919:
907:
1054:
46:
1030:
1042:
88:
293:
960:
282:
938:. It is commercially sold and widely naturalized in Australia, including Tasmania, and was introduced to South Africa, Chile, New Zealand, and Argentina. In both Chile and California, there are marked differences between California poppies grown in low and high altitudes. Coastal or low-altitude specimens produce fewer flowers and seeds, experienced longer flowering times, and had shorter stems. It is recognized as a potentially
723:, for the Royal Horticultural Society of England. While evidence indicates that the golden poppy started appearing in British gardens over the subsequent fifty years, it had not yet become strongly associated with ideas of California identity and statehood. An 1883 Scottish report, recounting a visit to California and an encounter with the golden wildflowers, reflects the early attitudes forming around the poppy.
895:
65:
952:
351:
1018:, California, drew nationwide attention. So-called super blooms occur after a period of heavy rainfall and often draw large crowds. The most popular sightseeing spot, Walker Canyon, was overwhelmed by more than 100,000 visitors in the span of a few days, causing city officials to temporarily shut down surrounding roads to motor vehicles.
573:
These variations in features among
Eschscholzia species have led to inconsistencies in species descriptions and identifications. This variation, both within and between species, triggered a surge in Eschscholzia species descriptions, reaching 112 taxa in the early part of the last century. Currently,
771:
In the 19th century, the
California poppy held a dual identity, both as a botanical native and as a symbolic representation of California. It was crafted to embody the essence of a "true" Californian, celebrated and used predominantly by the white Californian community. The Native Daughters and Sons
762:
have cultural and historical connections with the poppy. These connections involve traditional uses of the plant, cultural significance, and even folklore. While indigenous communities have nurtured the land for generations, establishing ecological conditions conducive to wildflower growth, colonial
979:
in 1903. In this era, the state aimed to construct an external identity grounded in the natural wealth of the region, enticing newcomers and businesses with promises of celebration and prosperity. Publicly, products synonymous with the color gold, such as oranges, wheat, actual gold, and the iconic
942:
within the United States, although no indications of ill effects have been reported for this plant where it has been introduced outside of
California. The golden poppy has been displaced in large areas of its original habitat, such as Southern California, by more invasive exotic species, such as
983:
The designation of the
California poppy as the state flower was influenced by a convergence of cultural, social, and political factors aimed at defining and affirming the identity of the colonial state. Asserting claims of communal identity, white settlers orchestrated a movement to construct a
991:, the California poppy became a central design motif and symbol influencing various decorative objects. Such decorative objects featured California scenes and prominently showcased the California poppy symbolizing the imagined, pastoral and prosperous California that artists sought to create.
326:
are solitary on long stems, silky-textured, with four petals, each petal 2 to 6 cm (0.79 to 2.36 in) long and broad; flower color ranges through yellow, orange and red. Flowering occurs from
February to September in the northern hemisphere. The
994:
A particular example is a wooden box painted by Lucia
Mathews in 1929, this box serves as a visual representation of the symbiotic relationship between the poppy and California, reinforcing the state's identity through design. As the official
1555:
Sarris, Jerome; Panossian, Alexander; Schweitzer, Isaac; Stough, Con; Scholey, Andrew (December 2011). "Herbal medicine for depression, anxiety and insomnia: A review of psychopharmacology and clinical evidence".
3394:
1053:
379:
3409:
338:
3 to 9 cm (1.2 to 3.5 in) long, which splits in two, sometimes explosively with an audible snap, to release numerous small 1.5–1.8 mm (0.059–0.071 in) wide black or dark brown
3404:
260:
flowering in summer (spring in southern
Australia), with showy cup-shaped flowers in brilliant shades of red, orange and yellow (occasionally pink and white). It is also used as food or a
918:
906:
803:
California poppy leaves are used as food or garnish, while the seeds are used in cooking. There are no clinical trials showing it can effectively treat psychiatric disorders in humans.
3399:
3429:
3424:
574:
there are 189 taxonomic descriptions at the species level and below, with 159 type specimens scattered across global herbaria. The shift in recognizing poppy species, known as the "
3359:
3389:
1777:
869:
with a range of colors and blossom and stem forms. These typically do not breed true on reseeding. Seeds are often sold as mixtures. The following cultivars have gained the
602:. Despite some unresolved aspects in the phylogenies, it is evident that taxonomic are necessary within the genus, particularly in three areas: supporting two subspecies of
779:
Such indigenous communities interpret the
Mekechaa as a plant relative, and actively resisted attempts to appropriate its existence through artistic community projects. In
975:
advocated for the adoption of the golden poppy as the state flower of
California, eventually writing the bill passed by the California Legislature and signed by Governor
370:. At the peak of the blooming season, orange flowers seem to cover all 1,745 acres (706 ha) of the reserve. Other prominent locations of California poppy meadows include
3434:
3419:
730:
had transformed from merely the
California or golden poppy to the designated state poppy– a shift from a botanical specimen with regional ties to a symbol of the state.
