356:
2411:
40:
52:
241:
138:
348:
60:
261:
The path of an esker is governed by its water pressure in relation to the overlying ice. Generally, the pressure of the ice was at such a point that it would allow eskers to run in the direction of glacial flow, but force them into the lowest possible points such as valleys or river beds, which may
257:
eskers. They are not often found as continuous ridges, but have gaps that separate the winding segments. The ridge crests of eskers are not usually level for very long, and are generally knobby. Eskers may be broad-crested or sharp-crested with steep sides. They can reach hundreds of kilometers in
273:
in an esker. The sediment generally consists of coarse-grained, water-laid sand and gravel, although gravelly loam may be found where the rock debris is rich in clay. This sediment is stratified and sorted, and usually consists of pebble/cobble-sized material with occasional boulders.
252:
Plastic flow and melting of the basal ice determines the size and shape of the subglacial tunnel. This in turn determines the shape, composition and structure of an esker. Eskers may exist as a single channel, or may be part of a branching system with
175:), which means "ridge or elevation, especially one separating two plains or depressed surfaces". The Irish word was and is used particularly to describe long sinuous ridges, which are now known to be deposits of
237:, in linear zones between stagnant blocks, or in narrow embayments at glacier margins. Eskers form near the terminal zone of glaciers, where the ice is not moving as fast and is relatively thin.
262:
deviate from the direct path of the glacier. This process is what produces the wide eskers upon which roads and highways can be built. Less pressure, occurring in areas closer to the
293:. These dunes are often found in the leeward side of eskers, if the esker is not oriented parallel to prevailing winds. Examples of dunes developed on eskers can be found in both
1751:
793:
427:
in southeast
Scotland is Bedshiel Kaims, a 3 km-long (1.9 mi) example which is up to 15 m (49 ft) high and is a legacy of an ice-stream within the
269:
The concentration of rock debris in the ice and the rate at which sediment is delivered to the tunnel by melting and from upstream transport determines the amount of
2197:
555:
esker bisects the eponymous lake and extends discontinuously for 85 miles (c. 137 km). Another long discontinuous esker extends from
Mountain Pond through
248:
National
Natural Landmark, Washington, US. (Trees at the edge of the esker and the single lane road crossing the esker to the right of the photo provide scale.)
2447:
222:
Most eskers are argued to have formed within ice-walled tunnels by streams that flowed within and under glaciers. They tended to form around the time of the
2191:
122:
and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North
America. Eskers are frequently several kilometres long and, because of their uniform shape, look like
1064:
2125:
2101:
2089:
1744:
1048:
873:
2131:
307:
Lakes may form within depressions in eskers. These lakes can lack surface outflows and inflows and have drastic fluctuations over time.
1075:
226:, when the glacier was slow and sluggish. After the retaining ice walls melted away, stream deposits remained as long winding ridges.
1113:
745:
Shreve, R.L., 1985, Esker characteristics in terms of glacier physics, Katahdin esker system, Maine: GSA Bulletin, v. 96, pp. 639–646.
2371:
2361:
978:
852:
829:
772:
730:
700:
661:
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2064:
1737:
1718:
635:
1368:
2058:
993:
889:
914:
1005:
1792:
245:
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2155:
1348:
461:. The longest esker in Michigan is the 35 km-long (22 mi) Mason Esker, which stretches south-southeast from
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2301:
2028:
1287:
568:
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2022:
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1081:
2321:
2113:
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1323:
1069:
1086:
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552:
502:
443:
2203:
2107:
2046:
2034:
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580:
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483:
Thelon Esker is almost 800 km (500 mi) long, straddling the boundary between the territories of
31:
2346:
2281:
2179:
1957:
1911:
1772:
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1363:
544:
488:
420:
201:, a distance of 200 km (120 mi), and is still closely followed by the main Dublin–Galway road
939:
2356:
2311:
2149:
1827:
1782:
1777:
1399:
560:
556:
315:
Eskers are critical to the ecology of
Northern Canada. Several plants that grow on eskers, including
2306:
2095:
2006:
1593:
1420:
1338:
1074:
Diagram illustrating (i) tunnel in glacier before retreat of ice, forming (ii) meandering esker in
529:
788:
760:
2456:
2386:
2381:
2316:
1425:
1222:
592:
423:
in
Aberdeenshire, Scotland has a 5 km (3.1 mi) esker locally called the Kemb Hills. In
168:
1870:
1520:
1040:
1034:
2567:
2495:
2480:
2414:
2391:
2286:
1972:
1860:
1708:
1671:
1495:
1212:
1099:
1044:
974:
869:
848:
825:
768:
726:
696:
466:
298:
294:
275:
266:, can cause ice to melt over the stream flow and create steep-walled, sharply-arched tunnels.
