393:
31:
46:
449:
370:
413:
437:
354:
412:
215:
with glue. Each layer was highly polished to achieve a perfectly smooth finish. Next, color was applied in various transparent layers, allowing an optical mix of overlapping colors. This began with the colors of shadows (blue, green, ocher), then light colors were applied (white, pink, yellow). and
110:
in the country. Characterized by a mastery of the realistic and by the degree to which indigenous beliefs and artistic traditions are evident, these productions were among of the most important activities in the economy of the Royal
Audience of Quito. Such was the prestige of the movement even in
392:
139:
transformed the San Andrés seminary, where the first indigenous artists were trained. As a cultural expression, it is the result of a long process of acculturation between indigenous peoples and
Europeans, and it is one of the richest expressions of
211:("flesh-colored") â the simulation of the color of the flesh of the (European) human body â that makes the skin of sculptures appear more natural. Once the piece was perfectly cut and sanded, an artisan covered the wood with several layers of
369:
448:
168:, the works of the Quito School are characterized by the combination and adaptation of European and Indigenous features. In its development, it reflected the styles prevailing in each period of Spain and thus contains
216:
finally highlight colors were added (orange and red to cheeks, knees, and elbows of children; and dark blue, green, and violet for wounds and bruises of Christ or for stubble on a beardless figure).
2038:
436:
2058:
2976:
2523:
2018:
45:
30:
455:
2981:
2068:
353:
1673:
1031:
344:
2908:
529:(Series: Culture and Customs of Latin America and the Caribbean; Series editor: Peter Standish); Westport, Connecticut/London: Greenwood Press, pg 125.
3020:
2888:
1992:
670:
1972:
645:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on the Quito School
2746:
1708:
1577:
1204:
1200:
857:
602:
555:
514:
2204:
2841:
2836:
1610:
1253:
706:
152:, in which the participation of the vanquished Indian is seemingly of minor importance as compared to the dominant European contribution.
82:
colonial artistic tradition that constitutes essentially the whole of the professional artistic output developed in the territory of the
2903:
2023:
2139:
795:
3035:
2670:
1987:
1923:
1645:
1625:
1100:
832:
1140:
770:
2645:
2043:
1587:
623:
594:
547:
506:
2736:
2312:
882:
189:
2936:
2252:
2247:
1620:
1104:
2452:
2873:
2665:
1801:
1751:
1736:
1635:
1322:
1224:
61:
2307:
2048:
106:. It is especially associated with the 17th and 18th centuries and was almost exclusively focused on the religious art of the
2893:
2831:
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1761:
1741:
1713:
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1465:
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2856:
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2442:
2129:
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2941:
2883:
2861:
2675:
2447:
2242:
2237:
1918:
1903:
988:
852:
805:
3085:
2878:
2866:
2846:
2377:
2199:
1678:
1058:
867:
663:
642:
2851:
2751:
2382:
1834:
1766:
735:
2302:
2209:
2149:
2786:
2169:
2124:
1796:
1683:
1595:
1567:
1194:
1164:
800:
418:âProcession during the time of droughtâ from the painting series âThe Virgin of GuĂĄpulo's miraclesâ (1699-1706) by
785:
755:
339:
115:
of Spain (1716â1788), referring to one of its sculptors in particular, opined: "I am not concerned that Italy has
3065:
2705:
2655:
2513:
2412:
1908:
1781:
1746:
1698:
1600:
1212:
1096:
750:
398:
Close-up view of âSt. Joseph's
Workshopâ by Manuel de Samaniego. Oil on canvas, 51 x 69.4 cm, 18th century.