3354:
3349:
3374:
3061:
3334:
3414:
3136:
1798:
842:
The California poppy has been used through two methods: fresh petals to create a syrup, and dried petals added to water to make an infusion or boiled for tea.
3449:
1965:
3444:
692:
In the late 1700s, Spanish settlers affectionately called the poppy "copa de oro" (gold cup). By 1816, Russian explorers officially named the flower
2999:
1974:
1829:
1004:
964:
363:
3454:
3384:
3074:
3012:
2900:
1230:
Still, Shannon M.; Potter, Daniel (2013). "California Poppy Conundrums: Insights into Relationships within Tribe Eschscholtzieae (Papaveraceae)".
3221:
3159:
371:
331:(or in cold, windy weather) and open again the following morning, although they may remain closed in cloudy weather. The fruit is a slender,
3439:
1706:
3379:
2934:
2895:
383:
3464:
3364:
1449:
763:
settlers and their governing structures found the native flower's status as a genuine and intrinsic product of the land appealing.
1774:
1333:"California poppy (Eschscholzia californica), the Papaveraceae golden girl model organism for evodevo and specialized metabolism"
739:
406:
3048:
72:
1029:
3459:
3283:
3102:
1958:
1655:
461:, native to California, Baja California, and Oregon, widely planted as an ornamental, and an invasive elsewhere (see below).
367:
1204:
358:
Its native habitat includes California and extends to Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Sonora and northwest
3079:
3123:
1109:
988:
1925:
3369:
3344:
2714:
2807:
87:
3247:
2859:
2836:
870:
509:. They are perennial, long-lived, glaucous, short in stature, and have extremely prostrate growth and yellow flowers.
301:
The same patch of California poppies, with petals open on a sunny day (above) and closed on a chilly evening (below).
1806:
3288:
3234:
996:
894:
265:
980:
golden poppy, were strategically employed as influential elements in the endeavor to shape and promote the state.
582:
played a pivotal role by considering the majority of described taxa as mere environmental variations. In his book
3141:
3097:
2688:
2638:
1951:
1015:
934:
Because of its beauty and ease of growing, the California poppy was introduced into several regions with similar
375:
3239:
1858:
1041:
3164:
2694:
716:
20:
775:
In contrast, the Tongva peoples of the San Gabriel Valley region recognized the California poppy by the term,
2986:
2668:
2582:
668:, topped the list for per-flower pollen production with its rate of 13.3 ± 2.8μl. When measuring the entire
476:
2991:
2965:
2978:
2960:
2874:
2769:
2556:
2535:
2478:
1529:
2864:
3339:
2708:
2608:
2446:
2441:
1996:
1511:
1137:
1123:
935:
874:
704:
542:
402:
207:
191:
45:
3017:
2462:
3151:
2908:
2648:
2571:
2467:
2349:
2221:
2152:
2110:
1891:
1395:
674:
527:) Jeps., which grows in non-arid inland regions. They are perennial, taller, and have orange flowers.
502:
332:
696:. Since California's statehood in 1850, local residents have embraced it as the California poppy or
2288:
1750:"RHS Plant Selector Eschscholzia californica 'Rose Chiffon' (Thai Silk Series) AGM / RHS Gardening"
1681:
972:
54:
3115:
1303:
1180:
772:
of the Golden West played a pivotal role in establishing the California poppy as a cultural icon.
3306:
3226:
2973:
2678:
2634:
2618:
2598:
2540:
2494:
2364:
2052:
2012:
1907:
1581:
1255:
1247:
1084:
669:
623:
579:
498:
427:
82:
24:
3298:
3066:
27:. For other species in the genus some of which are also popularly called California poppy, see
3185:
2882:
2339:
2206:
2142:
1991:
1573:
1445:
1423:
1364:
854:
738:
The California poppy has been historically used as traditional medicine and cosmetics by some
680:
558:
506:
494:
439:
410:
3190:
2509:
2504:
2415:
2396:
2359:
2196:
2067:
2062:
1899:
1600:
1565:
1413:
1403:
1354:
1344:
1239:
939:
575:
257:
246:
3040:
1384:"Food for Pollinators: Quantifying the Nectar and Pollen Resources of Urban Flower Meadows"
292:
3172:
2247:
1781:
1749:
707:
introduced the wildflower through a detailed description and life-sized color painting in
359:
335:
308:
242:
125:
1724:
3213:
1895:
1399:
1359:
1332:
959:
281:
3208:
2952:
2674:
2628:
2531:
2431:
2410:
2406:
2272:
2257:
2186:
2126:
2093:
1418:
1383:
819:
664:
610:, and recognizing two potential new taxa. Currently, 8 taxa are officially recognized.
