1840:
2036:
1981:
2006:
1873:
1929:
1955:
1328:
565:
385:
478:
713:
682:
1341:, p. 358: "In return, Essad reconfirmed a promise he had made in the fall of 1914 to support Greece's annexation of North Epirus. However, while he was willing to come to a secret agreement with the Greek government on this question, he indicated that in order to be able to counterbalance the weight of the common adversary, that is Italy, and to stabilize his influence in Albania he could not recognize publicly Greece's claim."
604:, was ambushed and killed by unknown men disguised as women, thought to be Osman Bali and Mehmet Kavaja, two Albanian officers of Toptani. Riza Pasha wanted to keep up the defense of the besieged city, and after his death Toptani continued his resistance until April 1913. He turned the fortress of Shkodër over to Montenegro, only in April 1913 after a prolonged war and great heroism of Albanian and Turkish soldiers.
2432:
2071:
639:
33:
556:) of his dethronement, with Toptani being the main messenger saying "the nation has deposed you". As a result, the focus of the sultan's rage was toward Toptani whom Abdul Hamid II felt had betrayed him. The sultan referred to him as a "wicked man", given that the extended Toptani family had benefited from royal patronage in gaining privileges and key positions in the Ottoman government.
1692:
802:
described
Toptani as "a strange relic of the middle ages ... one with the handsome swashbucklers who sold themselves and their services to the rival monarchs, princelings and dukes in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and cheerfully transferred themselves to the enemy if he offered better pay –
592:. Both called for the cessation of government force and implementation of good governance to alleviate the situation in Albanian lands. Amidst the Albanian Revolt of 1912 Toptani obliged himself to organize the uprising in Central Albania and
2569:
815:
1666:
2589:
2599:
626:
surrounded and shelled his house in Durrës, forcing him to surrender. He was arrested for conspiracy, though after consultations with
Wilhelm, he was not court-martialled but sent to
2509:
2479:
2181:
2564:
1814:
1568:
1839:
1972:
2539:
1619:
1542:
2594:
2035:
2579:
2574:
2549:
670:
on 20 September, and by 3 October 1914 he had taken Durrës without a fight. Serbian Prime
Minister Nikola Pašić ordered that his followers be aided with
2559:
2027:
1511:
2489:
2174:
1807:
2524:
2474:
1283:
482:
453:
120:
692:. At the end of 1914, Essad secretly agreed with the Greek government to support the annexation of the southern provinces, known to Greeks as
2544:
2529:
2469:
1657:
1613:
1338:
1173:
1105:
1066:
995:
2494:
1753:
421:
1980:
2464:
2167:
2005:
1872:
384:
2554:
1800:
1920:
1456:
731:
2584:
1823:
1677:
1297:
1217:
1200:
1122:
927:
895:
788:
326:
1946:
697:
607:
In July 1913, he was persuaded by the Vlora family to accept a position of minister of the interior in the provisional government.
1928:
1703:
965:
2504:
1954:
1572:
735:
2484:
1605:
1250:
1696:
1404:
1220:. Gervase Belfield and Bejtullah Destani (I.B. Tauris, in association with the Centre for Albanian Studies). Archived from
803:
men in whom the sense of nationality was not developed at all, and whose sense of honor was, to put it mildly, deficient."
581:
200:
2435:
1405:"ESSAD PASHA'S BODY STILL WAITS BURIAL; Great Albanian, Shot in Paris 14 Months Ago, Lies With Unknowns in the Mortuary."
2454:
1997:
2534:
1749:
441:
343:(brother), Nejre Toptani (sister), Sabushe Toptani (sister), Merushe Toptani (sister), Shefikat Hanëm Alizoti (aunt),
1880:
1721:
236:
156:
90:
2190:
1776:
437:
54:
1303:
1056:
945:
811:
Toptani is remembered among
Albanians as one of the most negative historical figures and the symbol of treason.
526:
344:
2514:
756:
616:
564:
400:
1279:
1483:
2499:
1905:
1864:
701:
659:
577:
404:
258:
1519:
622:
On 19 May 1914, when
Toptani refused to lay down his weapons, armed forces under Dutch gendarmerie officer
2070:
417:
2344:
2013:
348:
2314:
1364:
1095:
772:
316:
2459:
1287:
2379:
2215:
2100:
1988:
1831:
704:, troops under Toptani's command gave support and protection to the Serbian column where possible.
