1328:, had visited Britain with the two British arbitrators in the summer of 1899, and subsequently had offered the two American judges a choice between accepting a unanimous award along the lines ultimately agreed, or a 3 to 2 majority opinion even more favourable to the British. The alternative would have followed the Schomburgk Line entirely, and given the mouth of the Orinoco to the British. Mallet-Prevost said that the American judges and Venezuelan counsel were disgusted at the situation and considered the 3 to 2 option with a strongly worded minority opinion, but ultimately went along with Martens to avoid depriving Venezuela of even more territory. This memorandum provided a motive for Venezuela's contentions that there had in fact been a political deal between the British judges and the Russian judge at the Arbitral Tribunal, and led to Venezuela's revival of its claim to the disputed territory. The British Government rejected this claim, asserting the validity of the 1899 award. The British Guiana Government, then under the leadership of the PPP, also strongly rejected this claim. Efforts by all the parties to resolve the matter on the eve of Guyana's independence in 1966 failed. As of today the dispute remains unresolved.
1093:
1010:
599:
574:
66:
745:
89:
613:
71:
1324:, gave the Venezuelan government a memorandum written by Severo Mallet-Prevost, the Official Secretary of the US–Venezuela delegation in the Tribunal of Arbitration, which was written in 1944 to be published only after his death. Mallet-Prevost surmised from the private behavior of the judges that there had a political deal between Russia and Britain, and said that the Russian chair of the panel,
1214:
854:
1135:
The
Chamber of the WIC in Zeeland kept control over the colonies, which sometimes led to criticism from The Chamber of the WIC in Amsterdam, who also wanted to start plantation there. The Zeelanders however, had established the colony by themselves, and after they retook possession of Essequibo under
1264:
basin within the colony. Venezuela protested, claiming the entire area west of the
Essequibo River. Negotiations between Britain and Venezuela over the boundary began, but the two nations could reach no compromise. In 1838, Essequibo was made one of the three counties of Guiana, the other two being
1288:
For two years, the tribunal consisting of two
Britons, two Americans, and a Russian studied the case in Paris (France). Their unanimous decision, handed down in 1899, awarded 94 percent of the disputed territory to British Guiana. Venezuela received only the mouths of the Orinoco River and a short
1272:
was formed to mine the deposits. Over the years, Venezuela made repeated protests and proposed arbitration, but the
British government was uninterested. Venezuela finally broke diplomatic relations with Britain in 1887 and appealed to the United States for help. The British prime minister
1076:
was built. From 1624 the area was permanently inhabited and from 1632, together with
Pomeroon, it was put under the jurisdiction of the Zeelandic Chamber of the WIC (West Indian Company). In 1657 the region was transferred by the Chamber to the cities of
1037:). This location was chosen because of its strategic location and the trade with the local population. Van der Hooge encountered an older ruined Portuguese fort there (the Portuguese arms had been hewn into the rock above the gate). Using funds of the
1293:
coastline just to the east. Although
Venezuela was unhappy with the decision, a commission surveyed a new border in accordance with the award, and both sides accepted the boundary in 1905. The issue was considered settled for the next half-century.