566:
524:
322:
blue-green foliage. The leaves are alternately divided into round, lobed segments. The
316:
261:
112:
3200:
1630:
662:. On a per-flower basis it ranked second, with a rate of 8.3 ± 1.1μl. The corn poppy,
3328:
2658:
2644:
2525:
2380:
2355:
2253:
2237:
2162:
1943:
1903:
1074:
976:
815:
414:
342:. It survives mild winters in its native range, dying completely in colder climates.
1934:
1911:
1585:
1569:
1259:
742:, particularly those native to the regions where the plant is found. In particular,
3311:
2887:
2718:
2566:
2552:
2521:
2500:
2427:
858:
823:
715:. The living flower made its European debut in 1826, courtesy of Scottish botanist
598:
Botanical research has held significant implications towards the classification of
312:
253:
249:
168:
158:
148:
28:
3252:
1158:
646:
A UK study of meadow flowers including commercial mixes and common plants such as
3089:
2841:
2828:
1515:
1408:
3275:
3128:
3110:
3025:
2801:
2704:
2294:
2058:
1124:"Eschscholzia californica | California poppy Annual Biennial/RHS Gardening"
1003:
is pictured on welcome signs along highways entering California and on official
2818:
1830:"'Poppy Apocalypse': A California City Swarmed By Selfie Stick-Toting Tourists"
1508:
Fields of Gold: Designing the Golden State With the California Poppy, 1880–1930
545:, which is an annual or facultative annual growing in arid inland environments.
2386:
2376:
2329:
2038:
1349:
1011:
755:
711:(1820). This marked the entry of the poppy into European taxonomic systems as
640:
435:
328:
2939:
2792:
1243:
2947:
2921:
2654:
2562:
2319:
2303:
2284:
2212:
2166:
2098:
831:
651:
431:
3265:
1577:
1469:
Journal Kept by David Douglas during His Travels in North America 1823–1827
1427:
1368:
951:
3260:
2786:
2698:
2624:
2458:
2335:
2315:
2298:
2263:
2243:
2216:
2202:
2158:
2079:
2048:
2028:
866:
827:
747:
319:
138:
3177:
2851:
1725:"RHS Plant Selector Eschscholzia californica 'Dali' AGM / RHS Gardening"
1251:
578:", initiated a significant reduction in recognized species. Willis Lynn
3004:
2664:
2614:
2325:
2172:
2089:
2022:
2018:
1987:
1882:
Cham.) grow larger than native individuals under reduced competition".
647:
636:
238:
479:
north. They are perennial and somewhat prostrate, with yellow flowers.
350:
3030:
2490:
2345:
2192:
2138:
2115:
2008:
751:
743:
659:
655:
323:
2763:
3053:
2926:
2594:
2390:
2267:
2233:
2176:
2148:
2083:
2032:
1775:"Who is responsible for setting up Santa Barbara’s first library?"
958:
950:
419:
349:
99:
2684:
2604:
2437:
2400:
2182:
1878:
Leger, E. A.; Rice, K. J. (2003). "Invasive California poppies (
862:
759:
684:, which had a rate nearly equivalent to that of the corn poppy.
658:
production, although it did not produce a significant amount of
339:
2913:
2767:
1947:
1276:" The San Francisco Examiner, December 21, 1890, Newspapers.com
857:, self-seeding, and easy to cultivate. It is best grown as an
1144:. Royal Horticultural Society, Plant Selector, RHS Gardening.
19:"California Poppy" redirects here. For the album by OPM, see
955:
A Welcome to California road sign, featuring golden poppies
822:, eschscholtzine N-CH3 (californidine), and other similar (
586:, published in 1922, he consolidated many of the taxa into
1161:. Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida
635:
As poppies are not wind-pollinated, their pollen poses no
3395:
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
783:
the final plant created by the Tongva's god of creation,
446:)—though others do not recognize them as distinct (e.g.,
16:
Species of flowering plant and state flower of California
1713:. Royal Horticultural Society, RHS Plant Selector. 2018.
590:
and reduced the total number of taxa within the greater
256:
to the United States and Mexico. It is cultivated as an
881:'Apricot chiffon' (yellow flushed with pink and orange)
413:'s scientific expedition to California and the greater
3410:
Natural history of the Channel Islands of California
1687:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 37
984:
cultural identity centered around the golden poppy.