510:
494:
1652:
Patrice Najbor, Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa Maison Royale (5 volumes), JePublie, Paris, 2008, (
839:
2519:
623:
2359:
2309:
2269:
919:
655:
1124:
Nji shkurtim kujtimesh mbi kryengritjen shqiptare të vjetit 1912. Shkrue prej Hassan
Prishtinës
477:
2299:
2294:
2235:
2220:
2210:
2089:
2018:
1895:
1769:
1673:
1653:
1609:
1334:
1293:
1196:
1169:
1101:
1062:
991:
985:
923:
891:
760:
667:
651:
542:
168:
102:
1190:
2334:
2284:
2264:
2225:
1962:
1936:
1900:
845:
819:
780:
768:
663:
597:
529:
and his family as both their mothers were sisters. During
Ottoman rule, Toptani served as a
490:
412:
408:
356:
2253:
2247:
2149:
2083:
969:
911:
784:
693:
689:
270:
192:
1221:
1136:
2329:
2319:
2106:
959:
712:
681:
546:
514:
506:
486:
449:
360:
352:
295:
180:
2448:
2404:
2394:
2374:
2324:
2205:
2121:
2111:
1853:
1848:
1715:
457:
364:
1012:
2414:
2384:
2354:
2304:
2289:
2274:
2241:
2230:
2131:
2095:
2048:
2043:
1246:
799:
723:
716:
436:(1863/4 or 1875 – 13 June 1920) was an Albanian politician who served as the third
340:
330:
1149:
Essad Pasha assured us that he could manage things in
Central Albania and Mirdita.
638:
32:
1745:
1599:
1368:
1254:
2349:
589:
585:
538:
461:
2409:
2389:
2364:
2339:
2259:
2116:
2078:
2053:
1352:
601:
2159:
2399:
2369:
2126:
1792:
1097:
The
Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913
666:
and
Serbian financial backing, he established armed forces, Toptani invaded
518:
445:
1691:
1330:
Greece and the First World War: From Neutrality to Intervention, 1917–1918
2419:
2279:
1910:
1663:
Patrice Najbor, la dynastye des Zogu, Textes & Prétextes, Paris, 2002
1569:"Zeri.info | Avni Rrustemi gjatë procesit gjyqësor në Paris (Foto+Video)"
534:
530:
1543:"Më në fund edhe Esat Pashës i bëhen nderimet pranë varrit - nga Serbia"
1024:
The Toptani family were in many ways the founders of contemporary Tirana
2194:
2062:
1316:
Essad Pasha signed a secret alliance treaty with Pasic on September 17.
1132:
764:
675:
593:
569:
299:
513:), the son of Ali Toptani and Vasfije Alizoti. He was a member of the
823:
588:
represented the Albanian side in a parliamentary discussion with the
522:
502:
291:
647:
2570:
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
1129:
Hasan Bey Prishtina: Brief Memoir on the Albanian Uprising of 1912
849:
739:
727:
680:
671:
637:
563:
476:
312:
646:
After the outbreak of the First World War, Toptani travelled to
627:
525:. From his mothers side of the family he was first cousins with
2163:
1796:
1740:
1463:
Signature of Essad Pasha for annexation of Albania into Serbia
1443:
Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima
1732:
2069:
2034:
2004:
1979:
1953:
1927:
1871:
1838:
1714:
734:. Toptani was buried in the Serbian Military section of the
888:
Kryeministrat dhe ministrat e shtetit shqiptar në 100 vjet
742:, after staying for a long time unburied in the mortuary.
545:, on 27 April 1909 four CUP members went to inform Sultan
497:, Aram Efendi and Colonel Galip Bey (Pasiner), April 1909.
1458:
Firma e Esat Pashës për bashkimin e Shqipërisë me Serbinë
1490:
Puto: There is no rehabilitation for Essad Pasha Toptani
1387:
1385:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
630:
in southern Italy and banned from returning to Albania.
1353:"Albania's Long World War I, 1912-1925: Albania in WWI"
1061:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 361.