1147:
began settling here. After 1750 a commander of the
British population was assigned, giving them their own representation. Around 1780 a small central settlement was established at the mouth of the Demerara, which received the name
1092:
1627:
Geschiedenis der
Nederlanders buiten Europa, of verhaal van de togten, ontdekkingen, oorlogen, veroveringen en inrigtingen der Nederlanders in Azië, Afrika, Amerika en Australië, van het laatste der zestiende eeuw tot op dezen
1120:, and by then abandoned Essequibo was occupied by Matthys Bergenaar. In 1670 the Chamber of the WIC in Zeeland took over control of the colonies again. The Dutch colonies in the region endured much suffering as a result of the
1229:. Although Spain still claimed the region, the Spanish did not contest the treaty because they were preoccupied with their own colonies' struggles for independence. On 21 July 1831,
2576:
1827:
The
History of British Guiana: Comprising a General Description of the Colony: A narrative of some of the principal events from the earliest period of products and natural history
307:
1256:, although all the Venezuelan maps showed the Essequibo river as the east border of the country. A map of the British colony was published in 1840. Venezuela did not accept the
2581:
1320:, Venezuela renewed its 19th-century claim, alleging that the arbitral award was invalid. In 1949, the US jurist Otto Schoenrich, a named partner in the New York law firm
1747:
1225:
But it also became involved in one of Latin
America's most persistent border disputes because the new colony had the Essequibo river as its west border with the Spanish
2571:
682:
1297:
In 1958, the county of Essequibo was abolished when Guiana was subdivided into districts. Historical Essequibo was divided in 1958, and is part of a number of
1610:
Register der wetten en besluiten: betrekkelijk het openbaar bestuur in de Nederlanden,over het tijdvak van 1796 tot en met 1839 : nwe verm. en verb. uitg
882:
704:
156:
146:
130:
1248:
to map British Guiana and mark its boundaries. As ordered by the British authorities, Schomburgk began British Guiana's western boundary with the new
1864:
1190:(1802), the Netherlands received the Essequibo colony for a short time, from 1802 to 1803, but after that the British again occupied it during the
1459:
1164:
1041:(WIC), van der Hooge built a new fort called "Fort Ter Hoogen" from 1616 to 1621, though the fort quickly became known amongst the inhabitants as
341:
1321:
1045:(English: Fort See-everywhere). The administration of the West Indian Company as well as the governor of the entire colony settled here in 1621.
2490:
2255:
1156:
393:
1029:
conquered in 1581, which had been destroyed by Spaniards and local warriors around 1596. Led by Joost van der Hooge, the Zeelanders founded
1561:
1171:
after compelling Governor Robert Kinston to surrender. The peace of Paris, which occurred in 1783 restored these territories to the Dutch.
2029:
1587:
1168:
1009:
1447:
1137:
1143:
After 1745, the number of plantations along the Demerara and her side-rivers rapidly increased. Particularly, British colonists from
1268:
The discovery of gold in the contested area in the late 1850s reignited the dispute. British settlers moved into the region and the
1136:
command of the commander of Fort Nassau Bergen in 1666, they considered themselves as rightful rulers of the region. Under governor
954:
687:
406:
1927:
1302:
994:
875:
834:
2561:
1226:
1112:), and then plundered by the French. The following years the Zeelanders sent a squadron of ships to retake the area. In 1667
1108:(1665 – 67) put an end to these plans. Essequibo was occupied by the British in 1665 (along with all other Dutch colonies in
2126:
303:
1089:, who established the "Direction of the New Colony on Isekepe" there. From then on Pomeroon was called 'Nova Zeelandia'.
1857:
1306:
1734:, in La Reclamación Venezolana sobre la Guayana Esequiba, Biblioteca de la Academia de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales.
1608:
2566:
1625:
1104:
created a map of the colony, planned to build a new city, and built a fortress there called "New Middelburg", but the
744:
2450:
2184:
1052:(New Zeeland), but the usage of the name Essequibo soon became common. On the southern shore of the river the hamlet
2522:
1174:
In 1796 it was permanently occupied by the British and by 1800, Essequibo and Demerara collectively held around 380
88:
2486:
2352:
2047:
1906:
1453:
1378:
1269:
1203:
1167:
accepted the surrender of "Colony of Demarary and the River Essequebo". From 27 February 1782 to February 1783 the
868:
724:
545:
475:
1531:
1245:
1429:
1366:
2150:
1887:
1503:
1485:
1360:
1113:
1038:
970:
699:
379:
106:
1850:
1491:
1073:
217:
182:
990:
824:
2455:
2214:
2179:
1546:
1518:
1125:
1105:
1056:
was built, containing 12 to 15 houses. Around the river, plantations were created where slaves cultivated
299:
65:
1396:
1241:
with the Essequibo River as its west border, although many British settlers lived west of the Essequibo.