2776:
3405:Natural history of the Central Valley (California)
426:California poppy is highly variable, with over 90
315:growing to 5–12 in (13–30 cm) tall with
1501:
1499:
1497:
1289:". Berkeley, California: Published by the author.
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1061:E. californica subsp. californica var. maritima
865:soil. Horticulturalists have produced numerous
793:golden as the sun, bringing beauty to the world
719:, who collected various plant seeds, including
3400:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
1326:
1324:
3430:Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
3425:Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
1959:
1159:"California poppy, golden poppy, copa de oro"
8:
3360:Flora of the West Coast of the United States
1382:Hicks, DM; Ouvrard, P; Baldock, KCR (2016).
1297:
1295:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1799:"California Beat Hero: Sara Plummer Lemmon"
672:the top two species were the ox-eye daisy,
3390:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
2764:
1966:
1952:
1944:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
861:, in full sun, and well-draining sandy or
475:, which is found along the coast from the
63:
44:
35:
1417:
1407:
1358:
1348:
443:
397:was the first named species of the genus
3435:Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
3420:Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
1471:". London: William Wesley & Son: 14.
364:Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve
354:Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve
3355:Flora of the Southwestern United States
3350:Flora of the Northwestern United States
1101:
1025:
1014:" of California poppies in the city of
890:
501:., which is found along the coast from
3375:Flora of the California desert regions
1088:, the opium poppy (closely related to
989:1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire
654:ranked the California poppy highly in
447:
3335:NatureServe apparently secure species
1711:'Apricot Chiffon' (Thai Silk Series)"
1153:
1151:
23:. For the British speedway team, see
7:
3415:Natural history of the Mojave Desert
3289:41f856b7-c55c-45bd-a5ca-813f2355ef6a
3152:92b2b081-3ba6-47b5-b66b-6d2cbe017f2f
1828:Schwartz, Matthew (March 19, 2019).
1611:(in German). Giftpflanzen Compendium
1440:Beidleman, Richard G. (March 2006).
1308:UC Davis Arboretum and Public Garden
688:Historical and cultural significance
3450:Taxa named by Adelbert von Chamisso
417:circa 1810 aboard the Russian ship
3240:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30043364-2
2751:, beautification and conservation
1975:State flowers of the United States
1302:Cook, Anjie J. (August 17, 2021).
900:Genetic variation in blossom color
569:. Some authorities refer to it as
14:
1662:. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2018
1331:Becker, Annette (March 2, 2023).
405:after the Baltic German botanist
3445:Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz
1904:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00423.x
1865:. University of California. 1993
1558:European Neuropsychopharmacology
1442:California's Frontier Naturalist
1304:"A Profusion of Poppy Confusion"
1052:
1040:
1028:
917:
905:
893:
617:, sister group to the subfamily
407:Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz
291:
280:
86:
1570:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.04.002
1077:, a chemical compound found in
967:marker showing the state flower
887:'Rose chiffon' (pink and white)
740:indigenous people in California
734:Connection to indigenous tribes
401:, named by the German botanist
3455:Garden plants of North America
3385:Flora of the Klamath Mountains
1805:. May 27, 2009. Archived from
606:, endorsing two subspecies of
409:, his friend and colleague on
1:
2289:Pink and white lady's slipper
1631:"A tale of two poppies | Kew"
1409:10.1371/journal.pone.0158117
613:It belongs to the subfamily
594:genus from around 120 to 12.
3440:North American desert flora
1834:National Public Radio (NPR)
1536:. Plants for a Future. 2012
1209:at Arizona State University
943:mustard or annual grasses.
871:Royal Horticultural Society
709:Horae Physicae Berolinenses
3481:
3380:Flora of the Cascade Range
2739:, state children's flower
2238:White pine cone and tassel
1859:"Eschscholzia californica"
1601:"Kalifornischer Goldmohn (
1506:Reynolds, Katrina (2023).
