1851:
2047:
1992:
2017:
1884:
1940:
1966:
1339:
576:
396:
489:
724:
693:
1352:, p. 358: "In return, Essad reconfirmed a promise he had made in the fall of 1914 to support Greece's annexation of North Epirus. However, while he was willing to come to a secret agreement with the Greek government on this question, he indicated that in order to be able to counterbalance the weight of the common adversary, that is Italy, and to stabilize his influence in Albania he could not recognize publicly Greece's claim."
615:, was ambushed and killed by unknown men disguised as women, thought to be Osman Bali and Mehmet Kavaja, two Albanian officers of Toptani. Riza Pasha wanted to keep up the defense of the besieged city, and after his death Toptani continued his resistance until April 1913. He turned the fortress of Shkodër over to Montenegro, only in April 1913 after a prolonged war and great heroism of Albanian and Turkish soldiers.
2443:
2082:
650:
44:
567:) of his dethronement, with Toptani being the main messenger saying "the nation has deposed you". As a result, the focus of the sultan's rage was toward Toptani whom Abdul Hamid II felt had betrayed him. The sultan referred to him as a "wicked man", given that the extended Toptani family had benefited from royal patronage in gaining privileges and key positions in the Ottoman government.
1703:
813:
described
Toptani as "a strange relic of the middle ages ... one with the handsome swashbucklers who sold themselves and their services to the rival monarchs, princelings and dukes in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and cheerfully transferred themselves to the enemy if he offered better pay –
603:. Both called for the cessation of government force and implementation of good governance to alleviate the situation in Albanian lands. Amidst the Albanian Revolt of 1912 Toptani obliged himself to organize the uprising in Central Albania and
2580:
826:
1677:
2600:
2610:
637:
surrounded and shelled his house in Durrës, forcing him to surrender. He was arrested for conspiracy, though after consultations with
Wilhelm, he was not court-martialled but sent to
2520:
2490:
2192:
2575:
1825:
1579:
1850:
1983:
2550:
1630:
1553:
2605:
2046:
2590:
2585:
2560:
681:
on 20 September, and by 3 October 1914 he had taken Durrës without a fight. Serbian Prime
Minister Nikola Pašić ordered that his followers be aided with
2570:
2038:
1522:
2500:
2185:
1818:
2535:
2485:
1294:
493:
464:
131:
703:. At the end of 1914, Essad secretly agreed with the Greek government to support the annexation of the southern provinces, known to Greeks as
2555:
2540:
2480:
1668:
1624:
1349:
1184:
1116:
1077:
1006:
2505:
1764:
432:
1991:
2475:
2178:
2016:
1883:
395:
2565:
1811:
1931:
1467:
742:
2595:
1834:
1688:
1308:
1228:
1211:
1133:
938:
906:
799:
337:
1957:
708:
618:
In July 1913, he was persuaded by the Vlora family to accept a position of minister of the interior in the provisional government.
1939:
1714:
976:
2515:
1965:
1583:
746:
2495:
1616:
1261:
1707:
1415:
1231:. Gervase Belfield and Bejtullah Destani (I.B. Tauris, in association with the Centre for Albanian Studies). Archived from
814:
men in whom the sense of nationality was not developed at all, and whose sense of honor was, to put it mildly, deficient."
592:
211:
2446:
1416:"ESSAD PASHA'S BODY STILL WAITS BURIAL; Great Albanian, Shot in Paris 14 Months Ago, Lies With Unknowns in the Mortuary."
2465:
2008:
2545:
1760:
452:
354:(brother), Nejre Toptani (sister), Sabushe Toptani (sister), Merushe Toptani (sister), Shefikat Hanëm Alizoti (aunt),
1891:
1732:
247:
167:
101:
2201:
1787:
448:
65:
1314:
1067:
956:
822:
Toptani is remembered among
Albanians as one of the most negative historical figures and the symbol of treason.
537:
355:
2525:
767:
627:
575:
411:
1290:
1494:
2510:
1916:
1875:
712:
670:
588:
415:
269:
1530:
633:
On 19 May 1914, when
Toptani refused to lay down his weapons, armed forces under Dutch gendarmerie officer
2081:
428:
2355:
2024:
359:
2325:
1375:
1106:
783:
327:
2470:
1298:
2390:
2226:
2111:
1999:
1842:
715:, troops under Toptani's command gave support and protection to the Serbian column where possible.