533:
and had command of the gendarmerie in Tirana. In 1908
452:
army officer, he served as the Albanian deputy in the
1667:
Biodata on Essad Pasha by O.S. Pearson, who authored
541:
and the Ottoman parliament. In the aftermath of the
2061:
2026:
1996:
1971:
1945:
1919:
1863:
1830:
822:paid homage at his grave, for his contributions to
396:
391:
379:
371:
336:
322:
306:
285:
280:
264:
252:
242:
232:
198:
186:
174:
162:
152:
118:
108:
96:
86:
52:
23:
1601:Fjalor enciklopedik shqiptar: N-Zh dhe një shtojcë
521:noble family who helped found the current city of
489:. Left to right: Rear Admiral Arif Hikmet Pasha,
440:from 1914 to 1916. He previously established the
2590:Assassinated politicians from the Ottoman Empire
1234:Essad would be sent into exile, without a trial.
1492:] (in Albanian), AMA News, 10 November 2012
375:Ali Toptani (father), Vasfije Alizoti (mother)
2510:Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars
2175:
1808:
1646:Historia e popullit shqiptar: vëllimi i tretë
987:A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History
688:Toptani's rule was not stable because of the
8:
1284:"Serbian government and Essad Pasha Toptani"
848:with the subject of Essad Toptani murder in
2600:Burials at the Cimetière parisien de Thiais
2480:Committee of Union and Progress politicians
1635:Akademia e studimeve albanologjike (2017).
1485:Puto: Esat Pashë Toptani nuk ka rehabilitim
1465:] (in Albanian), Bota Sot, 6 April 2013
1166:Esat pashë Toptani: njeriu, lufta, pushteti
1159:
1157:
941:
939:
767:. Furthermore, for his contribution in the
16:Prime Minister of Albania from 1914 to 1916
2565:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
2182:
2168:
2160:
1815:
1801:
1793:
1758:
1445:. Belgrade: SluĹľbeni Glasnik. p. 579.
1135:: Shtypshkroja Franciskane. Archived from
946:Serbian government and Essad Pasha Toptani
763:of 2nd Class and afterwards he was ranked
31:
20:
1644:Prifti, Kristaq; Shpuza, Gazmend (2007).
1637:Historia e shqiptarëve gjatë shekullit XX
711:
615:Toptani led a faction of his own in the
1746:Newspaper clippings about Essad Toptani
1741:Famille royale d'Albanie, site officiel
1428:
1391:
1081:
1042:
955:
953:
866:
2039:People's Socialist Republic of Albania
1733:Maison royale d'Albanie, site officiel
1512:"Serbia përkujton Esat Pashë Toptanin"
1218:"An Uprising in the Six-Month Kingdom"
759:, the High Porte awarded him with the
654:, where he and Serbian prime minister
2540:Politicians assassinated in the 1920s
75: – 27 January 1916
37:Autochrome portrait by Auguste LĂ©on,
7:
1622:from the original on 21 October 2023
1131:]. Translated by Elsie, Robert.
979:
977:
422:Austro-Hungarian invasion of Albania
2595:Politicians from the Ottoman Empire
1292:, Belgrade, Serbia: KniĹľara Plato,
873:
1541:GAZETAEXPRESS (15 November 2014).
1333:. East European Monographs, 1990,
1100:. London: IB Tauris. p. 193.
501:Essad Toptani was born in 1863 in
221: – 20 June 1914
141: – 20 June 1914
14:
2580:20th-century Albanian politicians
2575:19th-century Albanian politicians
2550:Assassinated Albanian politicians
1843:Provisional Government of Albania
1216:Heaton-Armstrong, Duncan (2005).
2560:Officers of the Legion of Honour
2431:
2430:
1690:
890:. Tiranë: 55. pp. 238–239.
775:, he was awarded with the title
383:
2490:Albanian people murdered abroad
1192:The Albanians: A Modern History
1058:The Albanian National Awakening
1011:Pettifer, James (1 June 2001).
702:retreat through Albania in 1915
584:, parliamentarians Toptani and
582:Ottoman parliamentary elections
551:
1606:Academy of Sciences of Albania
1510:Gazeta ZĂ«ri (2 October 2014).
1189:Vickers, Door Miranda (1999).
456:and later cooperated with the
1:
2525:Albanian expatriates in Italy
2475:Interior ministers of Albania
1518:(in Albanian). Archived from
1267:to exile Essad Pasha to Italy
816:the Serbian Minister of Labor
38:
2545:Assassinated prime ministers
2530:Albanian emigrants to France
2470:Defence ministers of Albania
922:. Tiranë: IDK. p. 604.