1337:Frontiers in Plant Science
1181:"Eschscholzia californica"
1110:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
947:State flower of California
767:Tongva (Garbrielino tribe)
18:
2728:
2689:Bougainvillea spectabilis
1981:
1786:Santa Barbara Independent
1682:"AGM Plants – Ornamental"
1350:10.3389/fpls.2023.1084358
1090:Eschscholzia californica)
588:Eschscholtzia californica
264:. It became the official
197:
190:
83:Scientific classification
81:
61:
52:
43:
38:
3465:Plants described in 1820
3365:Flora of Baja California
3201:Eschscholzia_californica
2979:Eschscholzia californica
2901:Eschscholzia_californica
2808:Eschscholzia californica
2778:Eschscholzia californica
2053:Rocky Mountain columbine
1937:Eschscholzia californica
1935:USDA Plants profile for
1928:Eschscholzia californica
1880:Eschscholzia californica
1780:October 4, 2018, at the
1709:Eschscholzia californica
1658:Eschscholzia californica
1603:Eschscholzia californica
1532:Eschscholzia californica
1467:Douglas, David (1914). "
1244:10.1600/036364413X661872
1140:Eschscholzia californica
1079:Eschscholzia californica
1001:Eschscholzia californica
987:In the aftermath of the
728:Eschscholzia californica
721:Eschscholzia californica
713:Eschscholzia californica
694:Eschscholzia californica
565:, which is found in the
561:) and Curtis Clark, the
395:Eschscholzia californica
218:Eschscholzia californica
201:Eschscholzia californica
21:California Poppy (album)
1599:B. Bös (June 4, 2007).
965:California Scenic Route
924:'Ivory castle' cultivar
912:'Purple gleam' cultivar
678:, with 15.9 ± 2μl, and
477:San Francisco Peninsula
366:is located in northern
268:of California in 1903.
2745:, state floral emblem
2023:Saguaro cactus blossom
1444:(1st ed.). pp. 52–53.
1285:Jepson, W.L. (1922). "
1274:Why the Eschscholtzia?
1035:Botanical illustration
968:
956:
936:Mediterranean climates
384:San Luis Obispo County
355:
307:California poppy is a
3460:Symbols of California
1287:A Flora of California
1206:Eschscholzia mexicana
962:
954:
875:Award of Garden Merit
703:Several years later,
584:A Flora of California
444:Leger & Rice 2003
403:Adelbert von Chamisso
353:
329:petals close at night
317:alternately branching
2583:Tennessee coneflower
2572:Purple passionflower
2510:Penngift crown vetch
2447:Large white trillium
2153:Syringa, mock orange
1863:Jepson Flora Project
1809:on December 23, 2010
1609:www.giftpflanzen.com
973:Sarah Plummer Lemmon
675:Leucanthemum vulgare
627:, the opium poppy).
3370:Flora of New Mexico
3345:Flora of California
2733:: state wildflower
2365:Pink lady's slipper
1926:Calflora Database:
1896:2003EcolL...6..257L
1400:2016PLoSO..1158117H
1272:Edward W. Greene, "
1185:ucjeps.berkeley.edu
231:California sunlight
183:E. californica
55:Conservation status
2639:Coast rhododendron
1997:Oak-leaf hydrangea
1939:(California poppy)
1930:(California poppy)
1085:Papaver somniferum
1063:(E.L. Greene) Jeps
1059:Maritime poppies,
1010:In March 2019, a "
969:
957:
930:Invasive potential
807:Chemical compounds
624:Papaver somniferum
563:Mexican gold poppy
368:Los Angeles County
356:
69:Apparently Secure
25:California Poppies
3322:
3321:
3186:Open Tree of Life
2770:Taxon identifiers
2761:
2760:
2669:Indian paintbrush
2442:Scarlet carnation
2432:Wild prairie rose
2411:Flowering dogwood
2187:Wild prairie rose
2143:Hawaiian hibiscus
1788:, April 10, 2008.
1232:Systematic Botany
971:During the 1890s
744:Tongva Gabrielino
681:Cosmos bipinnatus
615:Eschscholzioideae
576:Greene Revolution
507:San Miguel Island
411:Otto von Kotzebue
214:
213:
76:
39:California poppy
3472:
3315:
3314:
3302:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3279:
3278:
3269:
3268:
3256:
3255:
3243:
3242:
3230:
3229:
3217:
3216:
3204:
3203:
3194:
3193:
3181:
3180:
3168:
3167:
3155:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3132:
3131:
3129:NBNSYS0000002776
3119:
3118:
3106:
3105:
3093:
3092:
3083:
3082:
3070:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3021:
3020:
3008:
3007:
2995:
2994:
2982:
2981:
2969:
2968:
2956:
2955:
2943:
2942:
2930:
2929:
2917:
2916:
2904:
2903:
2891:
2890:
2878:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2855:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2832:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2629:American dogwood
2590:
2589:
2579:
2578:
2548:
2547:
2536:Yellow jessamine
