229:
395:. In 1864 it overturned the convictions, with the Archbishops of Canterbury and York dissenting in part (though the Bishop of London concurred in the decision). It was said that the Privy Council had "dismissed hell with costs". One hundred and thirty-seven thousand laity signed a letter of thanks to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York for voting against the Committee, and a declaration in favour of biblical inspiration and eternal torments was drawn up at
172:
426:
270:
356:
163:"Outwardly, the conflict ended inconclusively, with the acquittal of Williams and Wilson by the courts and the condemnation of the volume by the clergy in Convocation. At a deeper level, it marked the exhaustion both of the Broad Church and of Anglican orthodoxy and the commencement of an era of religious doubt."
256:
The implications of Jowett's essay and his other writings that revelation was ongoing and that scripture was always subject to reinterpretation as each generation encountered them were the target of his traditionalist foes. Jowett felt he was being slandered for his honesty concerning his beliefs,
236:
The essay "On the interpretation of scripture" was contributed by
Benjamin Jowett. When asked to contribute, Jowett saw the opportunity to challenge traditionalists. He was a rationalist and insisted that the Bible ought to be treated as scholars treated classical texts. Jowett was a proponent of
296:
in
October 1860 had the probably undesired effect of stimulating the attack on the book. Harrison saw the essays as neither religious nor rational which was a double blow to the seven who saw the essays as promoting rational religion.
347:
wrote, "Let E = Essays, and R = Reviews: then the locus of (E + R), referred to multilinear coordinates, will be found to be a superficies (i.e., a locus possessing length and breadth, but no depth)."
156:
restated his argument that God is a lawgiver, miracles break the lawful edicts issued at the creation, therefore belief in miracles is atheistic, and wrote of "Mr Darwin's masterly volume" that the
328:
which threatened the theologians with the ecclesiastical courts. Darwin quoted a proverb: "A bench of bishops is the devil's flower garden", and joined others including the eminent geologist
261:. However, in 1863 Jowett was brought before the vice-chancellor's court for teaching contrary to the doctrines of the Church of England; the case was eventually dropped.
1045:
1040:
127:
40:. The topics covered the biblical research of the German critics, the evidence for Christianity, religious thought in England, and the cosmology of
848:
Brock, W. H.; Macleod, R. M. (1976). "The
Scientists' Declaration: Reflexions on Science and Belief in the Wake of "Essays and Reviews," 1864-5".
380:
285:
sold in its first twenty years. It sparked five years of increasingly polarized debate with books and pamphlets furiously contesting the issues.
219:
by
Benjamin Jowett—"in which he urged that the Bible be read 'like any other book' and made an impassioned plea for freedom of scholarship"
115:
62:
churchmen and one layman. There was no overall editorial policy and each contributor chose his own theme. The six church essayists were:
238:
974:
955:
936:
743:
712:
686:
906:
Shea, Victor; Whitla, William (February 2001). Peter Ghosh (ed.). "Review: Essays and
Reviews: The 1860 Text and Its Reading by".
800:
79:
201:
by Henry
Bristow Wilson—"gave the widest possible latitude to the Thirty-nine Articles and questioned the eternity of damnation"
160:"must soon bring about an entire revolution in opinion in favour of the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature."
754:
410:
Today the essay topics and conclusions may seem innocuous, but at the time, the essays were described by their opponents as
71:
153:
95:
83:
877:
Francis, Mark (December 1974). "The
Origins of Essays and Reviews: An Interpretation of Mark Pattison in the 1850s".
110:, Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford (later Master) and Regius Professor of Greek, Oxford University. The layman was
50:
was a popular book title in the 19th century: there are many similar books available, but none made the same impact.
376:
400:
700:
384:
321:
144:
111:
99:
67:
228:
103:
75:
640:
Altholz, Josef L. (1982). "The Mind of
Victorian Orthodoxy: Responses to "Essays and Reviews", 1860-1864".