623:
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1921:
1713:
1613:
1510:
1440:
1302:
1181:
802:
586:
548:
521:
480:
Esker systems in the U.S. state of Maine can be traced for up to 160 km (100 mi).
462:
439:
413:
381:
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2143:
1901:
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1465:
1378:
1267:
474:
458:
336:
263:
223:
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2265:
2224:
1500:
1485:
1358:
1343:
1272:
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1176:
669:
513:
470:
397:
373:
355:
176:
158:
142:
44:
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2137:
2119:
2040:
1982:
1931:
1916:
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1603:
1598:
1545:
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1525:
1470:
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1328:
1207:
967:
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537:
533:
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230:
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2291:
1812:
1807:
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1242:
1186:
806:
791:(1972). "Location, morphology and orientation of inland dunes in northern Sweden".
639:
428:
424:
328:
290:
27:
Long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel associated with former glaciers
2351:
2336:
2331:
2185:
1977:
1865:
1822:
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1535:
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1515:
1475:
1333:
1217:
385:
332:
320:
286:
185:
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563:
and the
Spectacle Ponds, and continuing to Ochre, Fish, and Lydia Ponds in the
39:
2552:
2255:
2234:
1967:
1926:
1817:
1703:
1686:
1666:
1618:
1252:
1166:
450:
446:, and is home to the highest esker in North America (27 m (90 ft)).
409:
512:
Roads are sometimes built along eskers to save expense. Examples include the
2557:
1292:
1232:
1161:
1156:
1151:
316:
254:
240:
64:
1729:
2485:
2239:
1947:
1646:
1641:
1455:
1394:
1318:
1227:
1080:, p. 6 of "Pennsylvania and the Ice Age" published 1999 by PA DCNR
454:
301:
270:
234:
137:
51:
2536:
2526:
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1171:
1146:
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405:
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393:
377:
347:
190:
123:
119:
108:
68:
59:
17:
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1550:
1460:
1141:
1136:
525:
517:
498:
492:
369:
198:
194:
146:
115:
229:
Eskers may also form above glaciers by accumulation of sediment in
1855:
1480:
1297:
601: – Mound formed on a retreating glacier and deposited on land
354:
346:
239:
136:
104:
58:
50:
258:
length and are generally 20–30 m (66–98 ft) in height.
2575:
1962:
1661:
1430:
1237:
598:
324:
111:
2429:
1733:
1095:
868:(Fourth ed.). British Geological Survey. pp. 191–92.
636:"McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms"
1091:
376:
stretches for 250 km (160 mi) and passes through
824:(in Swedish). Sundbyberg: Svensk Byggtjänst. p. 196.
1039:. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. pp.
339:
can burrow into the eskers to survive the long winters.
1087:
404:, Finland, is on an esker between two lakes carved by
71:, Sweden. The shape is modified by coastal processes.
1065:
Oblique aerial photo of an esker in
Waterford, Maine
2566:
2545:
2504:
2463:
2274:
2248:
2217:
2080:
2015:
1999:
1940:
1889:
1848:
1841:
1765:
1632:
1571:
1448:
1439:
1408:
1387:
1311:
1200:
1129:
890:"Mountain And Glacial Landforms: What Is An Esker?"