2517:
2516:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2454:
2453:
2423:
2422:
2372:
2371:
2311:
2310:
2280:
2279:
2248:Black-eyed susan
2229:
2228:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2106:
2105:
2075:
2074:
2068:Mirabilis jalapa
2043:California poppy
2004:
2003:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1915:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1795:
1789:
1773:Michael Redmon,
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1503:
1472:
1465:
1452:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1411:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1352:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1299:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1227:
1210:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1056:
1044:
1032:
940:invasive species
921:
909:
897:
855:drought-tolerant
791:, described as "
621:(which includes
295:
284:
258:ornamental plant
223:California poppy
203:
91:
90:
70:
67:
66:
48:
36:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3310:
3305:
3297:
3295:
3287:
3282:
3274:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3233:
3225:
3220:
3212:
3207:
3199:
3197:
3189:
3184:
3176:
3173:Observation.org
3171:
3163:
3158:
3150:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3114:
3109:
3101:
3096:
3088:
3087:MichiganFlora:
3086:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3060:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3037:
3029:
3024:
3016:
3011:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2985:
2977:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2938:
2933:
2925:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2899:
2894:
2886:
2881:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2848:
2840:
2835:
2827:
2825:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2772:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2679:Paogo (Ulafala)
2587:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2545:
2544:
2514:
2513:
2505:Mountain laurel
2483:
2482:
2472:
2471:
2451:
2450:
2420:
2419:
2369:
2368:
2308:
2307:
2277:
2276:
2273:Dwarf lake iris
2226:
2225:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2119:
2103:
2102:
2072:
2071:
2063:Mountain laurel
2001:
2000:
1977:
1972:
1922:
1884:Ecology Letters
1877:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1803:California Beat
1797:
1796:
1792:
1782:Wayback Machine
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1754:Apps.rhs.org.uk
1748:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1729:Apps.rhs.org.uk
1723:
1722:
1718:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1564:(12): 841–860.
1554:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1505:
1504:
1475:
1466:
1455:
1439:
1435:
1394:(6): e0158117.
1381:
1380:
1376:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1267:
1229:
1228:
1213:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1045:
1036:
1033:
1024:
999:of California,
949:
932:
925:
922:
913:
910:
901:
898:
848:
840:
809:
801:
769:
736:
690:
633:
541:(E. L. Greene)
438:—one with four
392:
360:Baja California
348:
305:
304:
303:
302:
298:
297:
296:
287:
286:
285:
274:
243:flowering plant
210:
205:
199:
186:
85:
77:
68:
64:
57:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3478:
3476:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3312:wfo-0000680430
3303:
3293:
3280:
3270:
3257:
3244:
3231:
3218:
3205:
3195:
3182:
3169:
3156:
3146:
3133:
3120:
3107:
3094:
3084:
3071:
3058:
3045:
3035:
3022:
3009:
2996:
2983:
2970:
2957:
2944:
2931:
2918:
2905:
2892:
2879:
2869:
2856:
2846:
2833:
2823:
2813:
2798:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2601:
2599:Bluebonnet sp.
2591:
2559:
2549:
2528:
2518:
2497:
2487:
2468:Indian blanket
2455:
2434:
2424:
2403:
2393:
2383:
2373:
2352:
2342:
2332:
2322:
2312:
2291:
2281:
2260:
2250:
2240:
2230:
2222:Louisiana iris
2209:
2199:
2189:
2179:
2169:
2155:
2145:
2135:
2107:
2094:Orange blossom
2086:
2076:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2025:
2015:
2005:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1932:
1921:
1920:External links
1918:
1917:
1916:
1890:(3): 257–264.
1875:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1820:
1790:
1766:
1741:
1716:
1698:
1673:
1647:
1622:
1591:
1547:
1521:
1473:
1453:
1433:
1374:
1320:
1291:
1278:
1265:
1238:(1): 104–117.
