El Escorial - Knowledge

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subjects—such as history, geography, and botany—are located in the part closest to the entrance. The library corridors branch out into different sections just to re-converge in the end, and as they advance towards the basilica, the subjects are the more abstract forms—such as poetry, grammar, and mathematics. The subjects closest to the basilica are those the King conceived as being the most abstract distillations of the others, and the closest to the origin, which was God in the Basilica: theology, geometry, and mathematics. The visitor must leave the noisy world behind and walk through the halls of knowledge in a specific, comprehensible order from concreteness to abstraction before being able to reach God and understand His message, a notion quite in line with both Charles I and Philip II's

1546: 1958: 1930: 1044: 1285: 1906: 595: 1970: 742: 963: 1726:, one of his advisors. This meant 57 original Greek manuscripts from Sicily, and 112 Latin ones, from Calabria. He also bought 315 original volumes, in Greek and Arabic, from Juan Páez de Castro's personal library. The King charged specific ambassadors with traveling through his empire and neighboring kingdoms searching and buying the best for El Escorial's library. These ambassadors were coordinated by the head librarian, who had total authority to direct their movements, and who stayed in contact with them through all their travels. 971: 1946: 607:

502 ft), which encloses a series of intersecting passageways and courtyards. At each of the four corners is a square tower surmounted by a spire, and, near the center of the complex (and taller than the rest), rise the pointed belfries and round dome of the basilica. Philip's instructions to Juan Bautista de Toledo were simple and clear, directing that the architects should produce "simplicity in the construction, severity in the whole, nobility without arrogance, majesty without ostentation."

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were careful to consider the security of the library's holdings in armarios (large bookcases), as well as their display, safeguards against fire hazards, and use of available natural lighting. This library was a Renaissance statement of power, majesty, prowess, and intellectual world leadership, designed for both the preservation of the old (binding multiple cultural histories into a single Catholic Spanish culture) and discovery of the new (imprinted by that culture).

1996: 1918: 4473: 1443: 559: 3700: 1620: 955: 846:, also rest in this pantheon despite the fact that the Count never became king himself. The enclosure is presided over by an altar of veined marble, and the sarcophagi are bronze and marble. There is also the Pantheon of the Princes, where the bodies of the queens who did not have a crowned succession and the princes and princesses were laid to rest. This part was built in the nineteenth century. 505: 4404: 1382: 1162: 902: 818: 689: 1341:

Barcelona never reigned as king, although he was head of the Spanish royal family between the renunciation of his father's rights on 14 January 1941 and his renunciation of his own rights in favour of his son Juan Carlos I on 14 May 1977. Thirdly, the Countess of Barcelona was the mother of a king but not the wife of a king. However, some consider the Count of Barcelona to have been

3831: 4416: 1325: 4428: 4456: 1769:, one of the largest in Spain at the time. Not all of those books are still in El Escorial, since many ended up in the Vatican; but around a thousand of them can still be found there. The King actively purchased rare books—often on esoteric, scientific, or theological subjects—from the East. He also collected and preserved over four hundred books 853:, in which one can find sculptures of the Evangelists. Around the courtyard are the galleries of the main cloister, decorated with frescoes by Tibaldi and his workshop, in which scenes from the history of the Redemption are represented. In the East gallery, one finds the splendid main staircase with a fresco-decorated vaulted ceiling depicting 1036: 994:, a form with all four arms of equal length. Coincident with this shift in approach, the bell towers at the western end of the church were somewhat reduced in size and the small half-dome intended to stand over the altar was replaced with a full circular dome over the center of the church, where the four arms of the Greek cross meet. 1092:, but both of these giants were already more than eighty years old and in frail health. Consequently, Philip consulted his foreign ambassadors for recommendations, and the result was a lengthy parade of the lesser European artists of that time, all swanning through the construction site at El Escorial seeking the King's favor. 1779:

Philip III continued his father's policy of protection and enrichment of the library, even though he was not theologically inclined. In addition to continuing the search for, and purchase of, especially valuable and old books, he promulgated a new decree, according to which the library of El Escorial

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During Philip II's reign, the library introduced a novel way of arranging the library's bookcases or "book presses". Until then most book presses were combined with desks and stood at right angles to the library's walls. This system was known as the "stall system" and allowed light from the library's

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of El Escorial lend further weight to the theory that this is the true origin of the design. A more personal connection can be drawn between the David-warrior figure, representing Charles V, and his son, the stolid and solomonically prudent Philip II. Echoing the same theme, a fresco in the center of

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views and who also designed the library's shelves. It constituted, along with the basilica, the heart of the entire project, and the project was redrafted several times to accommodate changes in the organization of the library itself. As was usual for Juan de Herrera's work, it was the most advanced

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The Escorial has three libraries. One is located behind the Chorus of the basilica. Another, within the monastery itself, used to be distributed to the different cells and rooms of the monks and that the Augustine monks have gradually managed to make their own. Finally, the Royal Library, which is

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Currently the library has more than 40,000 volumes, located in a great hall 54 metres (177 ft) in length, 9 metres (30 ft) wide, and 10 metres (33 ft) tall, with marble floors and beautifully carved wood shelves. De Herrera and Italian construction engineer Giuseppe Flecha y Gamboa

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The Temple of Solomon design, if indeed it was the basis for El Escorial, was extensively modified to accommodate the additional functions Philip II intended the building to serve. Besides being a monastery, El Escorial is also a pantheon, a basilica, a convent, a school, a library, and a royal

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Built primarily from locally quarried gray granite, square and sparsely ornamented, El Escorial is austere, even forbidding, in its outward appearance, seemingly more like a fortress than a monastery or palace. It takes the form of a gigantic quadrangle, approximately 224 by 153 metres (735 by

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René Taylor 1. Arquitectura y Magia. Consideraciones sobre la Idea de El Escorial, Ediciones Siruela, Madrid, enhanced from monograph in Rudolph Wittkower's 1968 festschrift. 2. Hermetism and the Mystical Architecture of the Society of Jesus in "Baroque Art: The Jesuit Contribution" by Rudolf

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The interment of the remains of Queen Victoria Eugenie and the Count and Countess of Barcelona in the Royal Pantheon will each constitute an exception to tradition. First, Victoria Eugenie, although the wife of a king, was never the mother of a king in the strict sense. Secondly, the Count of

