
100:
2461:
1122:
426:
271:
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is the measure of ability of erythrocytes (
152:
108:
2136:
2104:
1764:
2682:
2636:
2626:
2577:
2467:
2431:
2264:
1802:
390:
ESR can sometimes be useful in diagnosing diseases, such as multiple myeloma,
321:
182:
168:
156:
2303:
1833:
1514:
1465:
1418:
1050:
967:
959:
178:
into the clinical laboratory, the ESR test has been automatically performed.
2641:
2525:
2520:
1585:
Diamond, Seymour; Nissan, George R. (2011-01-01), Waldman, Steven D. (ed.),
1505:
1488:
434:
358:
297:
200:
2319:
2272:
2237:
2059:
1996:
1988:
1640:
1563:
1522:
1436:
1350:
1306:
1267:
1185:
1105:
2188:
1960:
1934:
1887:
1851:
1782:
1730:
1689:
1671:
1473:
1410:
985:
888:
According to a 2010 study, there is a reverse correlation between ESR and
77:
The rate of sedimentation of erythrocytes in a vertical tube over an hour.
2548:
2477:
2170:
240:
220:
187:
155:
descend in a standardized tube over a period of one hour. It is a common
1087:
329:
probability that an underlying cause would be found upon investigation.
2672:
2472:
350:
42:
2051:
1298:
2015:"Lab Screening in Children with Suspected Inflammatory Bowel Disease"
765:
342:
204:
2219:
1818:"Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate"
1554:
1537:
944:"Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate"
937:
935:
2600:
2382:
873:
gene (p. Gln40stop) was shown to be associated with ESR values in
216:
122:
2569:
2392:
1538:"Why Shouldn't We Determine the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate?"
2336:
2332:
611:
568:
1281:
Arik N, Bedir A, Günaydin M, Adam B, Halefi I (October 2000).
869:
279:
and accumulate together at the base of container in one hour.
260:
256:
219:), infections, some kidney diseases and some cancers (such as
89:
present at the top portion of the vertical tube after an hour.
1072:"The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and the Plasma Viscosity"
353:, ageing, and female sex. ESR is also higher in women during
57:
Male: ≤ age/2 ; Female: ≤ (age + 10)/2. (Unit: mm/hour).
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
608:
605:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
565:
562:
308:
The rate of erythrocyte sedimentation is affected by both
1953:
Scandinavian
Journal of Infectious Diseases. Supplementum
2304:"Clinical utility of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate"
839:
The test was invented in 1897 by the Polish pathologist
1152:"Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein"
498:
409:
It is commonly used for a differential diagnosis for
282:
There are three stages in erythrocyte sedimentation:
263:-class. The basal ESR is slightly higher in females.
185:, promote the formation of red cell clusters called
2728:
2695:
2650:
2617:
2536:
2497:
2488:
2422:
2413:
2406:
2370:
2077:. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo "Interpress". p. 195.
816:Urinary tract, GI, lung and bloodstream infections
121:
107:
93:
81:
73:
61:
51:
41:
21:
1796:
1705:"A racial difference in erythrocyte sedimentation"
910:
908:
906:
904:
645:
1593:, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp. 249–257,
47:sedimentation rate, Westergren ESR, ESR, sed rate
1656:"Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age"
1629:Triangle; the Sandoz Journal of Medical Science
948:British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.)
942:Miller, A; Green, M; Robinson, D (1983-01-22).
2119:
2117:
1946:
1944:
1908:
1906:
1816:Miller A, Green M, Robinson D (January 1983).
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
2348:
2137:Fåhræus-Westergren test (aka Westergren test)
1117:
1115:
764:. ESR may be reduced in those who are taking
259:-class paraproteins, and to a lesser extent,
8:
1331:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
1709:Journal of the National Medical Association
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
2494:
2419:
2410:
2355:
2341:
2333:
27:
2227:
2178:
1841:
1772:
1720:
1679:
1553:
1504:
1426:
1175:
1095:
1040:
975:
863:According to a study released in 2015, a
604:
603:
561:
560:
542:
541:
538:
524:
500:
499:
497:
1753:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
774:
662:
1654:Böttiger LE, Svedberg CA (April 1967).