384:esker runs for over 300 km (190 mi) from
278:may be irregular but is almost always present, and
966:
589: – Landform created by the action of glaciers
794:Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
767:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 207–208.
2198:Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field
2441:
1745:
1107:
716:
714:
712:
209:
8:
969:The Museum Called Canada: 25 Rooms of Wonder
866:South of Scotland (British Regional Geology)
695:. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. p. 281.
179:material. The best-known example of such an
63:Aerial view of a partially drowned esker at
2192:Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area
1006:"Sea Serpents in the Adirondacks? You Bet!"
765:Wind as a Geomorphic Agent in Cold Climates
583: – Provincial park in British Columbia
162:
2448:
2434:
2426:
2012:
1937:
1845:
1752:
1738:
1730:
1445:
1114:
1100:
1092:
755:
753:
751:
725:. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. p. 352.
1082:Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey
946:. Maine Geological Survey. 6 October 2005
607: – Glacial-formed geographic feature
845:National Geographic Almanac of Geography
38:
616:
189:, which runs nearly the whole width of
2126:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail
2090:Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area
543:There are numerous long eskers in the
327:and migrating waterfowl; animals from
1036:Geomorphology: A Canadian Perspective
940:"Surficial Geologic History of Maine"
7:
567:. A 150-foot-high esker bisects the
289:have developed next to eskers after
2132:Ice Age National Scientific Reserve
662:"Eskers: The Upside-Down Riverbeds"
449:There are over 1,000 eskers in the
25:
2120:Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area
666:Alaska Science Forum Article #674
595: – Geomorphology of glaciers
457:, primarily in the south-central
2410:
2409:
2065:Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine
1719:Template:Periglacial environment
693:Dictionary of the Irish Language
660:Gedney, Larry (August 1, 1984).
723:Surface Processes and Landforms
691:Quin, E. G. (gen. ed.) (1983).
528:, and the "Airline" segment of
2128:, Idaho, Oregon and Washington
807:10.1080/04353676.1972.11879860
285:There are various cases where
1:
2372:Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal
442:runs along the Back River in
118:, examples of which occur in
1793:Glacial history of Minnesota
973:. Random House. p. 56.
246:Sims Corner Eskers and Kames
208:comes from the Swedish word
2156:Kettle Moraine State Forest
2059:Lion's Head Provincial Park
55:Esker used as a hiking path
2613:
2476:Coastal sediment transport
2302:Penultimate Glacial Period
2029:Big Rock (glacial erratic)
721:Easterbrook, D.J. (1999).
624:Collins English Dictionary
569:Five Ponds Wilderness Area
29:
2405:
2367:Late Glacial Interstadial
2146:, Minnesota and Wisconsin
2023:Arrowhead Provincial Park
1798:List of prehistoric lakes
1699:
1077:The Ice Melts: Deposition
351:A part of the Mason Esker
323:, are important food for
2322:Holocene glacial retreat
2114:Glacial Lakes State Park
2053:Foothills Erratics Train
1033:Trenhaile, Alan (2007).
965:Gray, Charlotte (2004).
763:(2004). "Accumulation".
505:, the Kitikmeot Region,
2362:Bølling–Allerød warming
2102:Devil's Lake State Park
2071:Ovayok Territorial Park
1760:Continental glaciations
503:Ovayok Territorial Park
444:Weymouth, Massachusetts
172:
2204:Yosemite National Park
2108:Glacial Lake Wisconsin
2047:Eskers Provincial Park
2035:Cypress Hills (Canada)
1833:Timeline of glaciation
581:Eskers Provincial Park
360:
352:
249:
210:
163:
150:
91:, sometimes called an
72:
56:
48:
32:Esker (disambiguation)
2347:Quaternary glaciation
2282:Quaternary glaciation
2180:Mill Bluff State Park
2144:Interstate State Park
1958:Giant current ripples
1773:Cordilleran ice sheet
1657:Giant current ripples
944:Explore Maine Geology
820:Källakademin (2006).