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Royal burial vaults in the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII - burial niches in Pantheon of the Kings; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 - burial chapels in Pantheon of the Infantes; A - garden of the Monastery; B - altar in Pantheon of the Kings; C - basement of the

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The Royal Library, like everything else in El Escorial, forms part of a larger symbolic structure and has symbolic meaning. It links the monastery and the seminary across the principal axis of the building, symbolizing the union of the spiritual and physical world. The books on the profane

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at El Escorial, one for the Pantheon of the Kings and the other for the Pantheon of the Princes. These can only be visited by monks from the Monastery. In these rooms, the remains of the deceased are placed in a small leaden urn, which in turn will be placed in the marble sepulchres of the

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Under the royal chapel of the Basilica is the Royal Pantheon crypt. This is the place of burial for the kings of Spain. It is an octagonal Baroque mausoleum made of marble where all of the Spanish monarchs since Charles I have been buried, with the exception of

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is for the moment the only queen in the pantheon who has not been mother to a king. That is because her only son, the presumed heir to the throne, died after her but before he could become king. But she was the great-grandmother of Philip V (by her daughter

1309:, or decaying chamber, awaiting interment in the Pantheon of the Kings. With the interment of these remains, all the sepulchres in the pantheon will be filled. No decision has yet been announced as to the final resting place of now-abdicated Juan Carlos, 2869:

Real Monasterio-Palacio De El Escorial: Estudios Inéditos En Commemoración Del IV Centenario De La Terminación De Las Obras. Madrid: Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Centro De Estudios Históricos, Departamento De Arte Diego Velázquez,

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that adorn the façade of the basilica, located at the east end of the courtyard. Steps of red marble lead to the large, public chapel, past the narthex, which is one of the highlights of the basilica. The basilica has a floor in the shape of a

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serving the king's viceroy, whose recommendation brought him to the king's attention. Philip appointed him architect-royal in 1559, and, together, they designed El Escorial as a monument to Spain's role as a center of the Christian world.

1969: 4528: 2269: 1069:. In a shallow niche at the center of the lowest level is the tabernacle, a repository for the physical elements of the communion ceremony, a so-called "House of the Sacrament", designed by Juan de Herrera in jasper and 3085:

DE ANDRÉS, G., Perfil histórico de la Real Biblioteca de El Escorial, en SANTIAGO PAÉZ, E. (coord.), El Escorial en la Biblioteca Nacional. IV Centenario, 1ª Edición, Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, 1985, pp. 561-565,

1454:. Completed in 1888, this group of nine burial chapels is the final resting place of princes, princesses, and consorts other than the parents of monarchs. With floors and ceiling of white marble, the tomb of Prince 324:, a royal hunting lodge and monastic retreat about five kilometres (3.1 mi) away. These sites have a dual nature: during the 16th and 17th centuries, they were places in which the power of the Spanish monarchy 543:, is another grid-like building with interior courtyards. In fact, palaces of this approximate design were commonplace in the Byzantine and Arab world. Strikingly similar to El Escorial is the layout of the 526:

eliminated from the original conception the six interior towers of the façade, was not unique to El Escorial. Other buildings had been constructed with churches or chapels fronting on interior courtyards:

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El Escorial's library, a reminder of Solomon's legendary wisdom, affirms Philip's preoccupation with the great Jewish king, his thoughtful and logical character, and his extraordinary, monumental temple.

1065:, and three sets of religious paintings commissioned by Philip II. To either side are gilded life-size bronzes of the kneeling family groups of Charles and Philip, also by Leoni, with help from his son 4033: 1773:, which he agreed should not be available for those likely to "misunderstand" them but only to experts. By 1602, the library had a large cartographic collection and over 150 mathematical instruments. 578:: a portico followed by a courtyard open to the sky, followed by a second portico and a second courtyard, all flanked by arcades and enclosed passageways, leading to the "holy of holies". Statues of 1690:, 10,608 books from the 16th century, 2,179 books from the 17th century, and an increasing number of books from the 18th century. The manuscript collection is made up of a few thousands of medieval 4553: 1929: 4533: 1957: 1867:

in all of Catholic Christendom. The collection consists of some 7,500 relics, which are stored in 570 sculpted reliquaries designed by Juan de Herrera, with most being constructed by the artisan

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The basilica of San Lorenzo el Real, the central building in the El Escorial complex, was originally designed, like most of the late Gothic cathedrals of Western Europe, to take the form of a

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spent over 25 years reclassifying and taking inventories of the surviving copies. His list of surviving books counted 45,000. Shortly after, as the Habsburg dynasty came to its end and the

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king of Spain from 1941 to 1977, which in turn would make him, his mother, Queen Victoria Eugenie, and his wife, the Countess of Barcelona, eligible for interment in the Pantheon of Kings.

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Michelangelo died in 1564, scarcely a year after the first stones at El Escorial were laid, and Titian, when asked to come to Spain, respectfully refused on the basis of his advanced age.

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Situated next to the main altar of the Basilica, the residence of King Philip II consists of a series of austerely decorated rooms. It features a window from which the king could observe

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was one such ambassador and made one of the most important purchases for the library during his time in Venice: an ancient collection of Greek manuscripts and Latin codices (1569–1577).

1831:, a further loss took place, as the Bourbon kings reversed the trend of acquiring books for the library and instead proceeded to take books to send to France or to their own libraries. 4583: 3735: 1537:

Its eleven rooms showcase the tools, cranes and other materials used in the construction of the edifice, as well as reproductions of blueprints and documents related to the project.

1582: 4603: 3646: 3871: 880:(Hall of Battles), which contains frescoes of the battles of San Quintín and Higueruela, among others. The next building contains the rooms of Philip II and of the Infanta 2261: 519:, who, in the third century AD, was martyred by being roasted to death on a grill. St. Lawrence's feast day is 10 August, the same date as the 1557 Battle of St. Quentin. 320: 4076: 3009: 1741:

had to be specially hired to organize the books and classify them by language, in addition to subject. In the 1580s the Library acquired some of its most unique pieces.

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ought to receive a copy of every book published inside the empire. During his reign the orders of continuing to search for books for the library were still in place.