700:. During the Serbian army’s
121:Minister of Internal Affairs
2495:Albanian military personnel
1781:1914 – 1916
1750:20th Century Press Archives
1713:Endres, Franz Carl (1922).
1251:"Albania under prince Wied"
990:. I.B Tauris. p. 444.
886:Dervishi, Kastriot (2012).
852:and trial of Avni Rustemi.
662:on 17 September 1914. With
634:Exile and the Treaty of Niš
442:Republic of Central Albania
2616:
2465:Prime ministers of Albania
844:is a drama by Sheri Mita,
2555:People murdered in France
2428:
2201:
2139:
1824:Heads of state of Albania
1783:
1777:Prime Minister of Albania
1774:
1766:
1761:
1441:Acović, Dragomir (2012).
517:, a prominent landowning
438:prime minister of Albania
427:
323:Manner of death
310:13 June 1920 (aged 44-57)
276:
206:
126:
60:
55:Prime Minister of Albania
48:
30:
2585:20th-century legislators
1984:Italian-occupied Albania
1094:Gawrych, George (2006).
789:Order of the White Eagle
757:Greco-Turkish War (1897)
726:assassinated Toptani in
401:Greco-Turkish War (1897)
67:5 October 1914
2505:Politicians from Tirana
2009:German-occupied Albania
1906:High Council of Regency
1876:Principality of Albania
1865:Principality of Albania
1722:Encyclopædia Britannica
1639:. Botime Albanologjike.
1195:. Bloomsbury Academic.
1055:Skendi, Stavro (1967).
755:For his service in the
619:against Prince Wilhem.
405:Albanian revolt of 1912
351:(son of first cousin),
213:14 March 1914
133:14 March 1914
2075:
2040:
2010:
1985:
1959:
1933:
1877:
1844:
1351:Tallon, James (2014).
1164:Ikonomi, Ilir (2016).
984:Elsie, Robert (2012).
719:
685:
643:
596:. On 30 January 1913,
573:
498:
418:World War I in Albania
2485:Legislators in Turkey
2073:
2038:
2008:
1983:
1957:
1931:
1875:
1842:
1706:Memorandum on Albania
1704:Essad Pasha Toptani,
1699:at Wikimedia Commons
1648:(in Albanian). Toena.
1289:The Kosovo Chronicles
1168:. Tiranë: Uet press.
840:sq:Dy krisma në Paris
715:
684:
641:
580:and aftermath of the
568:Toptani surrendering
567:
491:Emanuel Karasu Efendi
480:
1973:Italian protectorate
1669:Albania and King Zog
968:17 July 2011 at the
2455:19th-century births
2074:Republic of Albania
2063:Republic of Albania
1989:Victor Emmanuel III
1832:Independent Albania
1762:Government offices
1697:Essad Pasha Toptani
1306:on 6 September 2010
1280:Bataković, Dušan T.
1013:"Ihsan Bey Toptani"
962:Essad Pasha Toptani
642:Toptani in Salonika
576:In 1912 during the
527:Aqif Pasha Biçakçiu
511:Republic of Albania
495:Essad Pasha Toptani
345:Aqif Pasha Biçakçiu
25:Essad Pasha Toptani
2535:Exiled politicians
2076:
2041:
2011:
1986:
1960:
1934:
1878:
1845:
1575:on 26 October 2016
1357:Studia Historyczne
1121:Prishtina, Hasan.
835:Two Shots In Paris
830:In popular culture
771:as an ally of the
720:
686:
658:signed the secret
644:
574:
499:
483:Ottoman Parliament
481:Delegation of the
454:Ottoman Parliament
2442:
2441:
2157:
2156:
2028:Communist Albania
1998:German occupation
1932:Albanian Republic
1921:Albanian Republic
1791:
1790:
1784:Succeeded by
1695:Media related to
1658:978-2-9532382-0-4
1615:978-9-9956-1032-6
1339:978-0-88033-181-4
1175:978-9928-190-91-8
1107:978-1-84511-287-5
1068:978-1-4008-4776-1
997:978-1-78076-431-3
916:Kujtime 1885-1925
787:. He was awarded
761:Order of Osmanieh
732:Hotel Continental
730:when he left the
722:On 13 June 1920,
698:Kingdom of Greece
652:Kingdom of Serbia
543:31 March incident
431:
430:
2607:
2434:
2433:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2161:
1958:Albanian Kingdom
1947:Albanian Kingdom
1817:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1767:Preceded by
1759:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1725:(12th ed.).