545:Adirondack State Park
489:Northwest Territories
473:, before ending near
359:Mount Pelly or Ovayok
358:
350:
243:
231:supraglacial channels
140:
103:, is a long, winding
62:
54:
42:
2357:Wisconsin glaciation
2312:Last Glacial Maximum
1828:Post-glacial rebound
1783:Last Glacial Maximum
1778:Laurentide ice sheet
565:St. Regis Canoe Area
561:Upper St. Regis Lake
408:. A similar site is
157:is derived from the
149:are built on eskers.
30:For other uses, see
2342:Pre-Illinoian Stage
2307:Last Glacial Period
2096:Coteau des Prairies
2007:Greenland ice sheet
1594:Moraine-dammed lake
1421:Subglacial eruption
1070:Esker Riada Webpage
1010:Adirondack Almanack
530:Maine State Route 9
501:or Mount Pelly, in
2457:Sediment transport
2387:4.2 kiloyear event
2382:8.2 kiloyear event
2317:Mousterian Pluvial
2049:, British Columbia
1426:Subglacial volcano
1409:Volcanic relations
864:Stone, P. (2012).
593:Glacier morphology
559:, passing between
361:
353:
343:Examples of eskers
250:
151:
73:
57:
49:
2584:
2583:
2496:Bed material load
2481:Fluvial processes
2423:
2422:
2392:Piora Oscillation
2352:Sangamonian Stage
2213:
2212:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1727:
1726:
1695:
1694:
1213:Accumulation zone
1050:978-0-19-542474-4
1012:. 7 November 2009
16:(Redirected from
2604:
2471:Armored mud ball
2450:
2443:
2436:
2427:
2413:
2412:
2013:
1938:
1922:Terminal moraine
1846:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1731:
1614:Terminal moraine
1446:
1182:Piedmont glacier
1116:
1109:
1102:
1093:
1054:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1002:
996:
994:Down East Region
991:
985:
984:
972:
962:
956:
955:
953:
951:
936:
930:
929:
927:
926:
917:. Archived from
911:
905:
904:
902:
901:
886:
880:
879:
875:978-085272-694-5
861:
855:
847:, 2005, p. 155,
842:
836:
835:
822:Källor i Sverige
817:
811:
810:
785:
779:
778:
757:
746:
743:
737:
736:
718:
707:
706:
688:
682:
681:
679:
677:
668:. Archived from
657:
651:
650:
648:
647:
638:. Archived from
632:
626:
621:
587:Glacial landform
522:Trans-Taiga Road
440:Great Esker Park
414:Finnish Lakeland
337:ground squirrels
213:
166:
141:Portions of the
47:, western Sweden
21:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2562:
2541:
2517:Glacial outwash
2500:
2459:
2454:
2424:
2419:
2401:
2287:Illinoian Stage
2270:
2261:Lambert Glacier
2244:
2230:Killary Harbour
2209:
2162:Lake Bonneville
2082:
2076:
2011:
1987:
1936:
1885:
1881:U-shaped valley
1871:Roche moutonnée
1837:
1803:Proglacial lake
1788:Canadian Shield
1761:
1758:
1728:
1723:
1691:
1628:
1609:Sevetti moraine
1567:
1521:Roche moutonnée
1466:Cirque stairway
1435:
1404:
1383:
1307:
1268:Lateral moraine
1196:
1125:
1120:
1061:
1051:
1032:
1029:
1027:Further reading
1024:
1015:
1013:
1004:
1003:
999:
992:
988:
981:
964:
963:
959:
949:
947:
938:
937:
933:
924:
922:
913:
912:
908:
899:
897:
888:
887:
883:
876:
863:
862:
858:
843:
839:
832:
819:
818:
814:
787:
786:
782:
775:
759:
758:
749:
744:
740:
733:
720:
719:
710:
703:
690:
689:
685:
675:
673:
672:on 4 April 2012
659:
658:
654:
645:
643:
634:
633:
629:
622:
618:
614:
577:
459:Lower Peninsula
437:
419:The village of
366:
345:
313:
264:glacial maximum
224:glacial maximum
220:
135:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2491:Suspended load