1545: 1001:'s experience with the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome influenced the design of El Escorial's basilica. However, the Roman dome is supported by ranks of tapered 2529: 1737:, the most valuable in Spain at the time, was bought. It included 850 codices and over 1,000 printed volumes. At this point, the size of the library was such that 1486:, making him eligible for interment in the Pantheon of the Princes. Upon his death in October 2015, his funeral was held at El Escorial and his body placed in the 4598: 3373: 1702:

Philip II donated his personal collection of documents to the building, and also undertook the acquisition of the finest libraries and works of Western European

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on the east–west axis intersected by a shorter transept, about three-quarters of the way between the west entrance and the high altar. This plan was modified by

872:), is found behind the presbytery of the basilica. The outbuildings of this palace, of Italian style, are distributed around the Courtyard of the Fountainheads ( 3268: 2742:

The Latin cross, with its long descending arm, is the form most familiar to western Christians as the cross on which Christ was supposed to have been crucified.

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This chamber consists of twenty-six marble sepulchres containing the remains of the kings and queens regnant (the only queen regnant since Philip II being

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religion in Spain found a common architectural manifestation. El Escorial was both a Spanish royal palace and a monastery. Established with a community of

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From the beginning, the Royal Library was meant to be a monumental work of art, and its execution was commissioned to prominent architects of the moment:

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shafts, while the dome at El Escorial, soaring nearly 100 metres (330 ft) into the air, is supported by four heavy granite piers connected by simple

4588: 3327: 2408: 774:. The main altarpiece is 30 metres (98 ft) high and divided into compartments of different sizes where are found bronze sculptures, and canvases by 3972: 3886: 1803:. In 1671 a great fire destroyed 5280 codices; the main hall, in which the printed books were kept, was saved. Among the most important losses were the 3138:

DE ANDRÉS, G., Real Biblioteca de El Escorial, 1ª Edición, Madrid: Aldus, 1970, DL: M. 20720-1970 (hey, why didn't the Spaniards like the French kings?

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to be his collaborator in the building of the complex at El Escorial. Toledo had spent the greater part of his career in Rome, where he had worked on

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Before his death, Philip II left in his last will a pension for the Escorial Library, to ensure that it would still be able to acquire new volumes.

1706:. During Phillip's reign, there was an entire room dedicated to ancient manuscripts, most of them in Latin, many in Greek, but also some in Hebrew, 849:

Next to the basilica, to the south, is the Courtyard of the Evangelists. This is a gardened patio in whose center rises a magnificent pavilion, by

4299: 3545: 3540: 4613: 4593: 4293: 4126: 4059: 3901: 3842: 3769: 3721: 3455: 1043: 367:. It is a popular tourist attraction, often visited by daytrippers from Madrid—more than 500,000 visitors come to El Escorial every year. 186: 2789: 2774: 4578: 4462: 3759: 2986: 2918: 2582: 1710:, Arabic, Italian, French, and Spanish. There were approximately 1,800 Arabic titles. The first of those books were acquired in 1571 through 1020:, plain, solid, and largely unprepossessing. It would not be a flight of fancy to interpret St. Peter's as the quintessential expression of 3982: 2012: 3389: 3363: 1976: 1103:. This statue of Christ is unusual because it was represented fully nude; although for modesty it wears one cloth covering the genitals. 4518: 4444: 3210: 1785: 1349: 555:, where, as at El Escorial, two courtyards in succession separate the main portal of the complex from a fully enclosed place of worship. 4508: 3704: 3641: 3460: 3032: 2613: 3671: 1882:. Within the altarpiece depicting the "Annunciation") are relics of female saints; its companion includes the relics of male saints. 4573: 3409: 3261: 3091: 3074: 2958: 1733:

An inventory prepared in 1576 counted 4,546 volumes, over 2,000 manuscripts, and 2,500 printed books. That same year the library of

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The main entrance of the El Escorial is the west façade, which has three doors: the middle one leads to the Courtyard of the Kings (

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Juan de Herrera also designed the Casas de Oficios (Official Buildings) opposite the monastery's north façade; and his successor,

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appropriate pantheon after the passage of fifty years, the estimated time necessary for the complete decomposition of the bodies.

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El Escorial consists of two architectural complexes of great historical and cultural significance: the royal monastery itself and

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The floor plan of the building is in the form of a gridiron. The traditional belief is that this design was chosen in honor of

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palace. All these functional demands resulted in a doubling of the building's size from the time of its original conception.

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DE SIGÜENZA, F. J., La fundación del Monasterio de El Escorial, 1ª Edición, Madrid: Turner Libros S. A., 1986, pp. 273-305,

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However, the origin of the building's layout is quite controversial. The grill-like shape, which did not fully emerge until

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Constructed at the order of Philip II, a great lover of nature, these constitute an ideal place for repose and meditation.

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windows to illuminate the shelves. Phillip's library began using a "wall system", placing the bookcases along the walls.

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The most richly decorated part of the church is the area surrounding the high altar. Behind the altar is a three-tiered

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Aside from its explicit purposes, the complex is also an enormous storehouse of art. In it are displayed masterworks by

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Tribe, Shawn. "Some Impressive Monumental Lipsanotheca and Relic Chapels", Liturgical Arts Journal. September 06, 2021

2159: 1842: 1770: 962: 1469:, he was buried originally in Portugal, after being killed in a still-mysterious 1956 shooting at the family home in 198: 2571:"7 Philip ii as the New Solomon: The Covert Promotion of Religious Tolerance and Synergism in Post-Tridentine Spain" 4394: 4116: 3575: 3570: 3332: 1364:

marble are ornamented in gold-plated bronze. All of the wood used in El Escorial comes from the ancient forests of

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and functions as a monastery, basilica, royal palace, pantheon, library, museum, university, school, and hospital.

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Purtuondo, Maria (2010). "The Study of Nature, Philosophy, and the Royal Library of San Lorenzo of the Escorial".

1875:, etc.) and are distributed throughout the monastery, with the most important being concentrated in the basilica. 4608: 4548: 3626: 3555: 3495: 2322: 1270: 411:, himself, and his descendants. In addition, Philip envisioned El Escorial as a center for studies in aid of the 387:, and it was he who ordained the building of a grand edifice here to commemorate the 1557 Spanish victory at the 3196: 2888:

Vallejo, Javier Morales. El Símbolo Hecho Piedra: El Escorial, Un Laberinto Descifrado. Barcelona: Áltera, 2008.

