233:, provocatively crossed the Plazuela de AntĂłn MartĂn. Several soldiers on guard stopped them to challenge the wearing of the prohibited garments. Insults were exchanged and the soldiers tried to detain them. One of the townsmen unsheathed a sword and whistled. A band of townspeople appeared and the soldiers fled. The rioters quickly took over Plaza de los Inválidos where muskets and sabers were stored. 2,000 rioters marched on the
211:
46:
333:
A military junta took measures to restore order. The city remained calm. However, upon hearing that
Charles had left secretly for Aranjuez, anger spread that the king had simply accepted the demands in order to make his subsequent escape. There were also fears that a large force of royal troops would
322:
The king was inclined to accept the demands, despite being counselled not do so by several of his ministers. Those ministers who believed he should accept the rioters' demands, emphasized that the riots were not a challenge against royal authority, but that they could develop into such should the
164:. This reform was intended to modernize the appearance of conservative Spanish society and improve public safety since the ankle-length capes were supposedly thought to facilitate the concealment of weapons, while the large hats were thought to conceal a person's face; a safeguard for criminals.
341:
and president of the
Council of Castile. The bishop was instructed to inform the king of the popular mood and to draw up a series of demands. An emissary was sent to Aranjuez and the bishop remained trapped. Meanwhile, the townspeople had begun to sack military buildings and stores, releasing
201:
Esquilache nevertheless went ahead with these measures, and on March 10, 1766, placards appeared in Madrid prohibiting the wearing of these garments. The popular reaction was immediate: the placards were torn off the walls. Soldiers were mobilized and local authorities were attacked by the
403:. The riots thus helped seal the fate of the Jesuits, already not in favor in Charles III's court. One scholar states that "Charles III would never have dared to expel the Jesuits had he not been assured of the support of an influential party within the Spanish Church." The Spanish Crown
284:
The
Walloon troops fired and killed a woman, increasing the number of rioters. A priest who made himself the rioters' representative managed to make his way to Charles and present him with the petitions. The priest's tone was ominous, and he promised to reduce
280:
On March 24, the situation worsened. The rioters, strengthened in numbers and in confidence, marched towards where the king was residing, in the Arco de la ArmerĂa de
Palacio, which was defended by Spanish troops alongside the Walloons.
268:
and formed part of the permanent garrison of Madrid. A servant attached to
Esquilache's household was knifed when the rioters made their way to the minister's mansion, which they sacked. They also stoned the mansion of the
369:. Doing so damaged his reputation. The king remained at Aranjuez as Aranda and troops were sent there to protect him. Aranda's arrival calmed Charles down but the king remained in the city until mid-April.
323:
demands be ignored. Charles appeared on the palace balcony. The rioters once again presented their demands. Charles calmly acceded to their demands. He and his
Walloon Guard then retired into the palace.
345:
This calmed the populace once again. Esquilache was also dismissed, a move that both
Charles and Esquilache lamented. Esquilache felt that his modernizing reforms had deserved a
372:
In Madrid, Aranda meanwhile had convinced the populace to adopt the French-style short capes and three-cornered hats, first meeting with the members of Madrid's five major
167:
The new policies did not immediately catch the attention of the populace, as more pressing issues fanned the flames of popular discontent; namely, the rising prices in
256:
that had been erected throughout the city by royal order as another well-intended modernization policy. The rioters' petition had included a demand that the unpopular
366:
242:
636:
342:
prisoners. The king replied with a letter that stated that he sincerely promised to comply with the demands of his people, and asked for calm and order.
252:
The duke reported to the king, who remained calm, unaware of the seriousness of the situation. The rioters meanwhile had destroyed many of the 5,000
130:
aiming to diminish the use of traditional apparel that made it easier to conceal weapons, but they also took into account growing discontent in
553:
517:
490:
404:
396:
or executioner- and that no respectable person would wear such a thing. The populace thus peacefully adopted more modern apparel.
337:
In reaction to these fears, some 30,000 people, including men, women, and children, surrounded the house of Diego Rojas
Contreras,
190:. Esquilache then proceeded to impose the new garment requirements on the general population. The writer and government official
191:
198:
warned him that the confiscation or enforced trimming of customary hats and cloaks would cause resentment amongst the people.
676:
666:
326:
This action temporarily calmed the populace. However, fearing for his own safety, Charles then decided to retreat to
218:
365:
Still fearing for his own safety, Charles remained at
Aranjuez, leaving the government in the hands of his minister
671:
651:
400:
183:. Moreover, the clothing reforms at first were only applied to the royal household and staff (January 21, 1766).