900:
159:test, and is a non-specific measure of
1880:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1996.30295851000.x
1200:"Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)"
1000:"Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)"
916:"Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)"
199:The ESR is increased in inflammation,
18:
770:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
251:(due to liver or kidney disease) and
7:
1744:Kanfer EJ, Nicol BA (January 1997).
1458:10.1001/archinte.1986.00360200151024
1207:National Institute of Open Schooling
475:Note: mm/h. = millimeters per hour.
2134:who are eponymously named for the
1599:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0721-2.00027-1
892:(IQ) in Swedish males aged 18–20.
717:Typical normal ranges quoted are:
549:
546:
543:
507:
504:
501:
425:. It is also elevated in subacute
14:
2131:Alf Vilhelm Albertsson Westergren
312:and non-inflammatory conditions.
2398:Loss of function (Functio laesa)
1591:Pain Management (Second Edition)
798:Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
300:, which slows the rate of fall.
2668:Increased vascular permeability
1150:Harrison, Michael (June 2015).
398:, various autoimmune diseases,
324:, other clotting proteins, and
289:Sedimentation or settling stage
2741:List of inflammatory disorders
2720:Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
821:Venous thromboembolic disease
729:Relation to C-reactive protein
634:
600:
588:
557:
532:
515:
457:Monitoring response to therapy
137:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
22:Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
1:
2253:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
2159:Journal of Clinical Pathology
1927:10.1016/S0022-3476(75)80233-2
1587:"Chapter 27 - Acute Headache"
1446:Archives of Internal Medicine
1076:Journal of Clinical Pathology
760:, post-operative sepsis, and
2125:Robert (Robin) Sanno Fåhræus
2013:Bauchner H (July 13, 2007).
1868:Journal of Internal Medicine
1542:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1487:Falk, G.; Fahey, T. (2008).
1343:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3182959a18
1168:10.18773/austprescr.2015.034
1042:10.1182/blood-2018-99-117260
789:Systemic lupus erythematosis
429:also known as DeQuervain's.
400:systemic lupus erythematosus
320:In inflammatory conditions,
2302:Brigden ML (October 1999).
333:Non-inflammatory conditions
227:). The ESR is decreased in
2785:
2073:Iłowiecki, Maciej (1981).
2040:Arthritis & Rheumatism
1765:10.1177/014107689709000106
1703:Gillum RF (January 1993).
1536:Jurado, Rafael L. (2001).
792:Bone and joint infections
174:Since the introduction of
2308:American Family Physician
2265:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.02.009
1915:The Journal of Pediatrics
721:Newborn: 0 to 2 mm/h
449:It is a component of the
437:the ESR stays under 100.
26:
2424:Plasma-derived mediators
2099:Edmund Faustyn Biernacki
1834:10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266
1399:The Journal of Nutrition
1289:(Letter to the editor).
1123:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
960:10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266
253:congestive heart failure
245:chronic fatigue syndrome
171:at the end of one hour.
2678:Leukocyte extravasation
1822:British Medical Journal
1798:"Reference range (ESR)"
1660:British Medical Journal
163:. To perform the test,
147:) is the rate at which
2490:Cell-derived mediators
2102:and eponymously named
1989:10.1542/peds.2006-1865
1070:Eastham, R. D (1954).
848:
818:Myocardial infarction
808:Chronic kidney disease
746:venous thromboembolism
647:
396:polymyalgia rheumatica
275:) to fall through the
34:Westergren pipet array
16:Physiological quantity
2539:synthesized on demand
2075:Dzieje nauki polskiej
1672:10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85
1506:10.1093/fampra/cmn095
1411:10.3945/jn.114.194571
1156:Australian Prescriber
824:Rheumatoid arthritis
804:IgG4 related disease
742:myocardial infarction
648:
2658:Acute-phase reaction
2171:10.1136/jcp.46.3.198
1373:"Sedimentation Rate"
1329:Behcet's syndrome".