736:
Seven
Against Christ: A Study of 'Essays and Reviews' (Studies in the History of Christian Thought, No 23)
258:
399:
and circulated to the 24,800 clergy, being signed by eleven thousand of them. Wilberforce went to the
1035:
449:
333:
91:
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213:
by Mark
Pattison—"a learned and cold study of the evidential theologians of the eighteenth century"
25:
894:
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665:
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388:
305:
293:
725:(1961) . "The New Method of Evaluation as Applied to Pi". In Stuart Dodgson Collingwood (ed.).
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87:
59:
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and to biblical prehistory by scientists working in the new fields of geology and biology.
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171:
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41:
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The book was important because of its date and its authors. Appearing four months after
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by C. W. Goodwin—"a critique of the attempted 'Harmonies' between Genesis and geology"
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329:
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364:
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for trying to "establish religious teachings on a firmer and broader foundation".
189:
by Rowland Williams—"denying the predictive character of Old Testament prophecies"
793:
785:
148:, it summed up a three-quarter-century-long challenge to biblical history by the
439:
269:
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890:
861:
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by Frederick Temple—"a warmed-over sermon urging the free study of the Bible"
425:
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with liberal churchmen, Williams and Wilson were charged with heresy in the
317:
123:
257:
but he suffered no actual penalty other than an infamously low salary at
985:
253:. The epistles and other New Testament writings were seen to look back.
661:
250:
411:
396:
325:
33:
653:
383:. The Judicial Committee comprised secular judges sitting with the
354:
268:
227:
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in which the later books were seen to be closer to the ultimate
779:(online ed.). Oxford University Press (published Sep 2004).
414:, and the essayists were called "The Seven Against Christ."....
493:
491:
535:
533:
531:
929:
Nineteenth-century religion and literature: an introduction
195:
by Baden Powell—"flatly denied the possibility of miracles"
948:
Victorian Religious Discourse: New Directions in Criticism
300:
In January 1861, an anonymous review was published in the
277:
Hardly known outside academic theological circles today,
994:
The Cambridge History of English and American Literature
16:
1860 broad-church volume of seven essays on Christianity
466:
464:
363:
Despite this alignment of pro-evolution scientists and
371:. They were found guilty on some of the counts by the
211:
Tendencies of Religious Thought in England, 1688-1750
58:
Each essay was authored independently by one of six
199:Séances Historiques de Genève. The National Church
969:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
967:Essays and reviews: the 1860 text and its reading
403:and in June obtained "synodical condemnation" of
850:The British Journal for the History of Science
681:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
539:
193:On the Study of the Evidences of Christianity
8:
996:. Vol. XIII. New York: GP Putnam's Sons
623:
611:
587:
521:This and the other summaries are taken from
497:
332:, and the mathematician and Queen's printer
836:. University of Minnesota: VictorianWeb.org
575:
281:sold 22,000 copies in two years, more than
727:Diversions and Digressions of Lewis Caroll
336:, in signing a counter-letter supporting
78:and later Professor and Vice-Principal of
830:"The Warfare of Conscience with Theology"
707:. London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group.
128:British Supreme Court for China and Japan
86:, clergyman and Professor of Geometry at
551:
170:
986:"XIII. The Growth of Liberal Theology §
777:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
599:
522:
509:
460:
381:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
965:Whitla, William; Shea, Victor (2000).
771:Hinchliff, Peter; Prest, John (2004).
482:
470:
316:review was followed up by a letter to
834:The Mind and Art of Victorian England
563:
7:
931:. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
224:"On the interpretation of scripture"
304:. The author was later revealed as
126:and, later, Assistant Judge of the
679:Charles Darwin: The Power of Place
217:On the Interpretation of Scripture
14:
116:St Catharine's College, Cambridge
1046:Books about religion and science
1041:History of the Church of England
992:. In AW Ward; AR Waller (eds.).