1873:
1441:
1342:
1249:
419:
1837:
1509:
1372:
1435:
1354:
1101:
2498:
2224:
2072:
1922:
1552:
1497:
1417:
209:
1423:
2304:
2280:
2250:
1771:
1567:
1078:
677:
261:
221:
1348:
2274:
1656:
1405:
1384:
1230:
1199:
1195:
978:
672:
606:
462:
237:
197:
152:
136:
1411:
1121:
225:
1277:
at first rebuffed the United States government's suggestion of arbitration, but when President
973:
between 1616 and 1792 and a colony of the Dutch state from 1792 until 1815. It was merged with
2434:
2260:
2204:
2111:
1932:
1582:
1390:
1325:
1298:
1117:
1026:
794:
733:
667:
579:
515:
257:
241:
118:
2471:
2418:
2376:
2245:
1947:
1278:
1042:
1030:
1014:
901:
445:
366:
273:
265:
253:
229:
201:
177:
70:
977:
in 1812 by the British who took control. It formally became a British colony in 1815 until
2106:
1282:
1257:
1191:
1187:
1065:
998:
958:
541:
269:
233:
205:
1651:
2199:
2057:
1962:
1695:
1537:
1317:
1274:
1238:
1034:
982:
949:
940:
814:
755:
662:
533:
492:
432:
249:
245:
213:
193:
163:
2555:
2386:
2381:
2037:
2014:
2009:
1993:
1957:
1952:
1937:
1265:
Berbice and Demerara. In 1850 both countries agreed not to occupy the disputed zone.
1253:
1218:
966:
858:
760:
537:
1696:"ADMIN REGIONS DETAILED – GUYANA LANDS AND SURVEYS COMMISSION'S FACT PAGE ON GUYANA"
2371:
2174:
1988:
1983:
1942:
1261:
283:
1285:, Britain agreed to let an international tribunal arbitrate the boundary in 1897.
1132:
into the region. In 1689 Pomeroon was destroyed by French pirates, and abandoned.
2328:
2209:
2067:
2042:
1213:
1109:
962:
1202:. Essequibo became official British territory on 13 August 1814 as part of the
2116:
2082:
1717:
Schoenrich, Otto, "The Venezuela-British Guiana Boundary Dispute", July 1949,
1160:
1086:
1069:
78:
2537:
2524:
2323:
2096:
2062:
1175:
989:
of British Guiana till 1958. In 1966, British Guiana gained independence as
1834:
Reinhart: Nederlandse literatuur en slavernij ten tijde van de Verlichting
2494:
2189:
1967:
1290:
1207:
1144:
974:
804:
656:
592:
458:
287:
141:
125:
1842:
2169:
2091:
2052:
1735:
1234:
1022:
784:
650:
488:
295:
1152:
in 1784, named after one of the directors of the West Indian Company.
2402:
2240:
2219:
2121:
2101:
2019:
1129:
1061:
1057:
986:
631:
1682:
1091:
1082:
1008:
291:
1732:
Análisis Crítico del Problema Fronterizo "Venezuela-Gran Bretaña"
1159:
on 24 February 1781, but did not stay. In March, two sloops of a
2349:
2301:
2147:
1884:
1846:
1797:
1685:
at Statoids.com. Updated 20 June 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
925:
1140:, English planters started coming to the colony after 1740.