591:
446:
661:
410:
Despite the near-insurrection of the populace, Charles would continue his program of reforms. The painter
318:
That His
Majesty show himself and speak from his own mouth his desire to fulfill and satisfy these demands.
646:
586:
286:
37:
277:. That night, a portrait of Esquilache was burned in the Plaza Mayor. The king had still done nothing.
442:
commanded all of his courtiers and officials to cut off their long beards and wear European clothing.
270:
265:
238:
127:
120:
97:
656:
641:
467:
338:
274:
246:
195:
549:
432:
411:
54:
112:
229:, around 4 o'clock in the afternoon, two townsmen, dressed in the forbidden long capes and
506:
The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-1867
439:
234:
600:
Hace doscientos años. Estado actual de los problemas histĂłricos del motĂn de Esquilache
454:
289:
to rubble within two hours if the demands were not met. The rioters' demands included:
261:
147:
210:
630:
428:
349:, and would comment that he had cleaned and paved the city streets and had created
543:
226:
180:
161:
135:
17:
309:(municipal boards responsible for commodity prices and supplies) be suppressed.
45:
473:
264:) be disbanded. This foreign regiment of the Royal Guard was recruited in the
152:
450:
350:
253:
619:
Vilar, Pierre. "El motĂn de Esquilache y las crisis del Antiguo RĂ©gimen."
327:
160:, replacing these traditional garments with French-style short capes and
545:
The Colonial History of Paraguay: The Revolt of the Comuneros, 1721-1735
353:
and had nevertheless been dismissed. He was given the ambassadorship to
548:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 162–163.
393:
249:, whom they surrounded and persuaded to present petitions to the king.
179:, and cured meat, caused in part by Esquilache's liberalization of the
354:
346:
330:
with the rest of his family and his ministers, including Esquilache.
186:
Under pain of arrest, these royal functionaries adopted the measures
131:
84:
572:
Anes, Gonzalo. "Antecedentes prĂłximos del motĂn contra Esquilache".
373:
209:
202:
populace. Rioters shouted "Long Live Spain! Death to Esquilache!"
168:
477:, a 1989 Spanish film about the life of the Marques and the riot.
315:
That the use of the long cape and broad-brimmed hat be permitted.
176:
293:
That the minister Esquilache and all of his family leave Spain.
172:
312:
That the troops withdraw to their respective headquarters.
241:, shouting insults against Esquilache. They encountered
296:
That there only be Spanish ministers in the government.
384:). Aranda managed to convince these members that the
126:
They were directly sparked by a series of measures by
508:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 499.
407:
and dismantled the Jesuit missions of the Americas.
90:
80:
61:
146:Esquilache's plan was to terminate the wearing of
605:RodrĂguez, Laura. "The Riots of 1766 in Madrid",
414:, an eyewitness to these events, would paint his
388:and the long cape was nothing but the apparel of
612:RodrĂguez, Laura. "The Spanish Riots of 1766",
399:Charles III's advisers blamed the riots as a
8:
449:banned the traditional local headdress, the
367:Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, Count of Aranda
119:) occurred in March 1766 during the rule of
30:
243:Luis Antonio Fernández de CĂłrdoba y SpĂnola
128:Leopoldo de Gregorio, Marqués de Esquilache
29:
302:That the price of basic goods be lowered.
134:over the rising costs of bread and other
497:
581:Los jesuitas y el motĂn de Esquilache
431:ordered all Chinese men to adopt the
7:
405:expelled the Jesuits in January 1767
299:That the Walloon Guard be disbanded.
334:enter Madrid and crush the revolt.
273:and approached the mansion of the
25:
637:Riots and civil disorder in Spain
214:Demonstrators being outfitted as
44:
623:, 107 (1972), pp. 200–47.
357:, where he subsequently died.
1:
401:plot organized by the Jesuits
216:"Hats-and-Capes"; painting by
192:Pedro RodrĂguez de Campomanes
616:59, (1973), pp. 117–46.
453:, as a symbol of the former
609:3,3(1973), pp. 223–42.
595:. London: Basil Black 1989.
435:hairstyle on pain of death.
693:
542:LĂłpez, Adalberto (2007) .
65:23–26 March 1766
576:, 128 (1974), pp. 219-24.
43:
35:
592:Bourbon Spain, 1700-1808
579:EguĂa Ruiz, Constancio.
150:and broad-brimmed hats (
607:European Studies Review
380:) and 53 minor guilds (
222:
116:
38:Enlightenment in Spain
447:Mustafa Kemal AtatĂĽrk
213:
677:Charles III of Spain
621:Revista de Occidente
598:Navarro Latorre, J.