801:"(Review of) Essays and Reviews"
424:
28:, published in March 1860, is a
950:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
773:"Jowett, Benjamin (1817–1893)"
1:
946:Nixon, Jude V. Nixon (2000).
908:The English Historical Review
784:Parker, John W., ed. (1860).
80:St David's University College
799:Wilberforce, Samuel (1861).
187:Bunsen's Biblical Researches
753:Harrison, Frederic (1860).
1062:
540:Hinchliff & Prest 2004
181:The Education of the World
891:10.1017/S0018246X00007913
862:10.1017/S0007087400014485
856:(1 (Mar., 1976)): 39–66.
828:Josef L. Altholz (1976).
790:. London: John W. Parker.
677:Browne, E. Janet (2002).
401:Convocation of Canterbury
624:Desmond & Moore 1991
612:Desmond & Moore 1991
588:Desmond & Moore 1991
498:Desmond & Moore 1991
385:Archbishop of Canterbury
322:Archbishop of Canterbury
145:On the Origin of Species
112:Charles Wycliffe Goodwin
68:Archbishop of Canterbury
984:Hutchinson, FE (1907).
920:10.1093/ehr/116.465.149
205:On the Mosaic Cosmogony
879:The Historical Journal
815:Published anonymously.
767:Published anonymously.
765:. J. Chapman: 293–332.
379:, but appealed to the
360:
274:
239:progressive revelation
233:
176:
1003:– via Bartleby.
927:Knight, Mark (2006).
734:Ellis, Ieuan (1980).
729:. Dover Publications.
358:
272:
259:Christ Church, Oxford
231:
174:
792:Also available from
512:, pp. 186, 187.
450:Liberal Christianity
334:William Spottiswoode
92:Henry Bristow Wilson
1015:. VictorianWeb.org.
626:, pp. 500–501.
614:, pp. 523–524.
566:, pp. 106–108.
432:Christianity portal
249:as revealed in the
114:, former fellow of
66:, who later became
26:John William Parker
1011:Essays and Reviews
988:Essays and Reviews
787:Essays and Reviews
759:Westminster Review
755:"Neo-Christianity"
738:. Brill Academic.
405:Essays and Reviews
389:Archbishop of York
377:Stephen Lushington
361:
359:Samuel Wilberforce
338:Essays and Reviews
306:Samuel Wilberforce
294:Westminster Review
275:
245:of God as seen in
234:
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48:Essays and Reviews
21:Essays and Reviews
445:Church of England
320:co-signed by the
292:published in the
290:Frederic Harrison
273:Frederic Harrison
158:Origin of Species
96:St John's College
60:Church of England
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310:Bishop of Oxford
302:Quarterly Review
74:, then tutor at
72:Rowland Williams
64:Frederick Temple
32:volume of seven
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343:On the subject
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104:Lincoln College
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134:Significance
120:Egyptologist
94:, fellow of
84:Baden Powell
82:, Lampeter;
57:
47:
46:
38:Christianity
30:broad-church
24:, edited by
20:
19:
18:
1036:Anglicanism
648:: 186–197.
483:Parker 1860
471:Browne 2002
440:Anglicanism
102:, tutor at
1031:1860 books
1025:Categories
1000:2007-11-06
840:2007-11-06
813:: 248–301.
633:References
564:Ellis 1980
365:Unitarians
243:revelation
98:, Oxford;
54:Background
899:162937845
870:145148198
670:162425283
412:heretical
318:The Times
314:Quarterly
265:Reception
124:barrister
76:Cambridge
703:(1991).
418:See also
391:and the
662:3165835
326:bishops
324:and 25
251:Gospels
42:Genesis
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705:Darwin
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397:Oxford
387:, the
312:. The
308:, the
283:Origin
279:Essays
88:Oxford
34:essays
895:S2CID
866:S2CID
666:S2CID
658:JSTOR
456:Notes
971:ISBN
952:ISBN
933:ISBN
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709:ISBN
683:ISBN
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