890:general intelligence
875:Sardinian population
758:giant cell arteritis
496:
415:Takayasu's arteritis
404:rheumatoid arthritis
213:rheumatoid arthritis
209:autoimmune disorders
2329:at Lab Tests Online
1955:. Suppl 23: 143–5.
1749:(Scanned & PDF)
1375:. WebMD. 2006-06-16
1088:10.1136/jcp.7.2.164
849:odczyn Biernackiego
776:
738:acute phase protein
375:sickle-cell disease
365:Causes of reduction
304:Causes of elevation
176:automated analyzers
85:The millimeters of
2715:C-reactive protein
2019:NEJM Journal Watch
1405:(5): 1039S–1108S.
1004:labtestsonline.org
954:(6361). BMJ: 266.
865:stop gain mutation
827:Low serum albumin
812:Low serum albumin
775:
734:C-reactive protein
643:
489:10, divided by 2.
464:Hodgkin's lymphoma
411:Kawasaki's disease
392:temporal arteritis
286:Rouleaux formation
237:sickle cell anemia
151:in anticoagulated
2749:
2748:
2691:
2690:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2509:Lysosome granules
2214:(11): 1272–1281.
2084:978-83-223-1876-8
2052:10.1002/art.25042
2046:(12): 3755–3760.
1608:978-1-4377-0721-2
1299:10.1159/000045760
1035:(Suppl 1): 4874.
832:
831:
801:Multiple myeloma
783:Low ESR/High CRP
780:High ESR/Low CRP
754:Interferon type I
707:
706:
641:
613:
599:
570:
556:
514:
133:
132:
87:transparent fluid
2774:
2703:Full blood count
2632:Epithelioid cell
2541:
2502:
2495:
2420:
2411:
2388:Swelling (Tumor)
2378:Flushing (Rubor)
2357:
2350:
2343:
2334:
2323:
2297:Mediscuss on ESR
2285:
2284:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2231:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2150:
2144:
2121:
2112:
2105:Biernacki's test
2095:
2089:
2088:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2011:Lay summary in:
2008:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1750:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1557:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1508:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1440:
1430:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1253:
1244:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1204:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1147:
1130:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1044:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
996:
990:
989:
979:
939:
930:
929:
927:
926:
920:Lab Tests Online
912:
883:beta thalassemia
841:Edmund Biernacki
795:Ischemic stroke
777:
694:Women—5% exceed
663:
652:
650:
649:
644:
642:
637:
633:
632:
597:
587:
586:
554:
553:
552:
539:
528:
512:
511:
510:
445:Disease severity
371:Hemoglobinopathy
225:multiple myeloma
117:
103:
31:
19:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2736:Lymphadenopathy
2724:
2687:
2646:
2605:
2537:
2532:
2515:biogenic amines
2498:
2484:
2402:
2366:
2361:
2301:
2293:
2288:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2220:10.1038/ng.3368
2208:Nature Genetics
2201:
2200:
2196:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2122:
2115:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2012:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1493:Family Practice
1486:
1485:
1481:
1443:
1441:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1226:
1212:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1149:
1148:
1133:
1120:
1113:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1008:
1006:
998:
997:
993:
941:
940:
933:
924:
922:
914:
913:
902:
898:
861:
837:
762:neonatal sepsis
731:
712:
540:
494:
493:
486:
472:
459:
447:
388:
383:
367:
335:
318:
306:
269:
149:red blood cells
113:
99:
53:Reference range
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2767:Temporal rates
2764:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2589:Prostaglandins
2586:
2584:Leukotriene B4
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2544:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2417:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2314:(5): 1443–50.