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sensuality and the basilica at El Escorial as a statement of the stark rigidity and grim purposefulness of the

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paintings depicting the most important Spanish military victories. These include a medieval victory over the

753:) and the side ones lead to a school and to a monastery. Above the center door is a niche where the image of 4264: 4177: 3681: 3651: 3597: 3525: 3414: 1686:, but the printed collections were saved. The printed collection of the library is made up of more than 600 1558: 1411: 1396: 1191: 1176: 1010: 998: 912: 767: 699: 419: 348: 344: 122: 970: 4329: 4172: 3951: 3812: 3676: 3611: 3302: 2027: 1986: 1835: 1354: 1006: 881: 843: 1820: 3797: 1754: 655: 631: 55: 4157: 3450: 3337: 1679:. This arrangement of parallel book cases was initiated by Philip II and was called the "wall system". 544: 1753:) from the ninth century. Philip acquired several books from the Library of Granada, that belonged to 4087: 4049: 3616: 3535: 2479: 1758: 1738: 1703: 466: 430:("the work of El Escorial") is a proverbial expression for a thing that takes a long time to finish. 408: 383:. This austere location, hardly an obvious choice for the site of a royal palace, was chosen by King 380: 770:

in Rome, above the crossing. The naves are covered over by barrel vaults decorated with frescoes by

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The building's cornerstone was laid on 23 April 1563. The design and construction were overseen by

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DE ANDRÉS, G., Real Biblioteca de El Escorial, 1ª Edición, Madrid: Aldus, 1970, DL: M. 20720-1970.

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of its kind in Europe. It was the first library on the continent that broke with medieval design.

1573:(The Garden of the Friars). Students at the school still use it today to study and pass the time. 295:, 2.06 kilometres (1.28 mi) up the valley (4.1 km road distance) from the town of 4408: 4006: 3881: 3830: 3807: 3580: 3515: 3475: 3399: 3316: 3121: 2455: 2022: 1982: 1800: 1750: 1644: 1629: 1249:

The sepulchres also contain the remains of royal consorts who were parents of monarchs. The only

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Portion of the formal gardens (Gardens of the Friars) adjacent to north facade of the monastery

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of astonishing visual beauty. Other valuable libraries acquired by Philip were the library of

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In the basilica, the relics are kept within two altarpieces, with the door panels painted by

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dealing with the veneration of saints, Philip II donated to the monastery one of the largest

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Naharro, B. & Nuno, J. A Treasury of Mathematics: The Library of El Escorial Revisited.

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In 1994, King Juan Carlos I signed a decree raising his cousin and close personal friend

3231: 3219: 2663: 1714:. After that many books were obtained as a "peace price" during the many battles of the 4341: 4269: 4256: 3977: 3891: 3510: 3485: 1793: 1719: 1715: 1596: 1310: 1227: 1112: 811: 758: 754: 651: 635: 516: 462: 329: 3697:

This section includes the royal palaces of the Christian and Muslim medieval kingdoms

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Duxfield, Andrew. Christopher Marlowe and the Failure to Unify. Oxon: Routledge, 2016.

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designed the magnificent main staircase. The library contains thousands of priceless

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Fadul, Valeria López. "Juan Páez de Castro and the Project of a Universal Library."

2717: 2118: 1871:. These reliquaries are found in highly varied forms (heads, arms, pyramidal cases, 1834:

Currently, the library has over 40,000 volumes. The library includes many important

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columns, with their extravagant capitals of acanthus leaves and their elaborately

954: 504: 17: 4479: 2842: 2217: 1851:, a 12th-century Syrian autobiography, was discovered there in the 19th century. 4377: 4144: 3713: 3530: 3168: 2655:

Tenth International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (2004).

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The fire of 1671, which engulfed the library, destroyed about 5,280 handwritten

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has been placed. The Courtyard of the Kings owes its name to the statues of the

688: 643: 482: 478: 333: 4403: 2074: 4138: 3500: 2292: 1668: 1589: 1502: 659: 615: 400: 2928: 1061:, nearly 28 metres (92 ft) tall, adorned with gilded bronze statuary by 4014: 3202: 2438:

Mary Crawford Volk; Kubler, George (1 March 1987). "Building the Escorial".

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The Magic Circle of Rudolf II: Alchemy and Astrology in Renaissance Prague

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The vault of the library's ceiling is decorated with frescoes, painted by

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The most persuasive theory for the origin of the floor plan is that it is

4373: 4369: 4333: 4195: 4134: 3938: 3914: 3465: 2364:"5 Things to see inside El Escorial: Spain's Magnificent Royal Monastery" 1824: 1672: 1656: 1616:. Philip was involved in every part of the design process of the library. 1514: 1017: 787: 623: 587: 548: 4415: 4381: 4365: 4349: 4337: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4067: 4022: 2459: 1707: 1652: 1612:

was inspired by Herrera's design, after a visit, for his design of the

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and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of the Spanish capital

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donated a large number of original Hebrew manuscripts, and Admiral

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schools from the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries.

1441: 1323: 1283: 1140: 1042: 1034: 969: 961: 953: 816: 740: 593: 579: 557: 536: 503: 445:. The Royal Pantheon contains the tombs of the Holy Roman Emperor 340:. It was also a boarding school: the Real Colegio de Alfonso XII. 433:

Since then, El Escorial has been the burial site for most of the

1274: 1116: 983: 493:(who reigned from 1700 to 1724 and again from 1724 to 1746) and 3717: 3250: 3230: 1143:, as well as several of Philip's campaigns against the French. 1375: 1155: 895: 682: 4529:

Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Community of Madrid

4438: 3197:

Jardin del Monasterio de El Escorial – a Gardens Guide review

3185: 3829: 2575:

The Conversos and Moriscos in Late Medieval Spain and Beyond

1265:. The most recent monarch interred in the pantheon is King 2500: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2192:"El Escorial – The World's largest Renaissance Building" 1557:, the Socialist who served as the last president of the 363:

declared The Royal Seat of San Lorenzo of El Escorial a

2712: 2710: 1493:

Thirty-seven of the sixty available niches are filled.