521:
505:
1663:
Patrice Najbor, Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa Maison Royale (5 volumes), JePublie, Paris, 2008, (
850:
2530:
634:
2370:
2320:
2280:
930:
666:
1135:
Nji shkurtim kujtimesh mbi kryengritjen shqiptare të vjetit 1912. Shkrue prej Hassan
Prishtinës
488:
2310:
2305:
2246:
2231:
2221:
2100:
2029:
1906:
1780:
1684:
1664:
1620:
1345:
1304:
1207:
1180:
1112:
1073:
1002:
996:
934:
902:
771:
678:
662:
553:
179:
113:
1201:
2345:
2295:
2275:
2236:
1973:
1947:
1911:
856:
830:
791:
779:
674:
608:
540:
and his family as both their mothers were sisters. During
Ottoman rule, Toptani served as a
501:
423:
419:
367:
2264:
2258:
2160:
2094:
980:
922:
795:
704:
700:
281:
203:
1232:
1147:
2340:
2330:
2117:
970:
723:
692:
557:
525:
517:
497:
460:
371:
363:
306:
191:
2459:
2415:
2405:
2385:
2335:
2216:
2132:
2122:
1864:
1859:
1726:
468:
375:
1023:
2425:
2395:
2365:
2315:
2300:
2285:
2252:
2241:
2142:
2106:
2059:
2054:
1257:
810:
734:
727:
447:(1863/4 or 1875 – 13 June 1920) was an Albanian politician who served as the third
351:
341:
17:
1160:
Essad Pasha assured us that he could manage things in
Central Albania and Mirdita.
649:
43:
1756:
1610:
1379:
1265:
2360:
600:
596:
549:
472:
2420:
2400:
2375:
2350:
2270:
2127:
2089:
2064:
1363:
612:
2170:
2410:
2380:
2137:
1803:
1108:
The
Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913
677:
and
Serbian financial backing, he established armed forces, Toptani invaded
529:
456:
1702:
1341:
Greece and the First World War: From Neutrality to Intervention, 1917–1918
2430:
2290:
1921:
1674:
Patrice Najbor, la dynastye des Zogu, Textes & Prétextes, Paris, 2002
1580:"Zeri.info | Avni Rrustemi gjatë procesit gjyqësor në Paris (Foto+Video)"
545:
541:
1554:"Më në fund edhe Esat Pashës i bëhen nderimet pranë varrit - nga Serbia"
1035:
The Toptani family were in many ways the founders of contemporary Tirana
2205:
2073:
1327:
Essad Pasha signed a secret alliance treaty with Pasic on September 17.
1143:
775:
686:
604:
580:
310:
524:), the son of Ali Toptani and Vasfije Alizoti. He was a member of the
834:
599:
represented the Albanian side in a parliamentary discussion with the
533:
513:
302:
658:
2581:
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
1140:
Hasan Bey Prishtina: Brief Memoir on the Albanian Uprising of 1912
860:
750:
738:
691:
682:
648:
574:
487:
323:
657:
After the outbreak of the First World War, Toptani travelled to
638:
536:. From his mothers side of the family he was first cousins with
2174:
1807:
1751:
1474:
Signature of Essad Pasha for annexation of Albania into Serbia
1454:
Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima
1743:
2080:
2045:
2015:
1990:
1964:
1938:
1882:
1849:
1725:
745:. Toptani was buried in the Serbian Military section of the
899:
Kryeministrat dhe ministrat e shtetit shqiptar në 100 vjet
753:, after staying for a long time unburied in the mortuary.
556:, on 27 April 1909 four CUP members went to inform Sultan
508:, Aram Efendi and Colonel Galip Bey (Pasiner), April 1909.
1469:
Firma e Esat Pashës për bashkimin e Shqipërisë me Serbinë
1501:
Puto: There is no rehabilitation for Essad Pasha Toptani
1398:
1396:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
641:
in southern Italy and banned from returning to Albania.
1364:"Albania's Long World War I, 1912-1925: Albania in WWI"
1072:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 361.