877:
862:
403:
3080:
2650:
2533:
2432:
2427:
2367:
1786:
1776:
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1265:
1176:
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2194:
2109:
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2700:
2558:
2402:
2342:
1893:
1791:
1756:
1703:
1208:
1172:
902:
775:
760:
656:
383:
280:
254:
Presence of local flora and fauna, and the substitution of local plants for traditional
European iconography
83:
567:
2991:
2563:
2498:
2134:
2002:
1888:
1771:
1731:
1375:
1168:
827:
817:
1334:
300:
285:
2791:
2437:
1847:
1668:
1557:
1496:
1424:
1035:
715:
419:
360:
290:
38:
2971:
2372:
2282:
2159:
2119:
2078:
1047:
131:
The Quito School originated in the school of Artes y
Oficios, founded in 1552 by the Franciscan priest
3075:
2946:
2615:
2578:
2568:
2508:
2472:
2407:
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2184:
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790:
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3015:
2771:
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1658:
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1501:
1470:
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993:
837:
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710:
379:
323:
311:
2227:
132:
2776:
2766:
2741:
2695:
2660:
2518:
2104:
1977:
1475:
1455:
1115:
1003:
892:
730:
587:
Historia y crĂtica del Arte
Hispanoamericano, Real Audiencia de Quito: (siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII)
305:
2099:
2028:
3030:
2956:
2898:
2731:
2503:
2477:
2467:
2457:
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2232:
2179:
2154:
1419:
973:
969:
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842:
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619:
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551:
543:
510:
502:
2966:
2588:
2583:
2548:
2528:
2287:
2164:
2063:
1967:
1429:
1269:
1120:
1052:
998:
269:
197:
53:
2781:
2721:
2635:
2543:
2417:
2397:
2362:
2144:
2114:
2053:
1663:
1653:
1434:
1326:
1283:
1043:
951:
822:
473:
375:
112:
107:
2690:
3008:
2625:
2538:
2422:
2174:
1997:
1982:
1883:
1857:
1842:
1723:
1318:
1312:
1216:
983:
897:
847:
725:
679:
275:
136:
103:
79:
3054:
2189:
1039:
956:
765:
185:
165:
2961:
2951:
2680:
2219:
2073:
1898:
1414:
1190:
872:
720:
333:
116:
2272:
1342:
3031:
Law of coartaciĂłn (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
1862:
1852:
1688:
1257:
169:
17:
2726:
1460:
1130:
740:
423:
227:
161:
149:
91:
499:
América y España en la escultura colonial quiteña: historia de un sincretismo
1693:
1450:
1350:
1027:
961:
234:
223:
Serpentine representation of the movement of bodies, especially in sculpture
173:
120:
99:
1867:
977:
745:
193:
540:
La
Audiencia de Quito: aspectos econĂłmicos y sociales (siglos XVI-XVIII)
3025:
2996:
1549:
1506:
1491:
1135:
478:
201:
177:
141:
1962:
1516:
1511:
1288:
181:
57:
207:
One of the common characteristics of the school is the technique of
245:"Quiteñization" of characters, with mixed traits and local costumes
3003:
1330:
1277:
1125:
941:
459:
427:
399:
212:
95:
87:
44:
29:
648:
1346:
1338:
1261:
2925:
2820:
1944:
1822:
1537:
1396:
1364:
1301:
1238:
1153:
1076:
1016:
930:
919:
690:
652:
251:
Location of the scenes within the Andean countryside or cities
442:
Close-up view of âVirgin of El Carmenâ by Isabel de
Santiago.
52:("Portrait of a Quito Matron Lady with Her Black Slave") by
643:
The colonial Andes: tapestries and silverwork, 1530-1830
585:
Ximena
Escudero Albornoz and JosĂ© MarĂa Vargas ArĂ©valo.
454:
Replica of âHellâ by
Hernando de la Cruz, 17th century.
497:
Ximena Escudero-Albornoz and Ximena Escudero de TerĂĄn.
241:
The features indicating its indigenous roots include:
994:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
50:
Retrato de una señora principal con su negra esclava
2714:
2608:
2601:
2486:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2218:
2087:
2011:
1955:
1876:
1833:
1722:
1644:
1586:
1548:
1484:
1443:
1407:
616:
Arte de la Real Audiencia de Quito, siglos XVII-XIX
248:
Frequent appearance of ancestral indigenous customs
422:. Oil on canvas, 137 x 137 cm. Santiago de
382:. The wooden sculpture follows the theme of the
237:or silver paint, giving a special metallic sheen
176:elements. During its height, it was eminently
119:; in my colonies of America I have the master
1183:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
664:
8:
858:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
501:. Ediciones del Banco de los Andes (1992).