1313:
931:
913:
907:
1033:
in the Essequibo river (actually a side-river called the
1543:
James Montgomery (acting) (19 October 1805 – 8 May 1806)
1472:
Laurens Storm van 's Gravesande (1752 – 2 November 1772)
1641:
This map has not been recovered but used in later maps
2497:
in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the
1244:
In 1835 the British government asked German explorer
922:
919:
910:
904:
1772:"Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 7"
928:
115:
British occupation (1781-1782; 1796-1802; 1803-1815)
2464:
2443:
2427:
2411:
2395:
2364:
2316:
2233:
2162:
2081:
2028:
2002:
1976:
1915:
1899:
916:
627:
529:
512:
502:
485:
472:
455:
442:
429:
416:
403:
390:
376:
363:
351:
335:
325:
313:
279:
189:
173:
98:
21:
1750:Venezuela reanuda su reclamación sobre el Esequibo
1021:Essequibo was founded by colonists from the first
1515:Albertus Backer (2nd time) (1793 – 22 April 1796)
1721:. Vol. 43, No. 3. p. 523. Washington, DC. (USA).
997:. It was located around the lower course of the
683:Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands
1526:Lieutenant governors of Demerara and Essequibo
981:was merged with Berbice to form the colony of
2577:States and territories disestablished in 1814
1858:
1838:4.1: Korte geschiedenis van de kolonie Guiana
1713:
1711:
1555:(*1764 – †1813) (February 1812 – 11 May 1813)
1116:to the east was captured from the English by
876:
8:
1558:E. Codd (acting) (11 May 1813 – 23 May 1813)
1549:(*1765 – †1821) (8 May 1806 – February 1812)
1301:and the name is preserved in the regions of
1475:George Hendrik Trotz (2 November 1772 – 81)
705:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
2582:States and territories established in 1616
2361:
2346:
2313:
2298:
2159:
2144:
1896:
1881:
1865:
1851:
1843:
1765:
1763:
1678:
1676:
883:
869:
718:
87:
18:
2501:, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.
1281:threatened to intervene according to the
1444:(d. 1742) (12 October 1729 – April 1742)
1322:Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle
1212:
993:and in 1970 it became a republic as the
2572:1616 establishments in the Dutch Empire
1770:P.J. Blok & P.C. Molhuysen (1927).
1599:
1460:Abraham Jacob van Imbijze van Batenburg
732:
721:
641:
342:Abraham Jacob van Imbijze van Batenburg
16:1616–1803 Dutch colony in South America
1624:Kampen, Nicolaas Godfried van (1832).
487:• Demerara-Essequibo merges with
1719:American Journal of International Law
948:
511:
501:
484:
471:
454:
441:
428:
415:
402:
389:
375:
362:
358:
334:
324:
320:
312:
7:
1776:Digital Library for Dutch Literature
1426:(2 November 1690 – 10 December 1707)
2489:of the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
1588:Banknotes of Demerary and Essequibo
2149:Colonies and trading posts of the
1886:Colonies and trading posts of the
1540:(18 August 1804 – 17 October 1805)
1206:and was merged with the colony of
1068:. Somewhat further downstream, on
14:
1534:(September 1803 – 18 August 1804)
1432:(10 December 1707 – 24 July 1719)
1221:, including the Essequibo border.
688:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
407:Capture of Demerara and Essequibo
1631:(in Dutch). Erven François Bohn.
1521:(27 March 1802 – September 1803)
1438:(24 July 1719 – 12 October 1729)
1048:Initially, the colony was named
900:
852:
743:
611:
597:
572:
365:• Commencement of building
69:
64:
2210:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies
1462:(22 April 1796 – 27 March 1802)
1448:Laurens Storm van 's Gravesande
1303:Essequibo Islands-West Demerara
1299:Guyanese administrative regions
1157:captured Essequibo and Demerara
1138:Laurens Storm van 's Gravesande
1096:Essequibo and Demerara in 1798.
1017:, which was constructed in 1616
995:Co-operative Republic of Guyana
77:Flag (1616-1792)
1570:(26 April 1824 – 21 July 1831)
1227:Captaincy General of Venezuela
1198:was renamed by the British as
1155:A group of British privateers
985:in 1831. In 1838, it became a
950:[koːˈloːniɛsəˈkʋeːboː]
668:Batavian Republic/Commonwealth
394:Raid on Essequibo and Demerara
1:
1564:(23 May 1813 – 26 April 1824)
1379:Aert Adriaenszoon Groenewegel
1270:British Guiana Mining Company
304:Traditional African religions
1307:Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo
1660:. 21 April 1781. p. 1.