440:Czar Peter the Great
266:Austrian Netherlands
121:Charles III of Spain
98:Leopoldo de Gregorio
51:The Esquilache Riots
667:Regulation in Spain
518:MotĂn de Esquilache
491:MotĂn de Esquilache
468:Enlightenment Spain
416:MotĂn de Esquilache
339:bishop of Cartagena
162:three-cornered hats
117:MotĂn de Esquilache
32:
427:In the 1600s, the
247:Duke of Medinaceli
223:
219:José Martà y Monsó
196:Council of Castile
27:1766 Spanish riots
672:History of Madrid
652:Conflicts in 1766
555:978-0-7658-0745-8
530:The First America
412:Francisco de Goya
307:Juntas de Abastos
287:the king's palace
105:
104:
55:Francisco de Goya
16:(Redirected from
684:
614:Past and Present
574:Moneda y Crédito
560:
559:
539:
533:
526:
520:
515:
509:
502:
489:
109:Esquilache Riots
76:
74:
70:
48:
33:
31:Esquilache Riots
21:
18:Esquilache riots
692:
691:
687:
686:
685:
683:
682:
681:
627:
626:
569:
567:Further reading
564:
563:
556:
541:
540:
536:
527:
523:
516:
512:
503:
499:
487:
484:
464:
424:
418:around 1766–7.
382:Gremios Menores
378:Gremios Mayores
363:
217:
215:
208:
144:
72:
68:
66:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
690:
688:
680:
679:
674:
669:
664:
662:Price controls
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
629:
628:
625:
624:
617:
610:
603:
602:. Madrid 1966.
596:
584:
583:. Madrid 1947.
577:
568:
565:
562:
561:
554:
534:
521:
510:
504:D.A. Brading,
496:
495:
494:
493:
483:
480:
479:
478:
470:
463:
460:
459:
458:
455:Ottoman Empire
443:
436:
423:
420:
362:
359:
320:
319:
316:
313:
310:
303:
300:
297:
294:
262:Walloon Guards
258:Guardia Valona
207:
204:
143:
140:
103:
102:
101:
100:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
63:
59:
58:
49:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
689:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
647:1766 in Spain
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
632:
622:
618:
615:
611:
608:
604:
601:
597:
594:
593:
588:
585:
582:
578:
575:
571:
570:
566:
557:
551:
547:
546:
538:
535:
531:
525:
522:
519:
514:
511:
507:
501:
498:
492:
486:
485:
481:
476:
475:
471:
469:
466:
465:
461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
437:
434:
430:
426:
425:
421:
419:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
343:
340:
335:
331:
329:
324:
317:
314:
311:
308:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
291:
290:
288:
282:
278:
276:
272:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
220:
212:
205:
203:
199:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
154:
149:
141:
139:
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
99:
95:
94:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
42:
39:
34:
19:
620:
613:
606:
599:
590:
580:
573:
544:
537:
529:
524:
513:
505:
500:
488:(in Spanish)
472:
429:Qing dynasty
415:
409:
398:
389:
385:
381:
377:
371:
364:
344:
336:
332:
325:
321:
306:
283:
279:
257:
251:
235:Calle Atocha
230:
224:
200:
187:
185:
166:
157:
151:
145:
125:
108:
106:
96:Ministry of
50:
587:Lynch, John
422:Comparisons
392:–the hated
245:, the 11th
239:Plaza Mayor
227:Palm Sunday
206:Riots begin
181:grain trade
657:Food riots
642:1766 riots
631:Categories
482:References
474:Esquilache
390:el verdugo
351:boulevards
231:chambergos
158:madrileños
156:) by male
153:chambergos
148:long capes
142:Background
73:1766-03-26
69:1766-03-23
532:, p. 499.
528:Brading,
445:In 1925,
438:In 1698,
386:chambergo
361:Aftermath
305:That the
254:lampposts
462:See also
328:Aranjuez
275:Sabatini
271:Grimaldi
194:and the
188:en masse
81:Location
71: –
36:Part of
394:hangman
237:to the
136:staples
113:Spanish
67: (
552:
374:guilds
355:Venice
347:statue
221:(1864)
132:Madrid
85:Madrid
433:queue
169:bread
91:Cause
53:, by
550:ISBN
177:coal
123:.
107:The
62:Date
451:fez
225:On
173:oil
633::
589:,
175:,
171:,
138:.
115::
558:.
457:.
376:(
260:(
111:(
75:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