27:

Monastery and historical residence of the king of Spain

1894:, designed the Casa de la Compaña (Company Quarters). 1583:

Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial

1299:

Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

1127:

The gallery was originally called the King's Gallery (

4392: 3208:

El Escorial tourist and travel connexions guide (Eng)

1815:), a 19-volume encyclopedia on biology and botany by 4554:

Art museums and galleries in the Community of Madrid

307:(who reigned 1556–1598), El Escorial is the largest 4534:

Buildings and structures in the Community of Madrid

4255: 4215: 4125: 4058: 3900: 3841: 3768: 3594: 3441: 3382: 3351: 3295: 3284: 1348:There has already been one exception to tradition: 237: 229: 221: 213: 205: 196: 182: 172: 157: 149: 141: 132: 128: 118: 113: 103: 92: 82: 77: 69: 41: 3758:For official site names, see each article or the 2817:"El Panteón de Reyes de El Escorial, al completo" 2530:"Spain's El Escorial, Capital of the Inquisition" 531:, dating from 1441, is one such example; the old 403:for the interment of the remains of his parents, 399:. Philip also intended the complex to serve as a 2446:(1). The Art Bulletin, Vol. 69, No. 1: 150–153. 449:(who ruled Spain as King Charles I), Philip II, 3647:Palacio de los Capitanes Generales de Guatemala 2480:"Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial" 2256: 2254: 2160:"The Monastery of El Escorial: all its history" 1357:) and she is an ancestor of the king of Spain. 303:. Built between 1563 and 1584 by order of King 4584:Tourist attractions in the Community of Madrid 4077:Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí 3243:Contains a plan of the buildings and surrounds 3175:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 3173:The Escorial: Art and Power in the Renaissance 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 1963:View of El Escorial from the Seat of Philip II 808:The Adoration of the Sacred Host by Charles II 501:(1870–1873), are not buried in the monastery. 3729: 3262: 2953:. New York City, NY: Routledge. p. 672. 2951:International Dictionary of Library Histories 2865: 2863: 2630:"El Escorial. History, Content, Significance" 2409:"El Escorial: the eighth wonder of the world" 2262:"El Escorial. History, Content, Significance" 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 1490:, awaiting future interment in the pantheon. 1465:in October 1992. The younger brother of King 1277:in 1980. The remains of Alfonso XIII's wife, 1131:but came to be known as the Hall of Battles ( 272: 8: 4604:Burial sites of the House of Bourbon (Spain) 3193:UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture 2323:"Monastery and Site of the Escurial, Madrid" 2061: 2059: 2057: 1461:Among the more recent interments is that of 662:: for example, the collection of the sultan 4207:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin 4107:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin 4002:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin 3877:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin 3682:Palacio de los Gobernadores de Nuevo México 3374:Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas 3220:HISTORIA DEL REAL MONASTERIO DE SAN LORENZO 1410:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1190:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1057:, or altar screen, made of red granite and 268:Monasterio y Sitio de El Escorial en Madrid 3736: 3722: 3714: 3642:Palacio de los Capitanes Generales de Cuba 3292: 3269: 3255: 3247: 3203:El Escorial Monastery – History and Photos 3191:Monastery and Site of the Escurial, Madrid 1301:(d. 2000); (the father and mother of King 508:El Escorial: floor plan, based on that of 145:Monastery and Site of the Escorial, Madrid 38: 2910:The library : an illustrated history 2524: 2522: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2043:Imperial Route of the Community of Madrid 1792:captured during his wars with the Sultan 1430:Learn how and when to remove this message 1368:, on the so-called Golden Coast of Cuba. 1210:Learn how and when to remove this message 942:Learn how and when to remove this message 888:housing the bed in which Philip II died. 729:Learn how and when to remove this message 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 1293:The remains of Alfonso XIII's third son 1073:. It was built between 1579 and 1586 by 876:). Inside the House of the King are the 868:), also known as the House of the King ( 562:Courtyard of the Kings and the Basilica. 343:Philip II engaged the Spanish architect 336:monks, it has become a monastery of the 311:building in the world. It is one of the 260:Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial 48:Real Sitio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial 42:Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial 4451: 4399: 3973:Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija 3677:Palacio del Gobernador de las Filipinas 3667:Palacio Virreinal de Santa Fé de Bogotá 2815:Martínez-Fornes, A (27 February 2011). 2053: 1901: 1321:, and any future monarchs and consorts. 1115:from his bed when incapacitated by the 375:El Escorial is situated at the foot of 328:the ecclesiastical predominance of the 195: 3862:Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain 3784:Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain 2775:El Escorial. Habitaciones de Felipe II 1845:(1045–46). The only known copy of the 1281:were interred in the pantheon in 2011. 586:on either side of the entrance to the 4599:Burial sites of the House of Habsburg 3760:List of World Heritage Sites in Spain 3000: 2998: 2972: 2970: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 1981:, was built in 1771–75 to designs of 1565:-run school and mentions them in his 282: 236: 228: 220: 212: 204: 181: 171: 156: 148: 140: 131: 7: 4270:Risco Caído and the Sacred Mountains 3983:Monastery of Saint Mary of Guadalupe 3887:San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries 3338:Alcázar of Seville: Upper Apartments 2185: 2183: 2181: 2013:History of early modern period domes 1408:adding citations to reliable sources 1305:), lie at a prepared place called a 1188:adding citations to reliable sources 924:adding citations to reliable sources 821:Detail of the Courtyard of the Kings 711:adding citations to reliable sources 598:El Escorial. View from the northwest 539:'s first hospital, begun in 1456 by 287:), is a historical residence of the 4544:Churches in the Community of Madrid 4047:University and Historic Precinct of 3025:The Library. An Illustrated History 2981:. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 87. 