1450:(d. 1775) (April 1743 – 50)
1128:(1701 – 14), which brought
955:Dutch colony in the Guianas
514:• Merged into the new
504:• County of Essequibo
2598:
2353:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1430:Peter van der Heyden Resen
1367:Andriaen van der Woestijne
1260:, which placed the entire
1169:French occupied the colony
957:and later a county on the
546:British West Indies dollar
476:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
2480:
2360:
2345:
2312:
2297:
2269:
2158:
2143:
1895:
1880:
1504:Gustaaf Eduard Meijerhelm
1486:Albert Siraut des Touches
1361:Cornelis Pieterszoon Hose
1246:Robert Hermann Schomburgk
969:. It was a colony of the
637:
551:
525:
359:
347:
321:
86:
61:
54:
2451:Curaçao and Dependencies
2185:Curaçao and Dependencies
2163:Colonies in the Americas
2151:Dutch West India Company
1888:Dutch East India Company
1825:Henry, Dalton G. (1855)
1748:de Rituerto, Ricardo M.
1114:Surinam (English colony)
1072:or "Great Flag Island",
971:Dutch West India Company
380:Dutch West India Company
378:• Established as a
112:Dutch colony (1792-1815)
107:Dutch West India Company
2234:Trading posts in Africa
1968:Northeast coast of Java
1607:Luttenberg, G. (1840).
1480:Commanders of Essequibo
1456:(27 February 1781 – 82)
654:Dutch colony but was a
300:Afro-American religions
93:Dutch Essequibo in 1800
1832:Paasman, A.N., (1984)
1547:Henry William Bentinck
1500:(1st time) (1787 – 89)
1492:Johannes Cornelis Bert
1337:Governors of Essequibo
1222:
1126:Spanish Succession War
1106:Second Anglo-Dutch War
1100:In 1658, cartographer
1097:
1018:
965:on the north coast of
944:
153:Combined with Demerara
137:Combined with Demerara
121:occupation (1782-1783)
2562:Former Dutch colonies
2487:constituent countries
2020:West coast of Sumatra
1874:Dutch colonial empire
1730:Isidro Morales Paúl,
1252:at the mouths of the
1250:Republic of Venezuela
1216:
1095:
1012:
835:Co-operative Republic
542:British Guiana dollar
431:• Colony of the
218:South Asian languages
190:Common languages
2499:Netherlands Antilles
1798:"Demerara-Essequibo"
1670:Henry (1855), p.239.
1568:Sir Benjamin d'Urban
1553:Hugh Lyle Carmichael
1519:George Hendrik Trotz
1124:(1688 – 97) and the
648:After 1803 it was a
308:Indigenous religions
37:County of Essequibo
30:Colony of Essequibo
2534: /
2305:Noordsche Compagnie
2303:Settlements of the
2281:Society of Suriname
2127:Vietnam (1637–1643)
1900:Governorate General
1613:(in Dutch). Doijer.