2922:
2817:
2605:
2332:
2325:
1952:
1941:
1830:
1819:
1545:
1534:
1404:
1393:
1361:
1298:
1235:
1150:
1073:
1013:
927:
916:
687:
671:
657:
649:
2977:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
2982:Colonial universities in the Philippines
1973:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
490:
349:
219:Other typical characteristics include:
37:("Winged Virgin of the Apocalypse") by
538:Christiana Renate Borchart de Moreno.
359:âWinged Virgin of the Apocalypseâ by
192:. The Quito School also incorporated
7:
1254:Captaincy General of the Philippines
746:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
56:, 1783. Oil on canvas, 80 x 109 cm.
2957:Indochristian painting in New Spain
345:MarĂa EstefanĂa DĂĄvalos y Maldonado
104:Spanish colonial period (1542â1824)
1924:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
25:
898:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
27:Latin American artistic tradition
3009:Criollos in the colonial society
2937:Spanish missions in the Americas
2059:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
447:
435:
411:
391:
368:
352:
3036:Great PotosĂ Mint Fraud of 1649
184:period leading to an incipient
35:La Virgen alada del ApocalĂpsis
1088:Captaincy General of Guatemala
796:Franco-Spanish War (1635â1659)
589:. Editorial Abya Yala (2000).
569:Un sitio llamado San Francisco
542:. Editorial Abya Yala (1998).
527:Culture and Customs of Ecuador
1:
2987:General Archive of the Indies
2248:Francisco VĂĄzquez de Coronado
1919:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
1904:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
853:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
806:War of the Spanish Succession
771:Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
111:Europe that it was said that
1059:Captaincy General of Yucatan
989:Union with Holy Roman Empire
968:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
883:GermanâSpanish Treaty (1899)
525:Handelsman, Michael (2000),
340:Miguel Angel Tejada Zambrano
188:until the transition to the
1539:Administrative subdivisions
736:War of the League of Cognac
614:Kennedy, Alexandra (2002).
3102:
2253:Diego Velåzquez de Cuéllar
2238:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2140:Ălvar NĂșñez Cabeza de Vaca
1038:), Western United States (
801:Portuguese Restoration War
180:, concluding with a short
135:, who together with Friar
102:in the south â during the
3021:Slavery in Spanish Empire
2932:
2921:
2827:
2816:
2308:Pere d'AlbernĂ i Teixidor
2049:Ălvaro de BazĂĄn the Elder
1951:
1940:
1909:Barcelona Trading Company
1829:
1818:
1674:New Andalusia (1501â1513)
1544:
1533:
1403:
1392:
1371:
1308:
1249:
1181:Venezuela, part of Guyana
1160:
1083:
1034:, Central United States (
1023:
937:
926:
915:
766:BruneianâSpanish conflict
751:Expulsion of the Moriscos
697:
686:
160:As a product of cultural
2962:Quito painting tradition
2952:Cusco painting tradition
2313:GarcĂa LĂłpez de CĂĄrdenas