2299:
2292:
2291:External links
2289:
2287:
2286:
2259:(6): 868–873.
2243:
2194:
2165:(3): 198–203.
2145:
2113:
2090:
2083:
2065:
2026:
2024:
2023:
1966:
1940:
1902:
1857:
1808:
1788:
1736:
1695:
1666:(5544): 85–7.
1646:
1619:
1607:
1577:
1555:10.1086/322605
1548:(4): 548–549.
1528:
1479:
1442:-Which cites:
1385:
1364:
1320:
1273:
1224:
1191:
1131:
1111:
1082:(2): 164–167.
1062:
1015:
991:
931:
899:
897:
894:
860:
857:
836:
833:
830:
829:
814:
785:
784:
781:
750:staphylococcus
730:
727:
726:
725:
722:
711:
708:
705:
704:
701:
698:
695:
691:
690:
687:
684:
681:
680:Men—5% exceed
677:
676:
673:
670:
667:
654:
653:
640:
636:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
610:
607:
602:
596:
593:
590:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
567:
564:
559:
551:
548:
545:
537:
534:
531:
527:
523:
520:
517:
509:
506:
503:
485:
482:
471:
468:
458:
455:
446:
443:
421:and infective
387:
384:
382:
379:
366:
363:
347:kidney failure
339:immunoglobulin
334:
331:
326:alpha globulin
317:
314:
305:
302:
294:
293:
290:
287:
273:red blood cell
268:
265:
249:plasma protein
233:hyperviscosity
165:anticoagulated
131:
130:
125:
119:
118:
111:
105:
104:
97:
91:
90:
83:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
63:
59:
58:
55:
49:
48:
45:
39:
38:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2780:
2779:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2383:Fever (Calor)
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2142:Who Named It?
2139:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:Who Named It?
2107:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:(6): 1113–9.
1982:
1978:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:(3): 125–31.
1873:
1869:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1828:(6361): 266.
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1452:(8): 1581–3.
1451:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:(6): 467–72.
1336:
1332:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1262:(6): 317–21.
1261:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1208:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1005:
1001:
995:
992:
987:
983:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
936:
932:
921:
917:
911:
909:
907:
905:
901:
895:
893:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:
866:
858:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
834:
828:
825:
822:
819:
815:
813:
810:
809:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
786:
782:
779:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
728:
723:
720:
719:
718:
715:
709:
702:
699:
696:
693:
692:
688:
685:
682:
679:
678:
674:
671:
668:
665:
664:
661:
657:
638:
594:
591:
535:
529:
525:
521:
518:
492:
491:
490:
483:
481:
477:
476:
470:Normal values
469:
467:
465:
456:
454:
452:
444:
442:
438:
436:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
385:
380:
378:
376:
372:
364:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
332:
330:
327:
323:
315:
313:
311:
303:
301:
299:
291:
288:
285:
284:
283:
280:
278:
274:
266:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
194:
190:
189:
184:
179:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
129:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
82:Based on
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:Detection of
64:
60:
56:
54:
50:
46:
44:
40:
35:
30:
25:
20:
2719:
2708:Leukocytosis
2663:Vasodilation
2596:Nitric oxide
2576:
2547:
2538:
2513:
2499:
2460:
2436:
2393:Pain (Dolor)
2364:Inflammation
2311:
2307:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2074:
2068:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2018:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1952:
1921:(6): 942–8.
1918:
1914:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1791:
1756:
1752:
1739:
1715:(1): 47–50.
1712:
1708:
1698:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1612:, retrieved
1590:
1580:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1499:(1): 10–21.