1397:Adriaen Groenewegel
1165:Admiral Lord Rodney
1039:West Indian Company
678:First French Empire
457:• Joined with
399:24–27 February 1781
210:Guyanese Hindustani
155:as a Colony of the
2567:Essequibo (colony)
2275:Society of Berbice
1657:The London Gazette
1442:Hermanus Gelskerke
1402:Baerland (1667–70)
1343:Adrian Groenewegen
1231:Demerara-Essequibo
1223:
1098:
1019:
979:Demerara-Essequibo
673:Kingdom of Holland
607:Demerara-Essequibo
463:Demerara-Essequibo
331:Adrian Groenewegen
198:Skepi Creole Dutch
23:Kolonie Essequebo
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2495:full independence
2435:Dutch East Indies
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
1683:Regions of Guyana
1583:History of Guyana
1510:Matthijs Thierens
1467:Directors-general
1391:Abraham Crijnssen
1373:Andriaen Janszoon
1326:Friedrich Martens
1118:Abraham Crijnssen
945:Kolonie Essequebo
893:
892:
859:Guyana portal
846:
845:
717:
716:
623:
622:
619:
618:
585:
584:
580:Pomeroon (colony)
337:• 1796–1802
222:African languages
2589:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2538:7.033°N 58.450°W
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2502:
2362:
2351:Colonies of the
2347:
2314:
2299:
2279:Governed by the
2273:Governed by the
2160:
2145:
1897:
1882:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1844:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1767:
1758:
1745:
1739:
1728:
1722:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1532:Robert Nicholson
1454:Robert Nicholson
1436:Laurens de Heere
1355:Jan van der Goes
1279:Grover Cleveland
1233:was united with
1204:Treaty of London
1102:Cornelis Goliath
1043:Fort Kyk-Over-Al
1031:Fort Kyk-Over-Al
1015:Fort Kyk-Over-Al
952:
938:
937:
934:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
885:
878:
871:
857:
856:
855:
842:
771:
770:
747:
737:
719:
708:
697:
691:
646:
615:
614:
601:
600:
589:
588:
576:
575:
569:
568:
553:
552:
481:20 November 1815
446:Treaty of Amiens
367:Fort Kyk-Over-Al
178:Fort Kyk-Over-Al
91:
73:
68:
42:
41:
35:
34:
28:
27:
19:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2552:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2505:
2484:
2476:
2460:
2439:
2423:
2407:
2391:
2356:
2333:
2308:
2285:
2265:
2229:
2154:
2131:
2077:
2024:
1998:
1972:
1911:
1891:
1876:
1871:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1757:, Madrid, 1982.
1746:
1742:
1738:, 2000, p. 200.
1729:
1725:
1716:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1579:
1528:
1498:Albertus Backer
1482:
1469:
1418:Abraham Beekman
1339:
1334:
1312:In 1962, under
1289:stretch of the
1283:Monroe Doctrine
1258:Schomburgk Line
1217:An 1840 map of
1192:Napoleonic Wars
1188:Peace of Amiens
1184:
1182:Border disputes
1163:squadron under
1122:Nine Years' War
1007:
999:Essequibo River
959:Essequibo River
903:
899:
889:
853:
851:
840:
765:
735:
728:
713:
712:
711:
703:
698:
694:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
660:British colony.
647:
643:
612:
598:
573:
518:
505:
495:
478:
465:
448:
435:
422:
412:22 January 1782
409:
396:
383:
369:
338:
328:
327:• 1616–24
206:Guyanese Creole
181:
169:
94:
82:
75:
74:
56:
50:
49:
43:
39:
38:
36:
32:
31:
29:
25:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2595:
2593:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2554:
2553:
2543:7.033; -58.450
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
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2326:
2320:
2318:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2225:Virgin Islands
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2200:New Netherland
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1830:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1789:
1759:
1740:
1723:
1707:
1687:
1672:
1663:
1643:
1634:
1616:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1538:Antony Beaujon
1535:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1424:Samuel Beekman
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1318:decolonization
1275:Lord Salisbury
1239:British Guiana
1183:
1180:
1074:Fort Zeelandia
1050:Nova Zeelandia
1006:
1003:
983:British Guiana
891:
890:
888:
887:
880:
873:
865:
862:
861:
848:
847:
844:
843:
837:
831:
830:
827:
821:
820:
817:
815:British Guiana
811:
810:
807:
801:
800:
797:
791:
790:
787:
781:
780:
777:
767:
766:
764:
763:
758:
756:Arawak peoples
752:
749:
748:
740:
739:
730:
729:
722:
715:
714:
710:
709:
692:
663:Dutch Republic
640:
639:
638:
635:
634:
629:
625:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
609:
603:
602:
595:
586:
583:
582:
577:
565:
564:
559:
549:
548:
534:Spanish dollar
531:
527:
526:
523:
522:
519:
513:
510:
509:
506:
503:
500:
499:
496:
493:British Guiana
486:
483:
482:
479:
473:
470:
469:
466:
456:
453:
452:
449:
443:
440:
439:
438:1 January 1792
436:
433:Dutch Republic
430:
427:
426:
423:
420:Peace of Paris
417:
414:
413:
410:
404:
401:
400:
397:
391:
388:
387:
384:
377:
374:
373:
370:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
349:
348:
345:
344:
339:
336:
333:
332:
329:
326:
323:
322:
319:
318:
315:
311:
310:
281:
277:
276:
191:
187:
186:
183:Fort Zeelandia
175:
171:
170:
168:
167:
164:British Guiana
160:
157:United Kingdom
150:
147:United Kingdom
145:Colony of the
134:
131:United Kingdom
129:Colony of the
122:
116:
113:
110:
105:Colony of the
102:
100:
96:
95:
92:
84:
83:
76:
63:
62:
59:
58:
52:
51:
45:
44:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2594:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:Loango-Angola
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1928:Banda Islands
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1600:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1375:(1644 – 16..)
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:Orinoco River
1251:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1219:Gran Colombia
1215:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1178:plantations.
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1013:The ruins of
1011:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
967:South America
964:
963:Guiana region
960:
956:
951:
946:
942:
936:
897:
886:
881:
879:
874:
872:
867:
866:
864:
863:
860:
850:
849:
838:
836:
833:
832:
828:
826:
823:
822:
818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
806:
803:
802:
798:
796:
793:
792:
788:
786:
783:
782:
778:
776:
773:
772:
769:
768:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
751:
750:
746:
742:
741:
738:
731:
726:
720:
706:
701:
700:Great Britain
696:
693:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
658:
653:
652:
645:
642:
636:
633:
630:
628:Today part of
626:
610:
608:
605:
604:
596:
594:
591:
590:
587:
581:
578:
571:
570:
567:
566:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
550:
547:
543:
539:
538:Dutch guilder
535:
532:
528:
524:
520:
517:
507:
497:
494:
490:
480:
477:
468:28 April 1812
467:
464:
460:
451:27 March 1802
450:
447:
437:
434:
424:
421:
411:
408:
398:
395:
385:
381:
371:
368:
354:
350:
346:
343:
340:
330:
316:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
282:
278:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
188:
185:(1739 - 1803)
184:
180:(1616 - 1739)
179:
176:
172:
165:
161:
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
143:
138:
135:
132:
128:
127:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
104:
103:
101:
97:
90:
85:
80:
72:
67:
60:
53:
48:
26:(before 1803)
20:
2519:
2194:
2003:Commandments
1977:Directorates