2979:The Library: An Illustrated History 1799:The library reached its peak under 1269:, removed there from the Church of 958:Dome of the Basilica of El Escorial 670:from 1603 to 1627, is housed here. 4504:Museums in the Community of Madrid 4499:Palaces in the Community of Madrid 4068:Archaeological Ensemble of Tarraco 3997:, a landscape of Arts and Sciences 3910:Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests 3851:Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests 3657:Palacio del Fuerte de Buenos Aires 3012:from the original on 24 July 2011. 2190:Tietz, Tabea (13 September 2020). 2109:Roller, Sarah (24 November 2020). 1588:public and exists under a special 1450:The pantheon's name in Spanish is 1084:, the King's preferences had been 766:and an enormous dome, inspired by 25: 4589:Renaissance architecture in Spain 3923:Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida 3456:Alcázar of the Caliphs of Córdoba 3390:Casita del Príncipe (El Escorial) 2505:Diccionario de la lengua española 2370:. 8 November 2022. Archived from 1859:Following a rule approved by the 884:. Another outbuilding is that of 855:The glory of the Spanish monarchy 4569:Parks in the Community of Madrid 4524:Benedictine monasteries in Spain 4514:Augustinian monasteries in Spain 4471: 4454: 4426: 4414: 4402: 3699: 3698: 3461:Alcázar of the Catholic Monarchs 3432: 2762:"Crucifix by CELLINI, Benvenuto" 2569:Ingram, Kevin (1 January 2016), 1994: 1968: 1956: 1944: 1928: 1916: 1904: 1380: 1297:, (d. 1993) and daughter-in-law 1295:Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona 1160: 900: 687: 60:A distant view of the Royal Site 54: 4559:Historic house museums in Spain 4007:Route of Santiago de Compostela 3882:Route of Santiago de Compostela 3808:Route of Santiago de Compostela 3672:Palacio del Gobernador de Agaña 3359:Convent of Las Descalzas Reales 3051:Vol. 52, no. 2 (2017): 173-183. 1095:One chapel exhibits the famous 1013:arches and decorated by simple 911:needs additional citations for 698:needs additional citations for 3867:Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon 3395:Casita del Príncipe (El Pardo) 2913:. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. 2268:. 25 July 2019. Archived from 1809:Historia natural de las Indias 1279:Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg 153:Cultural: (i), (ii), (iv) 1: 4614:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 4594:World Heritage Sites in Spain 4164:General Archive of the Indies 3942:with its Extra-mural Churches 2977:Murray, Stuart A. P. (2009). 2001:The Monastery with the garden 1829:War of the Spanish Succession 1819:. After the fire, the priest 1817:Francisco Hernández de Toledo 1813:Natural History of the Indies 1771:prohibited by the Inquisition 1561:, studied in the monastery's 864:The Palace of the Austrians ( 574:by the Judeo-Roman historian 497:(1746–1759), as well as King 4579:1584 establishments in Spain 4539:Replicas of Solomon's Temple 3627:Edificio de las Casas reales 2718:"El Escorial – Architecture" 2608:. Walker Books. p. 20. 2534:Rick Steves Classroom Europe 1911:Monastery and its reflection 1745:donated a manuscript of the 1039:Courtyard of the Evangelists 745:West façade of the monastery 437:of the last five centuries, 34:El Escorial (disambiguation) 4082:Palau de la Música Catalana 3561:Royal Palace of Tordesillas 3420:Colegio de Doncellas Nobles 3405:Pantheon of Illustrious Men 2778:apuntes.santanderlasalle.es 2577:, Brill, pp. 129–149, 1843:Golden Gospels of Henry III 1623:The library of El Escorial. 1480:to the status of a Spanish 1238:to the present, except for 1047:Wall in the Hall of Battles 321:La Granjilla de La Fresneda 4655: 4519:Basilica churches in Spain 4275:San Cristóbal de La Laguna 4236:, Biodiversity and Culture 4183:Historic Centre of Córdoba 3571:Palacio Real de Valladolid 3328:La Granja de San Ildefonso 2689:"El Escorial – Decoration" 2559:Wittkower & Irma Jaffe 1827:took the throne after the 1788:brought back the complete 1580: 1255:Francis of Asis de Bourbon 1099:carved in white marble by 974:High altar of the Basilica 293:San Lorenzo de El Escorial 135:UNESCO World Heritage Site 97:San Lorenzo de El Escorial 31: 4509:Royal residences in Spain 4288: 4225:Cultural Landscape of the 4173:Dolmens Site of Antequera 4112:Silk Exchange in Valencia 3827: 3755: 3695: 3556:Royal Palace of Pedralbes 3551:Royal Palace of Perpignan 3481:Castle Alcázar of Segorbe 3430: 3364:Convent of La Encarnación 1869:Juan de Arphe y Villafañe 1501:Consists of works of the 1271:Santa Maria in Monserrato 982:. As such, it has a long 529:King's College, Cambridge 274:Monasterio de El Escorial 273: 249: 245: 209:Monasterio de San Lorenzo 199:Spanish Cultural Heritage 192: 65: 53: 46: 4574:Houses completed in 1584 4193:Renaissance Monuments of 3872:Pirineos - Monte Perdido 3687:Royal Palace of Brussels 3586:Valldemossa Charterhouse 3213:20 December 2014 at the 3027:. Skyhorse. p. 86. 2604:Marshall, Peter (2006). 1935:View of El Escorial, by 1735:Diego Hurtado de Mendoza 1603:, who shared the King's 1571:El jardín de los frailes 1478:Carlos, Duke of Calabria 966:Wooden model of the roof 338:Order of Saint Augustine 187:Europe and North America 73:Monastery of El Escorial 47: 3957:Historic Walled Town of 3798:Kingdom of the Asturias 3576:Royal Alcázar of Madrid 3541:Royal Palace of Estella 3526:Palacio de la Magdalena 3415:Convent of Santa Isabel 3238:Encyclopædia Britannica 3199:(archived 15 June 2006) 3049:Pacific Coast Philology 3023:Murray, Stuart (2012). 2949:Stam, David H. (2001). 2907:Murray, Stuart (2009). 2478:Fodor's Review (2008). 1989:, the future Charles IV 1923:Pool from the Monastery 1836:illuminated manuscripts 1569:(Memoirs) and his play 1559:Second Spanish Republic 1458:is especially notable. 1446:Pantheon of the Princes 1372:Pantheon of the Princes 1028:, the two sides of the 999:Juan Bautista de Toledo 874:Patio de los Mascarones 866:Palacio de los Austrias 420:Juan Bautista de Toledo 345:Juan Bautista de Toledo 291:located in the town of 123:Juan Bautista de Toledo 114:Design and construction 4330:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3928:Archaeological Site of 3835: 3813:Santiago de Compostela 3612:Royal Palace of Naples 3410:Convent of San Pascual 3369:Convent of Santa Clara 2536:. 2003. Archived from 1987:Prince of the Asturias 1647:, depicting the seven 1624: 1550: 1447: 1360:The walls of polished 1355:Maria Theresa of Spain 1329: 1290: 1048: 1040: 975: 967: 959: 882:Isabella Clara Eugenia 844:Juan Carlos I of Spain 822: 746: 679:Courtyard of the Kings 599: 563: 547:and the design of the 512: 428:la obra de El Escorial 280:Spanish pronunciation: 267: 4117:Works of Antoni Gaudí 3965:Monastery and Site of 3833: 3662:Palacio Real de Quito 3546:Royal Palace of Olite 3165:. New York: Newsweek. 