2303:JerĂłnimo Luis de Cabrera
2210:Felipe GonzĂĄlez de Ahedo
2130:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
707:Conquest of the Americas
2747:Comuneros (New Granada)
2524:Balearic Islands (1558)
2243:HernĂĄn PĂ©rez de Quesada
2170:Ruy LĂłpez de Villalobos
2125:Miguel LĂłpez de Legazpi
2039:GarcĂa de Toledo Osorio
903:Western Sahara conflict
893:Independence of Morocco
833:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
776:Piracy in the Caribbean
761:French Wars of Religion
384:Woman of the Apocalypse
84:Royal Audience of Quito
2992:Colonial Spanish Horse
2666:Colonia del Sacramento
1889:Spanish treasure fleet
1466:Royal Decree of Graces
456:Iglesia de la CompañĂa
281:NicolĂĄs Javier GorĂbar
65:
62:Museum of the Americas
42:
2150:Vasco NĂșñez de Balboa
2110:Juan SebastiĂĄn Elcano
1425:Council of the Indies
786:SpanishâMoro conflict
756:OttomanâHabsburg wars
716:Treaty of Tordesillas
566:Rivas, Julio (2012),
48:
33:
2947:Mesoamerican Codices
2671:Comuneros (Paraguay)
2509:Siege of Castelnuovo
2095:Christopher Columbus
1914:Consulate of the Sea
1894:Casa de ContrataciĂłn
1485:Titles and positions
878:SpanishâAmerican War
868:Liberal constitution
711:Asia and the Pacific
3086:Viceroyalty of Peru
2676:Cartagena de Indias
2298:Diego de Mazariegos
2268:Pere Fages i Beleta
2135:SebastiĂĄn de Ocampo
1616:Provincias Internas
1588:Captaincies General
1502:Municipal president
1471:School of Salamanca
1242:Spanish East Indies
1221:Misiones Orientales
1093:Spanish West Indies
1057:, Central America (
1004:Pyrénées-Orientales
957:Union with Portugal
848:Napoleonic invasion
828:War of Jenkins' Ear
380:Bernardo de Legarda
324:Bernardo de Legarda
301:Manuel de Samaniego
286:Hernando de la Cruz
2972:Academia AntĂĄrtica
2927:Other civil topics
2293:PĂĄnfilo de NarvĂĄez
2195:SebastiĂĄn VizcaĂno
2160:Andrés de Urdaneta
2120:Juan Ponce de LeĂłn
2105:Ferdinand Magellan
2079:Bernardo de GĂĄlvez
1978:Indian auxiliaries
1476:Trial of residence
1456:Laws of the Indies
1240:Asia and Oceania (
1101:Dominican Republic
420:Miguel de Santiago
361:Miguel de Santiago
306:Isabel de Santiago
291:Miguel de Santiago
66:
43:
39:Miguel de Santiago
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
2917:
2916:
2822:Spanish conquests
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2597:
2596:
2278:Pedro de Alvarado
2263:Gaspar de PortolĂ
2258:Pedro de Valdivia
2233:Francisco Pizarro
2185:NicolĂĄs de Ovando
2180:Alonso de Ercilla
2155:Alonso de Salazar
1988:Ships of the line
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1360:
1359:
1317:Northern Africa (
1313:Equatorial Guinea
1297:
1296:
1234:
1233:
1149:
1148:
1072:
1071:
1063:Spanish Caribbean
1036:Spanish Louisiana
1012:
1011:
947:Crown of Castille
911:
910:
888:Spanish Civil War
863:AdamsâOnĂs Treaty
843:Nootka Convention
791:Thirty Years' War
781:Eighty Years' War
702:Catholic Monarchs
692:Timelineâimmersed
603:978-9978-04-562-6
576:, Nov-Dec issue.