544:
and had command of the gendarmerie in Tirana. In 1908
463:
army officer, he served as the Albanian deputy in the
1678:
Biodata on Essad Pasha by O.S. Pearson, who authored
552:
and the Ottoman parliament. In the aftermath of the
2072:
2037:
2007:
1982:
1956:
1930:
1874:
1841:
833:paid homage at his grave, for his contributions to
407:
402:
390:
382:
347:
333:
317:
296:
291:
275:
263:
253:
243:
209:
197:
185:
173:
163:
129:
119:
107:
97:
63:
34:
1612:Fjalor enciklopedik shqiptar: N-Zh dhe një shtojcë
532:noble family who helped found the current city of
500:. Left to right: Rear Admiral Arif Hikmet Pasha,
451:from 1914 to 1916. He previously established the
2601:Assassinated politicians from the Ottoman Empire
1245:Essad would be sent into exile, without a trial.
1503:] (in Albanian), AMA News, 10 November 2012
386:Ali Toptani (father), Vasfije Alizoti (mother)
2521:Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars
2186:
1819:
1657:Historia e popullit shqiptar: vëllimi i tretë
998:A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History
699:Toptani's rule was not stable because of the
8:
1295:"Serbian government and Essad Pasha Toptani"
859:with the subject of Essad Toptani murder in
2611:Burials at the Cimetière parisien de Thiais
2491:Committee of Union and Progress politicians
1646:Akademia e studimeve albanologjike (2017).
1496:Puto: Esat Pashë Toptani nuk ka rehabilitim
1476:] (in Albanian), Bota Sot, 6 April 2013
1177:Esat pashë Toptani: njeriu, lufta, pushteti
1170:
1168:
952:
950:
778:. Furthermore, for his contribution in the
27:Prime Minister of Albania from 1914 to 1916
2576:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
2193:
2179:
2171:
1826:
1812:
1804:
1769:
1456:. Belgrade: SluĹľbeni Glasnik. p. 579.
1146:: Shtypshkroja Franciskane. Archived from
957:Serbian government and Essad Pasha Toptani
774:of 2nd Class and afterwards he was ranked
42:
31:
1655:Prifti, Kristaq; Shpuza, Gazmend (2007).
1648:Historia e shqiptarëve gjatë shekullit XX
722:
626:Toptani led a faction of his own in the
1757:Newspaper clippings about Essad Toptani
1752:Famille royale d'Albanie, site officiel
1439:
1402:
1092:
1053:
966:
964:
877:
2050:People's Socialist Republic of Albania
1744:Maison royale d'Albanie, site officiel
1523:"Serbia përkujton Esat Pashë Toptanin"
1229:"An Uprising in the Six-Month Kingdom"
770:, the High Porte awarded him with the
665:, where he and Serbian prime minister
2551:Politicians assassinated in the 1920s
86: – 27 January 1916
48:Autochrome portrait by Auguste LĂ©on,
7:
1633:from the original on 21 October 2023
1142:]. Translated by Elsie, Robert.
990:
988:
433:Austro-Hungarian invasion of Albania
2606:Politicians from the Ottoman Empire
1303:, Belgrade, Serbia: KniĹľara Plato,
884:
1552:GAZETAEXPRESS (15 November 2014).
1344:. East European Monographs, 1990,
1111:. London: IB Tauris. p. 193.
512:Essad Toptani was born in 1863 in
232: – 20 June 1914
152: – 20 June 1914
25:
2591:20th-century Albanian politicians
2586:19th-century Albanian politicians
2561:Assassinated Albanian politicians
1854:Provisional Government of Albania
1227:Heaton-Armstrong, Duncan (2005).
2571:Officers of the Legion of Honour
2442:
2441:
1701:
901:. Tiranë: 55. pp. 238–239.
786:, he was awarded with the title
394:
2501:Albanian people murdered abroad
1203:The Albanians: A Modern History
1069:The Albanian National Awakening
1022:Pettifer, James (1 June 2001).
713:retreat through Albania in 1915
595:, parliamentarians Toptani and
593:Ottoman parliamentary elections
562:
1617:Academy of Sciences of Albania
1521:Gazeta ZĂ«ri (2 October 2014).
1200:Vickers, Door Miranda (1999).
467:and later cooperated with the
1:
2536:Albanian expatriates in Italy
2486:Interior ministers of Albania
1529:(in Albanian). Archived from
1278:to exile Essad Pasha to Italy
827:the Serbian Minister of Labor
49:
2556:Assassinated prime ministers
2541:Albanian emigrants to France
2481:Defence ministers of Albania
933:. Tiranë: IDK. p. 604.