1496:
1492:
1482:
1449:
1445:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1377:. Retrieved
1367:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1259:
1255:
1218:
1211:. Retrieved
1194:
1159:
1155:
1121:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1054:. Retrieved
1032:
1028:
1018:
1007:. Retrieved
1003:
994:
951:
947:
923:. Retrieved
919:
887:
868:
862:
853:tuberculosis
838:
826:
823:
820:
817:
811:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
736:(CRP) is an
732:
716:
713:
658:
655:
487:
478:
474:
473:
460:
448:
439:
431:
423:endocarditis
419:tuberculosis
408:
389:
381:Medical uses
368:
355:menstruation
336:
319:
316:Inflammation
310:inflammatory
307:
295:
281:
277:blood plasma
270:
229:polycythemia
198:
186:
180:
173:
161:inflammation
144:
140:
136:
134:
74:Test of
67:inflammation
2762:Blood tests
2578:eicosanoids
2462:coagulation
1759:(1): 16–8.
1635:(1): 20–5.
1162:(3): 93–4.
427:thyroiditis
193:Stokes' law
169:millimetres
153:whole blood
109:MedlinePlus
2756:Categories
2683:Chemotaxis
2637:Giant cell
2627:Macrophage
2468:Factor XII
2438:complement
2432:Bradykinin
1977:Pediatrics
1803:GPnotebook
1614:2022-05-24
1379:2008-03-01
1293:(2): 224.
1056:2019-06-19
1009:2019-12-12
925:2019-12-23
896:References
772:(NSAIDs).
322:fibrinogen
183:fibrinogen
157:hematology
2642:Granuloma
2549:cytokines
2526:Serotonin
2521:Histamine
2500:preformed
2407:Mechanism
1515:0263-2136
1466:0003-9926
1419:0022-3166
1051:0006-4971
968:0959-8138
536:≤
435:pneumonia
386:Diagnosis
359:pregnancy
298:viscosity
211:(such as
201:pregnancy
2478:Thrombin
2371:Symptoms
2320:10524488
2273:20226851
2238:26366554
2060:19950271
1997:17545378
1896:10871066
1641:13455726
1564:11462193
1523:19074757
1437:25833893
1351:23689052
1307:11015011
1268:29094869
1186:26648629
1106:13163203
859:Research
710:Children
373:such as
241:leukemia
221:lymphoma
188:rouleaux
145:sed rate
69:in body.
43:Synonyms
2729:General
2673:Exudate
2619:Chronic
2473:Plasmin
2281:7185302
2229:4627508
2189:8463411
2005:5558076
1961:6937959
1935:1168702
1888:8862121
1852:6402065
1843:1546487
1783:9059375
1774:1296109
1731:8426384
1722:2571720
1690:6020854
1681:1841240
1572:7244484
1474:3729639
1428:4448820
1359:5173681
1315:5967575
1287:Nephron
1213:8 April
1209:, India
1177:4653962
1097:1023757
986:6402065
977:1546487
835:History
766:statins
351:obesity
128:30341-2
101:D001799
62:Purpose
2601:Kinins
2318:
2279:
2271:
2236:
2226:
2187:
2180:501169
2177:
2081:
2058:
2003:
1995:
1959:
1933:
1894:
1886:
1850:
1840:
1781:
1771:
1729:
1719:
1688:
1678:
1639:
1605:
1570:
1562:
1521:
1513:
1472:
1464:
1435:
1425:
1417:
1357:
1349:
1313:
1305:
1266:
1184:
1174:
1104:
1094:
1049:
984:
974:
966:
845:Polish
744:, and
612:
598:
569:
555:
513:
484:Adults
413:(from
343:anemia
267:Stages
247:, low
205:anemia
115:003638
2696:Tests
2651:Other
2565:TNF-α
2555:IFN-γ
2415:Acute
2277:S2CID
2001:S2CID
1892:S2CID
1568:S2CID
1355:S2CID
1311:S2CID
1252:(PDF)
1220:tube.
1203:(PDF)
1029:Blood
451:PCDAI
217:lupus
123:LOINC
2570:IL-1
2560:IL-8
2316:PMID
2269:PMID
2234:PMID
2185:PMID
2128:and
2079:ISBN
2056:PMID
1993:PMID
1957:PMID
1931:PMID
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