1211:
1197:
1172:
1147:
1129:
1115:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1081:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1020:
948:
945:
931:
928:
927:
926:
923:
916:
914:
911:
904:
902:
899:
892:
889:
888:
885:
882:
851:E. californica
847:
844:
839:
836:
820:allocryptopine
812:E. californica
808:
805:
800:
797:
768:
765:
735:
732:
726:By the 1890s,
689:
686:
665:Papaver rhoeas
632:
629:
604:E. californica
596:
595:
567:Sonoran Desert
551:E. californica
548:
547:
546:
528:
513:E. californica
510:
483:E. californica
480:
465:E. californica
455:E. californica
391:
388:
347:
344:
300:
299:
290:
289:
288:
279:
278:
277:
276:
275:
273:
270:
212:
211:
206:
195:
194:
188:
187:
180:
178:
174:
173:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
129:
128:
123:
116:
115:
110:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
79:
78:
62:
59:
58:
53:
50:
49:
41:
40:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3477:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2557:Pasque flower
2555:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2480:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2463:Oklahoma rose
2461:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2417:
2416:Carolina lily
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2268:Apple blossom
2266:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2128:
2127:Cherokee rose
2118:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2084:Peach blossom
2082:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2033:Apple blossom
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2013:Forget-me-not
2011:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1821:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1759:September 15,
1755:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1734:September 15,
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1702:
1699:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1648:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1548:
1535:
1533:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:9780520230101
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1075:Californidine
1073:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1016:Lake Elsinore
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
992:
990:
985:
981:
978:
977:George Pardee
974:
966:
961:
953:
946:
944:
941:
937:
929:
920:
915:
908:
903:
896:
891:
886:
883:
880:
879:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
843:
837:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:californidine
813:
806:
804:
798:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
766:
764:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
733:
731:
729:
724:
722:
718:
717:David Douglas
714:
710:
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666:
661:
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653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
630:
628:
626:
625:
620:
619:Papaveroideae
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
593:
592:Eschscholtzia
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
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531:E. California
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192:Binomial name
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113:Tracheophytes
111:
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84:
80:
74:
60:
56:
51:
47:
42:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3340:Eschscholzia
2777:
2730:
2719:Yellow elder
2713:
2703:
2693:
2683:
2673:
2663:
2653:
2649:Rhododendron
2643:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2581:
2570:
2561:
2551:
2539:
2530:
2520:
2508:
2499:
2495:Oregon grape
2489:
2477:
2466:
2457:
2445:
2436:
2426:
2414:
2405:
2395:
2391:Yucca flower
2385:
2375:
2363:
2360:Purple lilac
2354:
2344:
2334:
2324:
2314:
2302:
2293:
2283:
2271:
2262:
2252:
2242:
2232:
2220:
2211:
2201:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2157:
2147:
2137:
2125:
2114:
2109:
2097:
2088:
2078:
2066:
2057:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2017:
2007:
1995:
1986:
1936:
1927:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1862:
1837:. Retrieved
1833:
1823:
1813:December 13,
1811:. Retrieved
1807:the original
1802:
1793:
1785:
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1753:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1728:
1719:
1708:
1701:
1691:February 18,
1689:. Retrieved
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1657:
1650:
1638:. Retrieved
1634:
1625:
1613:. Retrieved
1608:
1602:
1594:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1531:
1524:
1507:
1468:
1441:
1436:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1340:
1336:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:
1286:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1235:
1231:
1205:
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1184:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1139:
1132:
1118:
1104:
1089:
1083:
1078:
1060:
1009:
1005:Scenic Route
1000:
997:state flower
993:
986:
982:
970:
933:
884:'Dali' (red)
850:
849:
841:
824:Papaveraceae
811:
810:
802:
792:
789:Island poppy
788:
784:
780:
776:
774:
770:
737:
727:
725:
720:
712:
708:
702:
698:golden poppy
697:
693:
691:
679:
673:
663:
645:
634:
622:
618:
614:
612:
607:
603:
600:Eschscholzia
599:
597:
591:
587:
583:
571:E. Mexicana.
570:
562:
559:E. L. Greene
554:
550:
539:peninsularis
538:
534:
530:
520:
516:
512:
495:E. L. Greene
490:
486:
482:
472:
468:
464:
458:
454:
425:
418:
399:Eschscholzia
398:
394:
393:
380:Point Buchon
357:
313:annual plant
306:
266:state flower
250:Papaveraceae
234:
230:
227:golden poppy
226:
222:
217:
216:
215:
200:
198:
182:
181:
170:Eschscholzia
169:
159:Papaveraceae
149:Ranunculales
132:
119:
106:
33:
29:Eschscholzia
3214:kew-2801972
3111:NatureServe
3026:iNaturalist
2802:Wikispecies
2699:Flores mayo
2659:Wood violet
1869:October 25,
1839:October 24,
1640:October 24,
1635:www.kew.org
1313:October 25,
1012:super bloom
846:Cultivation
838:Preparation
818:(N(CH3)2),
608:E. lemmonii
535:californica
517:californica
487:californica
473:californica
469:californica
459:californica
448:Jepson 1993
434:accept two
372:Bear Valley
272:Description
235:cup of gold
126:Angiosperms
73:NatureServe
3329:Categories
3296:WisFlora:
3209:Plant List
2872:Calflora:
2619:Red clover
2330:Bitterroot
1516:2832793885
1510:(Thesis).
1096:References
787:, was the
641:inhalation
436:subspecies
2992:220004967
2966:220004967
2948:FloraBase
2609:Sego lily
2541:Goldenrod
2479:Mistletoe
2350:Sagebrush
2340:Goldenrod
2258:Mayflower
2207:Goldenrod
2197:Sunflower
1615:April 12,
867:cultivars
832:berberine
828:alkaloids
814:contains
781:Waa'aka',
777:Mekachaa.