1916:Governorates
1833:
1826:
1805:. Retrieved
1801:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1775:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1731:
1726:
1718:
1699:. Retrieved
1690:
1666:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1626:
1619:
1609:
1602:
1573:
1349:Jacob Conijn
1311:
1296:
1287:
1267:
1262:Cuyuni River
1243:
1224:
1185:
1173:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1099:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1020:
895:
894:
825:Independence
774:
761:Carib people
695:
655:
649:
644:
562:Succeeded by
561:
556:
498:21 July 1831
284:Christianity
140:
124:
46:
2541: /
2355:(1815–1975)
2329:Smeerenburg
2317:Settlements
2307:(1614–1642)
2261:Slave Coast
2153:(1621–1792)
2085:settlements
2043:Banjarmasin
2030:Residencies
1933:Cape Colony
1890:(1602–1798)
1652:"No. 12181"
1562:John Murray
1512:(1791 – 93)
1506:(1789 – 91)
1494:(1784 – 87)
1420:(1678 – 90)
1414:(1676 – 78)
1408:(1670 – 76)
1406:Hendrik Bol
1387:(1665 – 66)
1381:(1657 – 64)
1369:(1641 – 44)
1363:(1638 – 41)
1357:(1627 – 38)
1351:(1624 – 27)
1345:(1616 – 24)
1110:the Guianas
734:History of
707:(1800-1802)
702:(1781-1800)
685:(1813-1815)
680:(1810-1813)
675:(1806-1810)
670:(1795-1806)
665:(1792-1795)
557:Preceded by
166:(1838-1958)
159:(1815-1831)
149:(1812-1815)
133:(1803-1812)
109:(1621-1792)
81:(1803-1831)
40:(1838-1958)
33:(1803-1812)
2556:Categories
2472:New Guinea
2465:Until 1962
2444:Until 1954
2428:Until 1949
2419:Gold Coast
2412:Until 1872
2396:Until 1853
2377:Coromandel
2365:Until 1825
2256:Senegambia
2246:Gold Coast
2083:Opperhoofd
1948:Coromandel
1820:References
1807:6 February
1778:(in Dutch)
1701:2021-03-16
1412:Jacob Hars
1385:John Scott
1316:policy of
1237:to create
1200:Georgetown
1194:. In 1812
1161:Royal Navy
1087:Vlissingen
1079:Middelburg
1070:Forteiland
491:to become
262:Portuguese
162:County of
2324:Jan Mayen
2195:Essequibo
2107:Mauritius
2073:Pontianak
2063:Palembang
1782:14 August
1332:Governors
1176:sugarcane
1023:Zeelandic
896:Essequibo
829:1966–1970
819:1814–1966
809:1745–1815
799:1650–1689
789:1627–1815
779:1616–1815
775:Essequibo
280:Religion
254:Wapishana
57:1838-1958
55:1616-1812
47:Essequibo
2491:Suriname
2205:Pomeroon
2190:Demerara
2068:Preanger
2053:Cheribon
1963:Moluccas
1577:See also
1291:Atlantic
1208:Demerara
1196:Stabroek
1150:Stabroek
1145:Barbados
1035:Mazaruni
1027:Pomeroon
1025:colony,
975:Demerara
953:) was a
805:Demerara
795:Pomeroon
725:a series
723:Part of
657:de facto
593:Demerara
530:Currency
461:to form
459:Demerara
314:Governor
288:Hinduism
242:Patamona
238:Arawakan
142:de facto
126:De facto
2529:58°27′W
2493:gained
2485:Became
2456:Surinam
2387:Suratte
2382:Malacca
2215:Surinam
2180:Cayenne
2170:Berbice
2092:Myanmar
2048:Batavia
2015:Malabar
1994:Suratte
1958:Malacca
1953:Formosa
1938:Celebes
1907:Batavia
1755:El País
1736:Caracas
1235:Berbice
1186:At the
1130:pirates
1054:Cartabo
1005:History
961:in the
841:present
785:Berbice
651:de jure
516:regions
489:Berbice
474:•
444:•
418:•
405:•
392:•
382:colony
352:History
296:Judaism
274:Chinese
266:Spanish
258:Arekuna
230:Macushi
226:Akawaio
202:English
174:Capital
2526:7°02′N
2403:Dejima
2372:Bengal
2241:Arguin
2220:Tobago
2175:Brazil
2122:Tonkin
2102:Dejima
2097:Canton
2058:Malang
2038:Bantam
2010:Bantam
1989:Persia
1984:Bengal
1943:Ceylon
1802:Rulers
1488:(1784)
1399:(1666)
1393:(1666)
1062:indigo
1058:cotton
991:Guyana
987:county
736:Guyana
727:on the
690:(1815)
632:Guyana
355:
317:
270:French
246:Warrau
234:Waiwai
119:French
99:Status
2117:Timor
1923:Ambon
1594:Notes
1083:Veere
1066:cacao
941:Dutch
839:1970–
292:Islam
250:Carib
214:Tamil
194:Dutch
139:as a
2112:Siam
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