1718:
1694:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1571:. Archived from
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1522:on 10 April 2019
1507:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1348:
1342:
1327:George B. Leon.
1325:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1302:, archived from
1276:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1253:. Archived from
1243:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1008:
1002:
1001:
981:
972:
957:
948:
943:
934:
933:
918:. Translated by
912:Vlora, Eqrem bej
908:
902:
901:
883:
877:
871:
820:Aleksandar Vulin
781:Legion of Honour
769:Macedonian front
598:Hasan Riza Pasha
560:First Balkan War
555:
554: 1876–1909
553:
537:, he joined the
413:Siege of Scutari
409:First Balkan War
392:Military service
387:
357:Zog I of Albania
349:Ibrahim Biçakçiu
347:(first cousin),
281:Personal details
267:
255:
245:
228:
226:
220:
218:
211:
189:
177:
165:
148:
146:
140:
138:
131:
111:
99:
82:
80:
74:
72:
65:
43:
40:
35:
21:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2515:Albanian Pashas
2445:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2424:
2197:
2191:Prime ministers
2188:
2158:
2153:
2135:
2057:
2022:
1992:
1967:
1941:
1915:
1859:
1826:
1821:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1737:
1729:
1712:
1688:
1683:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1623:
1616:
1604:(in Albanian).
1598:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1493:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1466:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1411:, 7 August 1921
1403:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1326:
1322:
1309:
1307:
1300:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1260:
1258:
1257:on 17 July 2011
1245:
1244:
1240:
1227:
1225:
1224:on 23 July 2011
1215:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1142:
1140:
1139:on 23 July 2011
1120:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1030:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1005:
998:
983:
982:
975:
970:Wayback Machine
958:
951:
944:
937:
930:
910:
909:
905:
898:
885:
884:
880:
872:
868:
863:
858:
832:
809:
797:
785:Croix de Guerre
753:
748:
736:Thiais cemetery
710:
694:Northern Epirus
690:First World War
636:
613:
600:, commander of
578:Albanian revolt
572:to Montenegrins
562:
550:
475:
470:
468:Life and career
420:
416:
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311:
290:
271:Kara Seit Pasha
265:
253:
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224:
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216:
214:
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207:
201:Minister of War
193:Hasan Prishtina
187:
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144:
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127:
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5:
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2512:
2507:
2502:
2500:Toptani family
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2447:
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2440:
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2199:
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2155:
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2066:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2033:
2031:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2003:
2001:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1978:
1976:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1952:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1926:
1924:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1891:none (1916–18)
1888:
1883:
1870:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1837:
1835:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1786:Turhan PĂ«rmeti
1785:
1782:
1773:
1770:Turhan PĂ«rmeti
1768:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1710:
1687:
1686:External links
1684:
1682:
1681:
1664:
1661:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1614:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1560:
1547:Gazeta Express
1533:
1502:
1475:
1448:
1433:
1421:
1409:New York Times
1396:
1394:, p. 523.
1381:
1343:
1320:
1298:
1271:
1238:
1208:
1201:
1181:
1174:
1153:
1113:
1106:
1086:
1084:, p. 193.
1074:
1067:
1047:
1045:, p. 167.
1028:
1003:
996:
973:
960:Robert Elsie,
949:
935:
928:
903:
896:
878:
876:, p. 2156
865:
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808:
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752:
749:
747:
744:
709:
706:
635:
632:
617:Peasant Revolt
612:
611:Peasant Revolt
609:
561:
558:
547:Abdul Hamid II
515:Toptani family
507:Ottoman Empire
487:Abdul Hamid II
474:
471:
469:
466:
429:
428:
425:
424:
398:
394:
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389:
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381:
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361:Toptani family
353:Sadije Toptani
338:
334:
333:
324:
320:
319:
308:
304:
303:
296:Ottoman Empire
287:
283:
282:
278:
277:
274:
273:
268:
262:
261:
259:Mehmet Deralla
256:
250:
249:
248:Turhan PĂ«rmeti
246:
244:Prime Minister
240:
239:
237:Prince Wilhelm
234:
230:
229:
204:
203:
196:
195:
190:
184:
183:
181:Mufid Libohova
178:
172:
171:
169:Turhan PĂ«rmeti
166:
164:Prime Minister
160:
159:
157:Prince Wilhelm
154:
150:
149:
124:
123:
116:
115:
114:Turhan PĂ«rmeti
112:
106:
105:
103:Turhan PĂ«rmeti
100:
94:
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88:
84:
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58:
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50:
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36:
28:
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2318:
2316:
2315:Merlika-Kruja
2313:
2311:
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2209:
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2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2180:
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2162:
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2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
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2080:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1716:"Essad"
1711:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1685:
1679:
1678:1-84511-013-7
1675:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1549:(in Albanian)
1548:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1476:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1431:, p. 16.