556:978-9978-72-084-4
515:978-9978-82-293-7
330:1700â1 June 1773)
190:republican period
16:(Redirected from
3093:
3066:Baroque painting
2923:
2889:Chibchan Nations
2818:
2787:Santiago de Cuba
2646:Guadalupe Island
2606:
2333:
2326:
2288:Diego de Almagro
2165:Antonio de Ulloa
2069:Ambrosio Spinola
2064:Pedro de Zubiaur
2034:Alfonso d'Avalos
2024:Antonio de Leyva
1968:Army of Flanders
1953:
1942:
1831:
1820:
1546:
1535:
1405:
1394:
1362:
1335:Peñón of Algiers
1299:
1236:
1151:
1074:
1056:
1014:
928:
917:
838:Seven Years' War
811:Queen Anne's War
688:
673:
666:
659:
650:
630:
629:
611:
605:
583:
577:
564:
558:
536:
530:
523:
517:
495:
451:
439:
415:
395:
372:
356:
94:in the north to
21:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3081:Spanish Baroque
3051:
3050:
3049:
3040:
3016:Old inquisition
2928:
2913:
2823:
2796:
2752:Trinidad (1797)
2722:La Noche Triste
2710:
2706:San Juan (1797)
2656:San Juan (1595)
2593:
2482:
2322:Notable battles
2317:
2283:MartĂn de UrsĂșa
2214:
2145:Alonso de Ojeda
2115:Juan de la Cosa
2100:PinzĂłn brothers
2083:
2054:John of Austria
2029:MartĂn de Goiti
2007:
1947:
1928:
1872:
1825:
1806:
1718:
1714:Terra Australis
1709:RĂo de la Plata
1654:Castilla de Oro
1640:
1582:
1578:RĂo de la Plata
1540:
1521:
1480:
1439:
1435:Santa Hermandad
1399:
1380:
1376:Terra Australis
1367:
1356:
1323:Spanish Morocco
1304:
1293:
1284:Northern Taiwan
1245:
1230:
1201:RĂo de la Plata
1156:
1145:
1079:
1078:Central America
1068:
1050:
1019:
1008:
952:Crown of Aragon
933:
922:
907:
823:Bourbon Reforms
693:
682:
677:
639:
634:
633:
626:
613:
612:
608:
584:
580:
565:
561:
537:
533:
524:
520:
496:
492:
487:
474:Virgin of Quito
470:
463:
452:
443:
440:
431:
416:
407:
396:
387:
376:Virgin of Quito
373:
364:
357:
320:
266:
261:
259:Notable artists
226:Application of
158:
156:Characteristics
142:miscegenation (
129:
113:King Carlos III
108:Catholic Church
75:Escuela Quiteña
41:, 17th century.
28:
23:
22:
18:Escuela Quiteña
15:
12:
11:
5:
3099:
3097:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3061:Ecuadorian art
3053:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2832:Canary Islands
2828:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:TĂșpac Amaru II
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2631:BogotĂĄ savanna
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2539:Spanish Armada
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
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637:External links
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312:Pedro Gosseal
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270:Vicente AlbĂĄn
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166:miscegenation
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54:Vicente AlbĂĄn
51:
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40:
36:
32:
19:
2942:Architecture
2837:The Americas
2701:Newfoundland
2691:TĂșpac Katari
2681:Cuerno Verde
2616:Tenochtitlan
2448:Valenciennes
2205:Luis Fajardo
2074:Blas de Lezo
2019:Duke of Alba
1899:Spanish Road
1737:Buenos Aires
1646:Governorates
1415:Ayuntamiento
1408:Organization
873:Carlist Wars
721:Italian Wars
615:
609:
586:
581:
573:
568:
562:
539:
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526:
521:
498:
493:
334:Manuel Chili
327:
294:
240:
231:(watercolor)
228:
218:
208:
206:
204:influences.
159:
143:
133:Jodoco Ricke
130:
117:Michelangelo
74:
73:
70:Quito School
69:
67:
49:
34:
3076:Spanish art
2909:Philippines
2874:El Salvador
2494:Capo d'Orso
2378:St. Quentin
2353:Rome (1527)
2012:Strategists
1762:Guadalajara
1689:New Navarre
1684:New Castile
1669:La Luisiana
1621:Puerto Rico
1611:Philippines
1568:New Granada
1258:Philippines
1219:(Uruguay),
1215:(Bolivia),
1165:New Granada
1105:Puerto Rico
1051: [
921:Territories
741:Encomiendas
462:, Ecuador.
402:, Ecuador.
336:(Caspicara)
297:1620s-1706)
276:Pedro BedĂłn
170:renaissance
137:Pedro BedĂłn
3071:Rococo art
3055:Categories
2579:Somosierra
2569:Manila Bay
2443:Nördlingen
2383:Gravelines
1863:Columnario
1835:Currencies
1752:ConcepciĂłn
1724:Audiencias
1699:New Toledo
1664:La Florida
1497:Corregidor
1461:Papal bull
1366:Antarctica
1274:Micronesia
731:Golden Age
485:References
430:, Ecuador.