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2397:Little Ice Age
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2266:Ross Ice Shelf
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:Hardangerfjord
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2150:Kelleys Island
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2098:, South Dakota
2093:
2086:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2037:, Saskatchewan
2032:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2010:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1861:Glacial striae
1858:
1852:
1850:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
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1820:
1815:
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1711:
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1611:
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1601:
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1591:
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1581:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1501:Hanging valley
1498:
1496:Glacial striae
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1359:Periglaciation
1356:
1351:
1349:Outburst flood
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143:Denali Highway
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1932:Veiki moraine
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642:on 2015-04-20
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382:BadelundaĂĄsen
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329:grizzly bears
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2531:
2327:Oldest Dryas
2297:Interstadial
2292:Interglacial
2275:Time periods
2206:, California
2200:, Washington
1952:
1941:Glacifluvial
1890:Depositional
1813:Lake Chicago
1808:Lake Agassiz
1651:
1572:Depositional
1562:Zungenbecken
1560:
1491:Glacial lake
1486:Glacial horn
1400:Mass balance
1388:Measurements
1324:Accumulation
1248:Glacier head
1243:Glacier cave
1187:Rock glacier
1076:
1035:
1014:. Retrieved
1009:
1000:
989:
968:
960:
948:. Retrieved
943:
934:
923:. Retrieved
919:the original
909:
898:. Retrieved
896:. 2017-04-25
893:
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840:
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792:
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764:
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692:
686:
676:29 September
674:. Retrieved
670:the original
665:
655:
644:. Retrieved
640:the original
630:
619:
553:Rainbow Lake
542:
511:
497:
482:
479:
448:
438:
429:Tweed Valley
425:Berwickshire
418:
367:
314:
306:
291:deglaciation
287:inland dunes
284:
268:
260:
251:
228:
221:
205:
204:The synonym
203:
186:Eiscir Riada
184:
180:
154:
152:
101:serpent kame
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
74:
67:in northern
36:
2337:Pleistocene
2332:Older Dryas
2194:, Wisconsin
2186:Oneida Lake
2182:, Wisconsin
2158:, Wisconsin
2140:, Wisconsin
2134:, Wisconsin
2122:, Wisconsin
2116:, Minnesota
2110:, Wisconsin
2104:, Wisconsin
2092:, Wisconsin
1978:Outwash fan
1973:Kettle hole
1866:Ribbon lake
1823:Teays River
1677:Outwash fan
1672:Kettle hole
1556:Valley step
1536:Trough lake
1516:Ribbon lake
1476:Finger lake
1218:Bergschrund
547:in upstate
374:UppsalaĂĄsen
321:cranberries
282:is common.
214:, "ridge".