1430:
1425:
1422:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1305:
1301:
1299:86-447-0006-5
1295:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:Elsie, Robert
1242:
1239:
1235:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1202:9781860645419
1198:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1014:
1007:
1004:
999:
993:
989:
988:
980:
978:
974:
971:
967:
964:
963:
956:
954:
950:
947:
942:
940:
936:
931:
929:99927-780-6-7
925:
921:
917:
913:
907:
904:
899:
897:9789994356225
893:
889:
882:
879:
875:
870:
867:
860:
855:
853:
851:
847:
846:PĂ«llumb Kulla
843:
841:
836:
829:
827:
825:
821:
817:
812:
806:
804:
801:
794:
792:
790:
786:
783:and with the
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
750:
745:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
718:
714:
707:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
683:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:Treaty of Niš
657:
653:
649:
640:
633:
631:
629:
625:
620:
618:
610:
608:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
571:
566:
559:
557:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
472:
467:
465:
463:
459:
458:Balkan League
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
434:Essad Toptani
426:
423:
419:
414:
410:
406:
402:
399:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:Thopia family
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:
335:
332:
328:
327:Assassination
325:
321:
318:
314:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
284:
279:
275:
272:
269:
263:
260:
257:
251:
247:
241:
238:
235:
231:
210:
205:
202:
197:
194:
191:
185:
182:
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167:
161:
158:
155:
151:
130:
125:
122:
117:
113:
107:
104:
101:
95:
92:
89:
85:
64:
59:
56:
51:
47:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2252:
2240:
2065:(since 1991)
1890:
1885:
1775:
1738:(in English)
1720:
1705:
1689:
1668:
1645:
1636:
1624:. Retrieved
1600:
1577:. Retrieved
1573:the original
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1546:
1536:
1524:. Retrieved
1520:the original
1515:
1505:
1494:, retrieved
1489:
1484:
1478:
1467:, retrieved
1462:
1457:
1451:
1442:
1436:
1429:Ikonomi 2016
1424:
1413:, retrieved
1408:
1399:
1392:Ikonomi 2016
1374:16 September
1372:. Retrieved
1360:
1356:
1346:
1329:
1323:
1315:
1308:, retrieved
1304:the original
1288:
1274:
1266:
1259:. Retrieved
1255:the original
1241:
1233:
1226:. Retrieved
1222:the original
1211:
1191:
1184:
1165:
1148:
1141:. Retrieved
1137:the original
1128:
1123:
1116:
1096:
1089:
1082:Gawrych 2006
1077:
1057:
1050:
1043:Gawrych 2006
1023:
1016:. Retrieved
1006:
986:
961:
915:
906:
887:
881:
869:
837:
834:
833:
813:
810:
800:Edith Durham
798:
776:
754:
724:Avni Rustemi
721:
717:Avni Rustemi
687:
656:Nikola Pašić
645:
621:
614:
606:
575:
500:
433:
432:
397:Battles/wars
341:Gani Toptani
331:Avni Rustemi
298:(modern day
289:1863 or 1875
266:Succeeded by
208:
188:Succeeded by
128:
110:Succeeded by
62:
18:
2460:1920 deaths
2145:‡ President
1730:(in French)
1553:26 December
1363:: 437–455.