711:. During the Serbian army’s
132:Minister of Internal Affairs
2506:Albanian military personnel
1792:1914 – 1916
1761:20th Century Press Archives
1724:Endres, Franz Carl (1922).
1262:"Albania under prince Wied"
1001:. I.B Tauris. p. 444.
897:Dervishi, Kastriot (2012).
863:and trial of Avni Rustemi.
673:on 17 September 1914. With
645:Exile and the Treaty of Niš
453:Republic of Central Albania
2627:
2476:Prime ministers of Albania
855:is a drama by Sheri Mita,
2566:People murdered in France
2439:
2212:
2150:
1835:Heads of state of Albania
1794:
1788:Prime Minister of Albania
1785:
1777:
1772:
1452:Acović, Dragomir (2012).
528:, a prominent landowning
449:prime minister of Albania
438:
334:Manner of death
321:13 June 1920 (aged 44-57)
287:
217:
137:
71:
66:Prime Minister of Albania
59:
41:
2596:20th-century legislators
1995:Italian-occupied Albania
1105:Gawrych, George (2006).
800:Order of the White Eagle
768:Greco-Turkish War (1897)
737:assassinated Toptani in
412:Greco-Turkish War (1897)
78:5 October 1914
2516:Politicians from Tirana
2020:German-occupied Albania
1917:High Council of Regency
1887:Principality of Albania
1876:Principality of Albania
1733:Encyclopædia Britannica
1650:. Botime Albanologjike.
1206:. Bloomsbury Academic.
1066:Skendi, Stavro (1967).
766:For his service in the
630:against Prince Wilhem.
416:Albanian revolt of 1912
362:(son of first cousin),
224:14 March 1914
144:14 March 1914
2086:
2051:
2021:
1996:
1970:
1944:
1888:
1855:
1362:Tallon, James (2014).
1175:Ikonomi, Ilir (2016).
995:Elsie, Robert (2012).
730:
696:
654:
607:. On 30 January 1913,
584:
509:
429:World War I in Albania
2496:Legislators in Turkey
2084:
2049:
2019:
1994:
1968:
1942:
1886:
1853:
1717:Memorandum on Albania
1715:Essad Pasha Toptani,
1710:at Wikimedia Commons
1659:(in Albanian). Toena.
1300:The Kosovo Chronicles
1179:. Tiranë: Uet press.
851:sq:Dy krisma në Paris
726:
695:
652:
591:and aftermath of the
579:Toptani surrendering
578:
502:Emanuel Karasu Efendi
491:
1984:Italian protectorate
1680:Albania and King Zog
979:17 July 2011 at the
2466:19th-century births
2085:Republic of Albania
2074:Republic of Albania
2000:Victor Emmanuel III
1843:Independent Albania
1773:Government offices
1708:Essad Pasha Toptani
1317:on 6 September 2010
1291:Bataković, Dušan T.
1024:"Ihsan Bey Toptani"
973:Essad Pasha Toptani
653:Toptani in Salonika
587:In 1912 during the
538:Aqif Pasha Biçakçiu
522:Republic of Albania
506:Essad Pasha Toptani
356:Aqif Pasha Biçakçiu
36:Essad Pasha Toptani
18:Essad Pasha Toptani
2546:Exiled politicians
2087:
2052:
2022:
1997:
1971:
1945:
1889:
1856:
1586:on 26 October 2016
1368:Studia Historyczne
1132:Prishtina, Hasan.
846:Two Shots In Paris
841:In popular culture
782:as an ally of the
731:
697:
669:signed the secret
655:
585:
510:
494:Ottoman Parliament
492:Delegation of the
465:Ottoman Parliament
2453:
2452:
2168:
2167:
2039:Communist Albania
2009:German occupation
1943:Albanian Republic
1932:Albanian Republic
1802:
1801:
1795:Succeeded by
1706:Media related to
1669:978-2-9532382-0-4
1626:978-9-9956-1032-6
1350:978-0-88033-181-4
1186:978-9928-190-91-8
1118:978-1-84511-287-5
1079:978-1-4008-4776-1
1008:978-1-78076-431-3
927:Kujtime 1885-1925
798:. He was awarded
772:Order of Osmanieh
743:Hotel Continental
741:when he left the
733:On 13 June 1920,
709:Kingdom of Greece
663:Kingdom of Serbia
554:31 March incident
442:
441:
16:(Redirected from
2618:
2445:
2444:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2172:
1969:Albanian Kingdom
1958:Albanian Kingdom
1828:
1821:
1814:
1805:
1778:Preceded by
1770:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1736:(12th ed.).