233:on top of
162:syncretism
150:syncretism
2884:Nicaragua
2862:Guatemala
2772:Pichincha
2757:Chacabuco
2696:Pensacola
2641:Mataquito
2621:Cajamarca
2602:New World
2574:Trafalgar
2478:Alhucemas
2358:Landriano
2343:Comuneros
2329:Old World
2273:Joan OrpĂ
1993:Royalists
1767:Guatemala
1694:New Spain
1631:Venezuela
1606:Guatemala
1563:New Spain
1558:Columbian
1451:Exequatur
1351:Cape Juby
1205:Argentina
1028:New Spain
962:Gibraltar
726:Habsburgs
618:. Nerea.
318:Sculptors
235:gold leaf
209:encarnado
174:mannerist
144:mestizaje
121:Caspicara
100:Cajamarca
2894:Colombia
2879:Honduras
2792:Asomante
2777:Ayacucho
2767:Carabobo
2742:Curalaba
2519:Ceresole
2413:Gembloux
2373:MĂŒhlberg
2088:Mariners
1946:Military
1868:Doubloon
1853:MaravedĂ
1797:Santiago
1704:Paraguay
1430:Germania
1270:Caroline
1225:Malvinas
1209:Paraguay
1169:Colombia
1111:Trinidad
978:Sardinia
818:Bourbons
468:See also
264:Painters
3026:Asiento
2997:Mustang
2857:YucatĂĄn
2852:Chiapas
2732:Tucapel
2564:Passaro
2514:Algiers
2504:Preveza
2473:Tetouan
2468:Vitoria
2458:Bitonto
2398:Antwerp
2393:Lepanto
2348:Bicocca
1824:Economy
1747:Charcas
1742:Caracas
1636:YucatĂĄn
1507:Regidor
1492:Alcalde
1420:Cabildo
1327:Tripoli
1266:Mariana
1213:Charcas
1189:(Peru,
1173:Ecuador
1136:Bonaire
1131:Curazao
1116:Jamaica
1044:Florida
479:Baroque
424:GuĂĄpulo
202:Moorish
198:Italian
194:Flemish
178:baroque
148:and of
127:Origins
92:PopayĂĄn
86:â from
78:) is a
3004:Castas
2762:BoyacĂĄ
2737:Guiana
2727:Iguape
2651:Recife
2589:Mactan
2584:Annual
2549:Rocroi
2544:Leiden
2529:Djerba
2463:Bailén
2418:Ostend
2403:Azores
1998:LegiĂłn
1963:Tercio
1956:Armies
1858:Escudo
1787:PanamĂĄ
1782:Mexico
1777:Manila
1732:BogotĂĄ
1517:Vecino
1512:Syndic
1343:BĂ©jaĂŻa
1303:Africa
1289:Tidore
1177:Panama
1141:Belize
1048:Mexico
974:Sicily
970:Naples
932:Europe
622:
601:
593:
554:
546:
513:
505:
310:Friar
274:Friar
229:aguada
200:, and
182:rococo
58:Madrid
2899:Chile
2867:Petén
2842:Aztec
2661:Bahia
2636:Penco
2626:Cusco
2554:Downs
2534:Tunis
2453:Ceuta
2438:Breda
2388:Malta
2368:Tunis
2363:Pavia
1877:Trade
1792:Quito
1757:Cusco
1596:Chile
1331:Tunis
1278:Palau
1195:Chile
1126:Aruba
1121:Haiti
1055:]
984:Milan
942:Spain
460:Quito
428:Quito
400:Quito
378:â by
213:gesso
96:Piura
88:Pasto
2904:Inca
2847:Maya
2782:Guam
2715:Lost
2487:Lost
2408:Mons
1848:Real
1772:Lima
1659:Cuba
1601:Cuba
1573:PerĂș
1349:and
1347:Ifni
1339:Oran
1262:Guam
1191:Acre
1187:Peru
1097:Cuba
976:and
620:ISBN
599:ISBN
591:ISBN
552:ISBN
544:ISBN
511:ISBN
503:ISBN
404:MUNA
172:and
164:and
98:and
90:and
68:The
2609:Won
2336:Won
1444:Law
1341:,
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328:ca.
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