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England and a challenge to the authority of those in power. He proceeded to leave
Ireland and returned to England. His time spent as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland proved disastrous to him; his return was in express defiance of the orders of the Queen. She spoke out on his behaviour, calling it "perilous and contemptable". Essex was deprived of his offices in June 1600 and promptly placed under house arrest. His ambition had been to direct an anti-
168:, because they expected the Lord Mayor to be there. Meanwhile, Cecil sent a warning to the Lord Mayor and the heralds, denouncing Essex as a traitor. Once the word "traitor" was used, many of Essex's followers disappeared, and none of the citizens joined him as he had expected. Essex's position was desperate, and he decided to return to Essex House. When he got there, he found the hostages gone. The Queen's men, under the
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It was expected that Essex would crush the rebellion immediately, but he fought a series of inconclusive battles, squandered his funds, and was unable to face the Irish in any sort of engagement. Given these difficulties, Essex eventually made a truce with Tyrone. This truce was seen as a disgrace to
94:
Essex's loss of position at court fuelled his sense of grievance towards the Cecil "faction". This may have made him fearful of assassination attempts and suspicious of a
Cecilian policy of seeking peace with Spain. In disgrace as well as in political and financial ruin, Essex wrote several letters
148:
with the deposition scene included. The company was hesitant to perform such a controversial play, but eventually agreed once they were promised a payment of 40 shillings (equivalent to £558 in 2023) "more than their ordinary". On the same day, the Privy
Council summoned Essex to appear before
179:
Less than two weeks after the aborted rebellion, Essex and
Southampton were tried for treason. The trial lasted only a day, and the guilty verdict was a foregone conclusion. Though Essex had burnt incriminating evidence to save his followers prior to his arrest, he was convinced by the Reverend
164:) and three others came to Essex in the name of the Queen. Essex seized the four messengers and kept them hostage while he and his followers (about 200 people) made their way to the city. They timed their arrival to coincide with the end of the sermon at
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them, but he refused. He had lost his chance to take the court by surprise, so he fell back on his scheme to rouse the City of London in his favour with the claim that
Elizabeth's government had planned to murder him and had sold out England to Spain.
224:
all stood trial for high treason on 5 March 1601 and were all found guilty. Davies was allowed to leave, but the other four were executed. There were no large-scale executions, however; the other members of the conspiracy were simply fined.
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of submission to the Queen, and by August 1600 he was able to move freely except to return to court. He spent further time sending letters in an attempt to gain permission to do so. In
November 1600, the Queen refused to renew his
204:. The government was concerned about sympathy for Essex on the occasion and took care to brief the preacher at Paul's Cross (William Barlow) on how to address Essex's confession and execution. Southampton and Sir
176:), besieged the house. By that evening, after burning incriminating evidence, Essex surrendered. Essex, Southampton, and the other remaining followers were placed under arrest.
651:
Hammer, Paul E. J. "Robert
Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Ed. H. C. G. Matthew. Vol. 15. Oxford University Press: New York, 2004. Print.
676:
381:
Manhajan, Deepti (2014). Encyclopædia
Britannica Online Academic Edition "Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex". Britannica Inc. pp. Online. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
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Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, "John Erskine Mar, 2d (or 7th) earl of.", Ebscohost, 6th edition. Columbia University Press, Sep. 2013, Web, 28 February 2014
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71:(1565–1601), was the main leader of Essex's Rebellion in 1601. The main tensions that led to the rebellion began in 1599, when Essex was appointed
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111:, became a focal point for people who were upset with Elizabeth's government. On 3 February 1601, five of the conspiracy leaders met at
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The polarisation of
Elizabethan politics: The political career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, 1585–1597
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The Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics: The Political Career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex 1585–1597
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O'Neill, James. The Nine Years' War, 1593–1603: O'Neill, Mountjoy and the Military Revolution (Dublin, 2017)
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to purge his soul of guilt: in turn Essex confessed everyone who was involved, including his sister,
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208:, however, survived the Tower, to be freed upon the accession of James I. Sir
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The Nine Years War, 1593–1603: O'Neill, Mountjoy, and the Military Revolution
75:. He was sent to Ireland with the mission of subduing the revolts led by the
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Historical Dictionary of Tudor England from 1485–1603. "Essex Rebellion"
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foreign policy for England while covertly facilitating the accession of
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131:, even if this attempt meant causing harm to the Queen's people.
282:. Ed. John Cannon. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Print.
247:. Ed. Ronald H. Fritze. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1991. Print.
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On 25 February 1601, Essex was beheaded in the confines of the
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Essex and his followers hastily planned the rising. At about 10
491:. Columbia University: Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 2013
442:. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 160–168, 218–219, 228, 231.
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I, William Shakespeare Do Appoint Thomas Russell, Esquire..
323:. "Essex Rebellion". Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. Print.
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Wisker, Richard (2004). "Leveson, Sir John (1555–1615)".
406:/ Robert Devereux the 2nd Earl of Essex. Oxford: Oxford.
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Historical Dictionary of Tudor England from 1485 to 1603
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The Earl of Essex and late Elizabethan political culture
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Politics and the Paul's Cross Sermons, 1558–1642 (2011)
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On 7 February, some of Essex's followers went to the
278:Cannon, J.A. "Essex, Robert Devereux, 2nd earl of"
639:Treason in Tudor England: Politics & Paranoia
245:Historical Dictionary of Tudor England, 1485–1603
624:1599: A Year in the Life of William Shakespeare
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600:Robert, Earl of Essex: An Elizabethan Icarus
511:. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. Print.
453:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
56:of England and the court faction led by Sir
336:inflation figures are based on data from
269:, Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2017, ch. 4.
365:Bate, Jonathan (2010). Soul of the Age,
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156:a.m. the next morning (8 February), Sir
27:Unsuccessful rebellion in England (1601)
450:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
404:The Oxford Companion to British History
280:The Oxford Companion to British History
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48:was an unsuccessful rebellion led by
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243:Levin, Carole. "Essex's Rebellion",
60:to gain further influence at court.
422:Sermons at Paul's Cross, 1521–1642
142:to stage a special performance of
69:Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
50:Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
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602:(Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1971)
522:. Britannica Inc. pp. Online
677:Attempted coups d'état in Europe
570:(1950; reprint London, 1996).
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202:Church of St Peter ad Vincula
40:Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger
548:3 vols. (London, 1885–1890).
467:UK public library membership
220:, Sir John Davies, and Sir
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200:, and buried there in the
107:Essex's London residence,
73:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
697:17th-century coups d'état
516:Manhajan, Deepti (2014).
546:Ireland under the Tudors
52:, in 1601 against Queen
672:17th-century rebellions
533:(subscription required)
502:(subscription required)
481:(subscription required)
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338:Clark, Gregory (2017).
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319:Levin, Carole (1991).
140:Lord Chamberlain's Men
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18:Essex's rebellion
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89:James VI of Scotland
297:(Cambridge, 1999);
292:Paul E. J. Hammer,
186:Penelope, Lady Rich
117:Earl of Southampton
581:Hammer, J. P. G.:
551:Ellis, Steven G.:
544:Bagwell, Richard:
334:Retail Price Index
210:Christopher Blount
170:Earl of Nottingham
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692:Conflicts in 1601
647:978-1-84413-551-6
618:978-1-84682-636-8
478:. Oxford: Oxford.
465:(Subscription or
415:Morrissey, Mary,
299:Alexandra Gajda,
174:Lord High Admiral
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192:Conclusion
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64:Background
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