624:Johan Sluys
590:Young Turks
586:Syrja Vlora
539:Young Turks
462:Balkan Wars
415:(1912–1913)
254:Preceded by
176:Preceded by
98:Preceded by
42: 1913
2449:Categories
1626:21 October
1496:31 October
1469:31 October
1415:31 October
1369:1724503382
1310:19 January
1261:25 January
1228:25 January
1143:10 January
1018:5 December
920:Afrim Koçi
861:References
807:Perception
795:Historical
485:to Sultan
473:Early life
460:after the
367:(possibly)
359:(cousin),
355:(cousin),
225:1914-06-20
217:1914-03-14
145:1914-06-20
137:1914-03-14
79:1916-01-27
71:1914-10-05
2520:Kaymakams
2335:Mitrovica
2295:Evangjeli
2248:Prishtina
2236:Evangjeli
2030:(1944–91)
2000:(1943–44)
1975:(1939–43)
1949:(1928–39)
1923:(1925–28)
1867:(1914–25)
1834:(1912–14)
1526:4 January
1516:ZĂ«ri.info
814:In 2014,
696:, to the
444:based in
380:Signature
372:Parent(s)
337:Relations
209:In office
129:In office
63:In office
2436:Category
2330:Libohova
2320:Libohova
2300:Frashëri
2142:* Acting
2101:Gjinushi
2019:Frashëri
2014:Biçakçiu
1680:), 2005.
1620:Archived
1608:. 2009.
1579:21 April
1365:ProQuest
1282:(1992),
966:Archived
914:(2003).
874:ASA 2009
777:Officier
531:kaymakam
519:Albanian
509:(modern
53:3rd
2415:Berisha
2360:Çarçani
2325:Bushati
2310:VĂ«rlaci
2270:VĂ«rlaci
2254:Kosturi
2226:Delvina
2221:PĂ«rmeti
2216:Toptani
2211:PĂ«rmeti
2195:Albania
2122:Nishani
2107:Meidani
2096:Berisha
2090:Arbnori
2044:Nishani
1901:Delvina
1896:PĂ«rmeti
1886:Toptani
1881:Wilhelm
1854:Alizoti
1752:of the
1748:in the
1592:Sources
1133:Shkodra
779:of the
773:Entente
765:Miralay
664:Italian
602:Shkodër
594:Mirdita
570:Shkodra
450:Ottoman
300:Albania
233:Monarch
223: (
215: (
153:Monarch
143: (
135: (
91:Wilhelm
87:Monarch
77: (
69: (
2375:Ahmeti
2345:Biçaku
2275:Vrioni
2242:Koculi
2231:Vrioni
2112:Moisiu
2084:Islami
2049:Lleshi
1708:, 1919
1676:
1656:
1612:
1367:
1337:
1296:
1199:
1172:
1104:
1065:
994:
926:
894:
824:Serbia
751:Awards
746:Legacy
535:Janina
523:Tirana
503:Tirana
446:Durrës
317:France
292:Tirana
2405:Majko
2395:Majko
2380:Meksi
2355:Shehu
2350:Hoxha
2305:Kotta
2290:Kotta
2206:Kemal
2132:Begaj
1963:Zog I
1849:Kemal
1488:[
1461:[
1127:[
856:Notes
850:Paris
740:Paris
728:Paris
708:Death
672:money
668:Dibër
448:. An
313:Paris
2420:Rama
2410:Nano
2400:Meta
2390:Nano
2385:Fino
2370:Bufi
2365:Nano
2340:Dine
2285:Zogu
2280:Noli
2265:Zogu
2150:King
2127:Meta
2117:Topi
2079:Alia
2054:Alia
1937:Zogu
1911:Noli
1674:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1628:2023
1610:ISBN
1581:2018
1555:2018
1528:2019
1498:2013
1471:2013
1417:2013
1376:2022
1335:ISBN
1312:2011
1294:ISBN
1263:2011
1230:2011
1197:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1145:2011
1102:ISBN
1063:ISBN
1020:2014
992:ISBN
924:ISBN
892:ISBN
676:arms
674:and
628:Bari
307:Died
286:Born
199:2nd
119:2nd
2260:Ypi
2193:of
1754:ZBW
738:in
648:Niš
329:by
2451::
2148:§
1719:.
1660:).
1618:.
1545:.
1514:.
1407:,
1384:^
1359:.
1355:.
1314:,
1286:,
1265:.
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1031:^
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952:^
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505:,
493:,
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294:,
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2183:e
2176:t
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2103:*
2092:*
2086:*
1965:§
1939:‡
1913:*
1856:*
1816:e
1809:t
1802:v
1672:(
1630:.
1583:.
1557:.
1530:.
1378:.
1361:4
1205:.
1178:.
1110:.
1071:.
1000:.
932:.
900:.
842:)
838:(
549:(
302:)
227:)
219:)
147:)
139:)
81:)
73:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