1729:
1705:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1582:. Archived from
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1533:on 10 April 2019
1518:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1359:
1353:
1338:George B. Leon.
1336:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1313:, archived from
1287:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1264:. Archived from
1254:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1019:
1013:
1012:
992:
983:
968:
959:
954:
945:
944:
929:. Translated by
923:Vlora, Eqrem bej
919:
913:
912:
894:
888:
882:
831:Aleksandar Vulin
792:Legion of Honour
780:Macedonian front
609:Hasan Riza Pasha
571:First Balkan War
566:
565: 1876–1909
564:
548:, he joined the
424:Siege of Scutari
420:First Balkan War
403:Military service
398:
368:Zog I of Albania
360:Ibrahim Biçakçiu
358:(first cousin),
292:Personal details
278:
266:
256:
239:
237:
231:
229:
222:
200:
188:
176:
159:
157:
151:
149:
142:
122:
110:
93:
91:
85:
83:
76:
54:
51:
46:
32:
21:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2526:Albanian Pashas
2456:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2435:
2208:
2202:Prime ministers
2199:
2169:
2164:
2146:
2068:
2033:
2003:
1978:
1952:
1926:
1870:
1837:
1832:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1748:
1740:
1723:
1699:
1694:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1634:
1627:
1615:(in Albanian).
1609:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1477:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1422:, 7 August 1921
1414:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1337:
1333:
1320:
1318:
1311:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1271:
1269:
1268:on 17 July 2011
1256:
1255:
1251:
1238:
1236:
1235:on 23 July 2011
1226:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1153:
1151:
1150:on 23 July 2011
1131:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1041:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1009:
994:
993:
986:
981:Wayback Machine
969:
962:
955:
948:
941:
921:
920:
916:
909:
896:
895:
891:
883:
879:
874:
869:
843:
820:
808:
796:Croix de Guerre
764:
759:
747:Thiais cemetery
721:
705:Northern Epirus
701:First World War
647:
624:
611:, commander of
589:Albanian revolt
583:to Montenegrins
573:
561:
486:
481:
479:Life and career
431:
427:
422:
418:
414:
322:
301:
282:Kara Seit Pasha
276:
264:
254:
235:
233:
227:
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212:Minister of War
204:Hasan Prishtina
198:
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155:
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108:
89:
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2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:Toptani family
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2458:
2457:
2451:
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2125:
2120:
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2109:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2079:
2077:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2044:
2042:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2014:
2012:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1989:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1963:
1961:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1937:
1935:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1902:none (1916–18)
1899:
1894:
1881:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1848:
1846:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1797:Turhan PĂ«rmeti
1796:
1793:
1784:
1781:Turhan PĂ«rmeti
1779:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1721:
1698:
1697:External links
1695:
1693:
1692:
1675:
1672:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1625:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1571:
1558:Gazeta Express
1544:
1513:
1486:
1459:
1444:
1432:
1420:New York Times
1407:
1405:, p. 523.
1392:
1354:
1331:
1309:
1282:
1249:
1219:
1212:
1192:
1185:
1164:
1124:
1117:
1097:
1095:, p. 193.
1085:
1078:
1058:
1056:, p. 167.
1039:
1014:
1007:
984:
971:Robert Elsie,
960:
946:
939:
914:
907:
889:
887:, p. 2156
876:
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763:
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758:
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720:
717:
646:
643:
628:Peasant Revolt
623:
622:Peasant Revolt
620:
572:
569:
558:Abdul Hamid II
526:Toptani family
518:Ottoman Empire
498:Abdul Hamid II
485:
482:
480:
477:
440:
439:
436:
435:
409:
405:
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400:
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392:
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384:
380:
379:
372:Toptani family
364:Sadije Toptani
349:
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344:
335:
331:
330:
319:
315:
314:
307:Ottoman Empire
298:
294:
293:
289:
288:
285:
284:
279:
273:
272:
270:Mehmet Deralla
267:
261:
260:
259:Turhan PĂ«rmeti
257:
255:Prime Minister
251:
250:
248:Prince Wilhelm
245:
241:
240:
215:
214:
207:
206:
201:
195:
194:
192:Mufid Libohova
189:
183:
182:
180:Turhan PĂ«rmeti
177:
175:Prime Minister
171:
170:
168:Prince Wilhelm
165:
161:
160:
135:
134:
127:
126:
125:Turhan PĂ«rmeti
123:
117:
116:
114:Turhan PĂ«rmeti
111:
105:
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99:
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69:
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2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2326:Merlika-Kruja
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
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2299:
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2279:
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2214:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2108:
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2096:
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2088:
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2066:
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2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1727:"Essad"
1722:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1690:
1689:1-84511-013-7
1686:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1560:(in Albanian)
1559:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1442:, p. 16.