752:Costanoan
670:capitulum
652:dandelion
639:risk via
505:south to
440:varieties
432:botanists
333:dehiscent
309:perennial
177:Species:
96:Kingdom:
3284:VicFlora
3273:VASCAN:
3266:24000077
3261:Tropicos
3198:PalDat:
3116:2.160245
3067:10203500
3054:672740-1
2896:eFloraSA
2849:BioLib:
2787:Wikidata
2320:Hawthorn
2304:Tickseed
2299:Magnolia
2217:Magnolia
2167:Milkweed
2099:Tickseed
1992:Camellia
1912:86091323
1778:Archived
1586:16831869
1578:21601431
1512:ProQuest
1428:27341588
1388:PLOS ONE
1369:36938015
1360:10017456
1260:84687122
1252:23362741
1165:April 9,
1069:See also
748:Cahuilla
705:Chamisso
555:mexicana
503:Monterey
491:maritima
428:synonyms
390:Taxonomy
320:glaucous
155:Family:
139:Eudicots
3098:MoBotPF
3005:2888380
2793:Q158795
2731:Italics
1892:Bibcode
1852:Sources
1534:– Cham"
1419:4920406
1396:Bibcode
1190:May 15,
1022:Gallery
1007:signs.
830:. Also
756:Luiseno
648:ragwort
637:allergy
553:subsp.
533:subsp.
515:subsp.
485:subsp.
467:subsp.
457:subsp.
442:(e.g.,
430:. Some
415:Pacific
346:Habitat
336:capsule
324:flowers
262:garnish
245:in the
239:species
237:, is a
165:Genus:
145:Order:
100:Plantae
71: (
3253:106119
3222:PLANTS
3191:438086
3149:NZOR:
3103:284842
2940:175478
2914:594818
2865:510012
2826:APDB:
2526:Violet
2381:Violet
2163:Violet
2116:Azalea
1910:
1666:May 8,
1584:
1576:
1540:May 8,
1514:
1448:
1426:
1416:
1367:
1357:
1258:
1250:
859:annual
758:, and
660:nectar
656:pollen
631:Pollen
580:Jepson
525:Benth.
521:crocea
378:) and
362:. The
254:native
247:family
221:, the
3227:ESCA2
3160:NZPCN
3080:18956
3062:IRMNG
3038:IPA:
3031:48225
3018:15817
2974:FoAO2
2935:EUNIS
2927:ESHCA
2888:3BH52
2842:76148
2829:23670
2816:APA:
2177:Peony
1908:S2CID
1685:(PDF)
1582:S2CID
1256:S2CID
1248:JSTOR
1047:Seeds
785:Wiyot
537:var.
519:var.
489:var.
471:var.
420:Rurik
340:seeds
208:Cham.
133:Clade
120:Clade
107:Clade
3299:3575
3276:7102
3235:POWO
3178:6766
3165:3904
3142:3467
3137:NCBI
3090:1894
3075:ITIS
3049:IPNI
3041:5614
3013:GRIN
3000:GBIF
2953:2962
2922:EPPO
2875:3512
2860:BOLD
2852:3517
2837:APNI
2819:2812
2709:Maga
2567:Iris
2401:Rose
1871:2023
1841:2023
1815:2016
1761:2018
1736:2018
1693:2018
1668:2018
1642:2023
1617:2022
1574:PMID
1542:2018
1446:ISBN
1424:PMID
1365:PMID
1315:2023
1192:2021
1167:2012
877::-
863:loam
799:Uses
760:Pomo
650:and
543:Munz
499:Jeps
3307:WFO
3248:RHS
3124:NBN
2987:FoC
2961:FNA
2909:EoL
2883:CoL
1900:doi
1566:doi
1414:PMC
1404:doi
1355:PMC
1345:doi
1240:doi
873:'s
853:is
795:."
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311:or
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2705:PR
2695:MP
2685:GU
2675:AS
2665:WY
2655:WI
2645:WV
2635:WA
2625:VA
2615:VT
2605:UT
2595:TX
2588:WF
2580:,
2577:WF
2569:,
2563:TN
2553:SD
2546:WF
2538:,
2532:SC
2522:RI
2515:BC
2507:,
2501:PA
2491:OR
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2473:WF
2465:,
2459:OK
2452:WF
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2438:OH
2428:ND
2421:WF
2413:,
2407:NC
2397:NY
2387:NM
2377:NJ
2370:WF
2362:,
2356:NH
2346:NV
2336:NE
2326:MT
2316:MO
2309:WF
2301:,
2295:MS
2285:MN
2278:WF
2270:,
2264:MI
2254:MA
2244:MD
2234:ME
2227:WF
2219:,
2213:LA
2203:KY
2193:KS
2183:IA
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2159:IL
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