127:embankments
45:Fulufjället
2553:Soil creep
2256:Antarctica
2249:Antarctica
2235:Monte Rosa
2188:, New York
1968:Kame delta
1927:Till plain
1818:Lake Tight
1704:Glaciology
1687:Urstromtal
1667:Kame delta
1619:Till plain
1416:Jökulhlaup
1374:Starvation
1253:Ice divide
1167:Ice stream
1016:2015-07-30
925:2013-12-02
900:2022-07-13
894:WorldAtlas
646:2015-06-30
612:References
557:Keese Mill
410:Punkaharju
380:city. The
109:stratified
2558:Landslide
2546:Hillslope
2176:, Montana
2073:, Nunavut
2067:, Ontario
2061:, Ontario
2055:, Alberta
2043:, Ontario
2031:, Alberta
2025:, Ontario
1849:Erosional
1842:Landforms
1449:Erosional
1441:Landforms
1312:Processes
1293:Randkluft
1288:Penitente
1233:Dirt cone
1162:Ice shelf
1157:Ice sheet
1152:Ice field
950:30 August
317:bear root
255:tributary
244:Esker in
235:crevasses
169:Old Irish
153:The term
133:Etymology
120:glaciated
65:Billudden
43:Esker at
2591:Category
2486:Bed load
2415:Category
2240:Svalbard
2170:, Nevada
1948:Diluvium
1709:Category
1647:Diluvium
1642:Alpentor
1551:U-valley
1395:Ice core
1364:Plucking
1319:Ablation
1303:Terminus
1228:Crevasse
1223:Blue ice
1123:Glaciers
915:"Eskers"
575:See also
549:New York
532:between
465:through
455:Michigan
406:glaciers
388:to lake
386:Nyköping
271:sediment
2568:Aeolian
2537:Drumlin
2527:Moraine
2505:Glacial
2218:Eurasia
1907:Moraine
1897:Drumlin
1766:General
1589:Moraine
1579:Drumlin
1506:Nunatak
1369:Retreat
1334:Calving
1278:Moraine
1263:Icefall
1201:Anatomy
1172:Ledoyom
1147:Ice cap
1041:188–191
551:. The
507:Nunavut
485:Nunavut
467:Lansing
402:Tampere
394:Pispala
378:Uppsala
302:Lapland
299:Finnish
295:Swedish
276:Bedding
218:Geology
191:Ireland
183:is the
124:railway
69:Uppland
2597:Eskers
2164:, Utah
2152:, Ohio
2083:States
2081:United
2016:Canada
1983:Sandur
1682:Sandur
1526:Suncup
1511:P-form
1461:Cirque
1344:Motion
1283:Moulin
1142:Cirque
1137:Aufeis
1047:
977:
872:
851:
828:
771:
729:
699:
538:Calais
534:Bangor
526:Quebec
520:, the
518:Alaska
499:Uvayuq
493:Canada
463:DeWitt
421:Kemnay
390:Siljan
370:Sweden
364:Europe
199:Galway
195:Dublin
181:eiscir
164:eiscir
147:Alaska
116:gravel
85:eschar
18:Eskers
2532:Esker
2464:Water
1953:Esker
1856:Fjord
1652:Esker
1481:Fjord
1456:ArĂŞte
1379:Surge
1339:Creep
1298:SĂ©rac
1130:Types
475:Mason
451:state
325:bears
233:, in
193:from
173:escir
161:word
159:Irish
155:esker
105:ridge
99:, or
87:, or
81:eskar
77:esker
2576:Dune
1963:Kame
1714:List
1662:Kame
1531:Tarn
1431:Tuya
1238:Firn
1045:ISBN
975:ISBN
952:2022
870:ISBN
849:ISBN
826:ISBN
769:ISBN
727:ISBN
697:ISBN
678:2011
599:Kame
536:and
487:and
471:Holt
469:and
319:and
297:and
114:and
112:sand
97:osar
93:asar
803:doi
524:in
516:in
491:in
453:of
412:in
400:in
396:'s
368:In
335:to
331:to
197:to
145:in
107:of
75:An
2593::
1043:.
1008:.
942:.
892:.
799:54
797:.
750:^
711:^
664:.
571:.
540:.
495:.
477:.
431:.
416:.
392:.
372:,
304:.
211:ĂĄs
206:os
171::
129:.
95:,
89:os
83:,
79:,
2449:e
2442:t
2435:v
1753:e
1746:t
1739:v
1115:e
1108:t
1101:v
1053:.
1019:.
983:.
954:.
928:.
903:.
878:.
834:.
809:.
805::
777:.
735:.
705:.
680:.
649:.
167:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