1441:
1436:
1433:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1316:
1312:
1310:86-447-0006-5
1306:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:Elsie, Robert
1253:
1250:
1246:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1213:9781860645419
1209:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1004:
1000:
999:
991:
989:
985:
982:
978:
975:
974:
967:
965:
961:
958:
953:
951:
947:
942:
940:99927-780-6-7
936:
932:
928:
924:
918:
915:
910:
908:9789994356225
904:
900:
893:
890:
886:
881:
878:
871:
866:
864:
862:
858:
857:PĂ«llumb Kulla
854:
852:
847:
840:
838:
836:
832:
828:
823:
817:
815:
812:
805:
803:
801:
797:
794:and with the
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
761:
756:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
729:
725:
718:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
694:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:Treaty of Niš
668:
664:
660:
651:
644:
642:
640:
636:
631:
629:
621:
619:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
582:
577:
570:
568:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
483:
478:
476:
474:
470:
469:Balkan League
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:Essad Toptani
437:
434:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:Thopia family
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:
346:
343:
339:
338:Assassination
336:
332:
329:
325:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
295:
290:
286:
283:
280:
274:
271:
268:
262:
258:
252:
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246:
242:
221:
216:
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208:
205:
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196:
193:
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172:
169:
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162:
141:
136:
133:
128:
124:
118:
115:
112:
106:
103:
100:
96:
75:
70:
67:
62:
58:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
2263:
2251:
2076:(since 1991)
1901:
1896:
1786:
1749:(in English)
1731:
1716:
1700:
1679:
1656:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1611:
1588:. Retrieved
1584:the original
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1557:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1531:the original
1526:
1516:
1505:, retrieved
1500:
1495:
1489:
1478:, retrieved
1473:
1468:
1462:
1453:
1447:
1440:Ikonomi 2016
1435:
1424:, retrieved
1419:
1410:
1403:Ikonomi 2016
1385:16 September
1383:. Retrieved
1371:
1367:
1357:
1340:
1334:
1326:
1319:, retrieved
1315:the original
1299:
1285:
1277:
1270:. Retrieved
1266:the original
1252:
1244:
1237:. Retrieved
1233:the original
1222:
1202:
1195:
1176:
1159:
1152:. Retrieved
1148:the original
1139:
1134:
1127:
1107:
1100:
1093:Gawrych 2006
1088:
1068:
1061:
1054:Gawrych 2006
1034:
1027:. Retrieved
1017:
997:
972:
926:
917:
898:
892:
880:
848:
845:
844:
824:
821:
811:Edith Durham
809:
787:
765:
735:Avni Rustemi
732:
728:Avni Rustemi
698:
667:Nikola Pašić
656:
632:
625:
617:
586:
511:
444:
443:
408:Battles/wars
352:Gani Toptani
342:Avni Rustemi
309:(modern day
300:1863 or 1875
277:Succeeded by
219:
199:Succeeded by
139:
121:Succeeded by
73:
29:
2471:1920 deaths
2156:‡ President
1741:(in French)
1564:26 December
1374:: 437–455.
635:Johan Sluys
601:Young Turks
597:Syrja Vlora
550:Young Turks
473:Balkan Wars
426:(1912–1913)
265:Preceded by
187:Preceded by
109:Preceded by
53: 1913
2460:Categories
1637:21 October
1507:31 October
1480:31 October
1426:31 October
1380:1724503382
1321:19 January
1272:25 January
1239:25 January
1154:10 January
1029:5 December
931:Afrim Koçi
872:References
818:Perception
806:Historical
496:to Sultan
484:Early life
471:after the
378:(possibly)
370:(cousin),
366:(cousin),
236:1914-06-20
228:1914-03-14
156:1914-06-20
148:1914-03-14
90:1916-01-27
82:1914-10-05
2531:Kaymakams
2346:Mitrovica
2306:Evangjeli
2259:Prishtina
2247:Evangjeli
2041:(1944–91)
2011:(1943–44)
1986:(1939–43)
1960:(1928–39)
1934:(1925–28)
1878:(1914–25)
1845:(1912–14)
1537:4 January
1527:ZĂ«ri.info
825:In 2014,
707:, to the
455:based in
391:Signature
383:Parent(s)
348:Relations
220:In office
140:In office
74:In office
2447:Category
2341:Libohova
2331:Libohova
2311:Frashëri
2153:* Acting
2112:Gjinushi
2030:Frashëri
2025:Biçakçiu
1691:), 2005.