3106:Renaissance Quarterly 3006:"El Escorial Library" 1805:Concilios visigóticos 1755:Isabella I of Castile 1747:Concilios visigóticos 1728:Diego Guzmán de Silva 1622: 1548: 1541:Gardens of the Friars 1445: 1328:Pantheon of the Kings 1327: 1287: 1152:Pantheon of the Kings 1046: 1038: 973: 965: 957: 842:, the father of King 838:. The remains of the 820: 744: 656:Giambattista Castello 632:Rogier van der Weyden 597: 568:based on descriptions 561: 507: 489:. Two Bourbon kings, 389:Battle of St. Quentin 371:Conception and design 284:[eleskoˈɾjal] 4639:Charles III of Spain 4241:Prehistoric Sites of 4178:Doñana National Park 4088:Hospital de Sant Pau 3745:World Heritage Sites 3617:Palazzo dei Normanni 3536:Palacio de la Ribera 3161:Cable, Mary (1971). 2333:on 22 September 2022 1739:Benito Arias Montano 1533:Architectural museum 1404:improve this section 1350:Elisabeth of Bourbon 1184:improve this section 1119:that afflicted him. 920:improve this article 878:Sala de las Batallas 790:, paintings such as 768:St. Peter's Basilica 707:improve this article 409:Isabella of Portugal 381:Sierra de Guadarrama 359:On 2 November 1984, 349:St. Peter's Basilica 32:For other uses, see 4634:Charles II of Spain 4624:Philip III of Spain 4280:Teide National Park 4228:Serra de Tramuntana 3952:Old Town of Cáceres 3803:Roman walls of Lugo 3521:Palace of Charles V 3288:Patrimonio Nacional 3278:Spanish Royal sites 2847:Patrimonio Nacional 2794:Patrimonio Nacional 2413:Barcelo Experiences 2033:Patrimonio Nacional 2028:Valle de los Caídos 1978:Casita del Principe 1937:Michel-Ange Houasse 1821:Antonio de San José 1751:Visigothic Councils 1712:Juan Paez de Castro 1452:Panteón de Infantes 1257:, husband of Queen 1147:Royal burial vaults 1107:Palace of Philip II 1030:Counter-Reformation 413:Counter-Reformation 365:World Heritage Site 313:Spanish royal sites 108:Patrimonio Nacional 83:Architectural style 78:General information 4629:Philip IV of Spain 4619:Philip II of Spain 4564:Libraries in Spain 4292:Shared with other 3918:Cultural Landscape 3836: 3652:Palacio de Pizarro 3632:Palacio del Virrey 3581:Torre de la Parada 3516:Monastery of Yuste 3476:Buen Retiro Palace 3451:Alcázar of Segovia 3400:Casita del Infante 3285:Royal sites of the 2790:"Sala de Batallas" 2634:Spain Then and Now 2266:Spain Then and now 2077:on 24 October 2022 2023:Spanish Golden Age 1983:Juan de Villanueva 1886:Adjacent buildings 1698:Collecting process 1645:Pellegrino Tibaldi 1632:view of religion. 1625: 1551: 1448: 1330: 1291: 1049: 1041: 976: 968: 960: 840:Count of Barcelona 823: 776:Pellegrino Tibaldi 751:Patio de los Reyes 747: 600: 564: 545:Alcázar of Seville 513: 397:Henry II of France 385:Philip II of Spain 238:Reference no. 173:Reference no. 18:Escorial Monastery 4390: 4389: 4097:Palmeral of Elche 4050:Alcalá de Henares 3856:Caves of Altamira 3821:Tower of Hercules 3778:Caves of Altamira 3711: 3710: 3634:(present-day the 3566:Palau Reial Major 3486:Castle of Bellver 3428: 3427: 2988:978-1-61608-453-0 2920:978-1-60239-706-4 2584:978-90-04-30636-3 2419:on 12 August 2022 2166:. 23 January 2020 2018:List of carillons 1892:Francisco de Mora 1440: 1439: 1432: 1220: 1219: 1212: 1101:Benvenuto Cellini 952: 951: 944: 739: 738: 731: 620:Benvenuto Cellini 572:Temple of Solomon 533:Ospedale Maggiore 253: 252: 70:Alternative names 16:(Redirected from 4646: 4609:Louis I of Spain 4549:Gardens in Spain 4484: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4467: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4447: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4419: 4418: 4407: 4406: 4398: 4248: 4242: 4237: 4226: 4217:Balearic Islands 4200: 4194: 4188:Madinat al-Zahra 4169: 4162: 4150: 4143: 4093: 4086: 4073: 4048: 4040: 4039:Historic City of 4027: 4021: 4013: 3998: 3992: 3966: 3958: 3947:Burgos Cathedral 3943: 3937: 3929: 3919: 3860: 3817: 3796: 3790: 3782: 3738: 3731: 3724: 3715: 3702: 3701: 3506:Madinat al-Zahra 3491:Castle of Burgos 3436: 3293: 3271: 3264: 3257: 3248: 3242: 3234: 3232:"Escorial" 3186:El Escorial site 3150: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3112:(4): 1106–1150. 3101: 3095: 3083: 3077: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3002: 2993: 2992: 2974: 2965: 2964: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2889: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2871: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2786: 2780: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2714: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2668: 2662:. Archived from 2661: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2566: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2526: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2475: 2464: 2463: 2440:The Art Bulletin 2435: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2415:. Archived from 2405: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2360: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2329:. Archived from 2319: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2291:unknown (2016). 2288: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2272:on 31 March 2022 2258: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2187: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2156: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2117:. Archived from 2106: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2073:. Archived from 2063: 1998: 1972: 1960: 1948: 1932: 1920: 1908: 1880:Federico Zuccari 1861:Council of Trent 1848:Kitab al-I'tibar 1757:, including her 1610:Domenico Fontana 1435: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1384: 1376: 1234:dynasties, from 1215: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1195: 1164: 1156: 1133:Sala de Batallas 1129:Galería del Rey) 1080:To decorate the 1075:Jacopo da Trezzo 947: 940: 936: 933: 927: 904: 896: 836:Amadeus of Savoy 780:Federico Zuccari 734: 727: 723: 720: 714: 691: 683: 576:Flavius Josephus 541:Antonio Filarete 510:Solomon's Temple 286: 281: 276: 275: 168: 58: 39: 21: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4483:from Wikivoyage 4477: 4472: 4470: 4460: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4446:sister projects 4445: 4443:at Knowledge's 4437: 4427: 4425: 4413: 4401: 4393: 4391: 4386: 4358:North Macedonia 4284: 4251: 4246: 4240: 4235: 4224: 4211: 4198: 4192: 4167: 4160: 4148: 4141: 4121: 4091: 4084: 4071: 4054: 4046: 4038: 4025: 4019: 4011: 3996: 3990: 3988:Paseo del Prado 3964: 3956: 3941: 3935: 3927: 3917: 3896: 3858: 3837: 3825: 3815: 3794: 3788: 3780: 3764: 3751: 3742: 3712: 3707: 3691: 3636:National Palace 3596: 3590: 3496:Del Real Palace 3443: 3437: 3424: 3378: 3347: 3286: 3280: 3275: 3225: 3215:Wayback Machine 3182: 3158: 3156:Further reading 3153: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3084: 3080: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3004: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2976: 2975: 2968: 2961: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2921: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2843:"Los Panteones" 2841: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2769: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2725: 2716: 2715: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2669:on 2 March 2007 2666: 2659: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2553: 2543: 2541: 2528: 2527: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2477: 2476: 2467: 2452:10.2307/3051093 2437: 2436: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2407: 2406: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2374:on 28 June 2022 2362: 2361: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2321: 2320: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2260: 2259: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2216:UNESCO (2008). 2215: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2189: 2188: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2158: 2157: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2108: 2107: 2090: 2080: 2078: 2065: 2064: 2055: 2051: 2038:Herrerian style 2009: 2002: 1999: 1990: 1973: 1964: 1961: 1952: 1951:A distant view. 1949: 1940: 1933: 1924: 1921: 1912: 1909: 1900: 1888: 1857: 1855:The reliquaries 1790:Zaydani library 1767:Antonio Agustín 1759:Libro the Horas 1700: 1614:Vatican Library 1601:Juan de Herrera 1592:of protection. 1585: 1579: 1543: 1535: 1499: 1463:Infante Alfonso 1456:John of Austria 1436: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1401: 1385: 1374: 1366:Sagua La Grande 1216: 1205: 1199: 1196: 1181: 1165: 1154: 1149: 1125: 1123:Hall of Battles 1109: 988:Juan de Herrera 948: 937: 931: 928: 917: 905: 894: 886:Alcoba del Rey, 851:Juan de Herrera 814:are on exhibit. 800:The Last Supper 735: 724: 718: 715: 704: 692: 681: 676: 674:Royal Monastery 664:Zidan Abu Maali 524:Juan de Herrera 424:Juan de Herrera 373: 279: 201: 162: 137: 87:Herrerian style 61: 49: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4652: 4650: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4468: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4423: 4411: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4342:Czech Republic 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4261: 4259: 4257:Canary Islands 4253: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4238: 4230: 4221: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4151: 4131: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4079: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4044: 4036: 4031: 4017: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3962: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3933: 3925: 3920: 3912: 3906: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3892:Vizcaya Bridge 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3853: 3847: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3786: 3774: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3718: 3709: 3708: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3603: 3601: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3511:Miramar Palace 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3447: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3310: 3305: 3299: 3297: 3290: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3266: 3259: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3229:, ed. (1911). 3227:Chisholm, Hugh 3223: 3217: 3205: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3181: 3180:External links 3178: 3177: 3176: 3166: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3151: 3140: 3131: 3118:10.1086/658508 3096: 3078: 3062: 3053: 3040: 3034:978-1616084530 3033: 3015: 2994: 2987: 2966: 2959: 2941: 2919: 2899: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2859: 2834: 2807: 2781: 2767: 2753: 2744: 2735: 2706: 2680: 2647: 2636:. 25 July 2019 2621: 2615:978-0802715517 2614: 2596: 2583: 2561: 2551: 2540:on 25 May 2022 2518: 2492: 2465: 2430: 2385: 2344: 2305: 2283: 2230: 2208: 2177: 2132: 2121:on 26 May 2022 2088: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1993: 1991: 1974: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1943: 1941: 1934: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1887: 1884: 1856: 1853: 1838:, such as the 1720:Ottoman Empire 1716:Spanish Empire 1699: 1696: 1597:Juan de Toledo 1581:Main article: 1578: 1575: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1498: 1495: 1438: 1437: 1388: 1386: 1379: 1373: 1370: 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3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444:Royal Palaces 3440: 3435: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296:Royal Palaces 3294: 3291: 3289: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3253: 3252: 3249: 3240: 3239: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3144: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3092:84-505-2529-2 3089: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3075:84-7506-178-8 3072: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3036: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2960:1-57958-244-3 2956: 2952: 2945: 2942: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2903: 2900: 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1489: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1467:Juan Carlos I 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1444: 1434: 1431: 1423: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1389:This section 1387: 1383: 1378: 1377: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1338: 1335: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1319:Queen Letizia 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1303:Juan Carlos I 1300: 1296: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1214: 1211: 1203: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1169:This section 1167: 1163: 1158: 1157: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1045: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 990:to that of a 989: 985: 981: 972: 964: 956: 946: 943: 935: 925: 921: 915: 914: 909:This section 907: 903: 898: 897: 891: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 862: 860: 859:Luca Giordano 857:, painted by 856: 852: 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