1631:Archived
1619:. 2009.
1590:21 April
1376:ProQuest
1293:(1992),
977:Archived
925:(2003).
885:ASA 2009
788:Officier
542:kaymakam
530:Albanian
520:(modern
64:3rd
2426:Berisha
2371:Çarçani
2336:Bushati
2321:VĂ«rlaci
2281:VĂ«rlaci
2265:Kosturi
2237:Delvina
2232:PĂ«rmeti
2227:Toptani
2222:PĂ«rmeti
2206:Albania
2133:Nishani
2118:Meidani
2107:Berisha
2101:Arbnori
2055:Nishani
1912:Delvina
1907:PĂ«rmeti
1897:Toptani
1892:Wilhelm
1865:Alizoti
1763:of the
1759:in the
1603:Sources
1144:Shkodra
790:of the
784:Entente
776:Miralay
675:Italian
613:Shkodër
605:Mirdita
581:Shkodra
461:Ottoman
311:Albania
244:Monarch
234: (
226: (
164:Monarch
154: (
146: (
102:Wilhelm
98:Monarch
88: (
80: (
2386:Ahmeti
2356:Biçaku
2286:Vrioni
2253:Koculi
2242:Vrioni
2123:Moisiu
2095:Islami
2060:Lleshi
1719:, 1919
1687:
1667:
1623:
1378:
1348:
1307:
1210:
1183:
1115:
1076:
1005:
937:
905:
835:Serbia
762:Awards
757:Legacy
546:Janina
534:Tirana
514:Tirana
457:Durrës
328:France
303:Tirana
2416:Majko
2406:Majko
2391:Meksi
2366:Shehu
2361:Hoxha
2316:Kotta
2301:Kotta
2217:Kemal
2143:Begaj
1974:Zog I
1860:Kemal
1499:[
1472:[
1138:[
867:Notes
861:Paris
751:Paris
739:Paris
719:Death
683:money
679:Dibër
459:. An
324:Paris
2431:Rama
2421:Nano
2411:Meta
2401:Nano
2396:Fino
2381:Bufi
2376:Nano
2351:Dine
2296:Zogu
2291:Noli
2276:Zogu
2161:King
2138:Meta
2128:Topi
2090:Alia
2065:Alia
1948:Zogu
1922:Noli
1685:ISBN
1665:ISBN
1639:2023
1621:ISBN
1592:2018
1566:2018
1539:2019
1509:2013
1482:2013
1428:2013
1387:2022
1346:ISBN
1323:2011
1305:ISBN
1274:2011
1241:2011
1208:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1156:2011
1113:ISBN
1074:ISBN
1031:2014
1003:ISBN
935:ISBN
903:ISBN
687:arms
685:and
639:Bari
318:Died
297:Born
210:2nd
130:2nd
2271:Ypi
2204:of
1765:ZBW
749:in
659:Niš
340:by
2462::
2159:§
1730:.
1671:).
1629:.
1556:.
1525:.
1418:,
1395:^
1370:.
1366:.
1325:,
1297:,
1276:.
1260:.
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1167:^
1158:.
1042:^
1033:.
987:^
963:^
949:^
837:.
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689:.
661:,
563:r.
516:,
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475:.
374:,
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305:,
50:c.
2194:e
2187:t
2180:v
2114:*
2103:*
2097:*
1976:§
1950:‡
1924:*
1867:*
1827:e
1820:t
1813:v
1683:(
1641:.
1594:.
1568:.
1541:.
1389:.
1372:4
1216:.
1189:.
1121:.
1082:.
1011:.
943:.
911:.
853:)
849:(
560:(
313:)
238:)
230:)
158:)
150:)
92:)
84:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
