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246:, to whom she preached. Although she did not name the places she had visited, the priests in Spain thought it sounded like New Mexico. As it happened, several groups of Jumanos Indians had shown up at the New Mexico missions, saying they had been visited by a young woman in blue and that she had told them to ask for friars to be sent to them from the missions. The friars immediately connected the two, and investigations began to verify the miracle.
308:
years, except for the brief period from 1626 to 1629, he was the dominant figure in the religious life of the province. ...His long years of service and his paramount influence give him a pre-eminent position in New
Mexican history, a position greater than that of Benavides. Perea, more than any other friar, deserves the honor of being called the Father of the New Mexican Church."
152:
368:. According to Lummis, Fray Juan Ramirez refused an escort and travelled to Ácoma from Santa Fe alone and on foot, with no other weapon than a crucifix. On arrival he was attacked by savage Indians, but when he performed what seemed to be a miracle he was accepted by them and over time converted them into the gentlest Indians in New Mexico.
184:
The Church assumed that the main objective in New Mexico was to convert the
Indians, and the civil power existed only in order to provide protection and to support this goal. As chief judge and head of the army, the governor had equal powers but different objectives, so clashes were inevitable. On 12
350:
reported "Iron tools for cultivating and ploughing the land are especially needed ... but no iron has been sent since the year 1628. Consequently we are perishing, without a pound of iron or a plough." The
Indians acquired iron and the skills of blacksmithing. When the Spanish returned to New Mexico
270:
Perea painted conditions during Silva's governorship in a poor light. He recorded that the local whites and half-castes were superstitious and influenced by Indian customs. Men were unfaithful to their wives, and the wives used Indian love-potions and spells in attempts to win back their affections.
201:
In 1620 Perea reported missionary progress to Mexico City, and based on this six friars were dispatched to New Mexico with the annual supply caravan of 1621. Perea left office that year, but remained in New Mexico. Tensions between church and state rose to such a level that in 1622 the
Franciscans
193:
and had him chained and imprisoned in the mission at Sandía. His jailer was Fray Estéban de Perea, who disapproved but obeyed. The
Custodia de la Conversión de San Pablo del Nuevo México, a religious province, was set up by Franciscan friars around 1616 or 1617. Perea was elected first custodian,
253:
with thirty soldiers, ten wagons, four hundred cavalry horses and a group of priests. Perhaps due to the size of the force, they were well received by the local people of Zuni. The soldiers made a show of great respect to the friars, going down on their knees and kissing their feet, and told the
206:
was appointed custodian and also commissary of the Holy Office of the
Inquisition for the province, giving him power second only to that of the temporal governor (and at times greater). Perea temporarily left New Mexico. Benavides visited all the pueblos, found that the friars were succeeding in
320:
Verdadera relacion, de la grandiosa conversion qve ha avido en el Nuevo Mexico: Embiada por el padre fray
Estevan de Perea, custodio de las provincias del Nuevo Mexico, al muy reverendo P. Fr. Francisco de Apodaca, comissario general de toda la Nueva España, de la orden de S. Francisco, dandole
307:
Opposed to forced conversion, as were most missionaries, he said: "With suavity and mildness an obstinate spirit can better be reclaimed than with violence and rigor." According to France V. Scholes, "Perea was one of the great figures in the history of the Church in New Mexico. For some thirty
235:, and also custodian. He replaced Benavides. Governor Silva was more friendly to the friars than his predecessors had been, and helped them in their work. By the end of 1629 New Mexico had about thirty-five missions served by forty-six friars for a population of around 35,000 converted Indians.
262:
A house was bought for the friars, serving as the first church in the province. Silva helped the
Franciscans to set up other missions near Zuni. One was established at Hawwikku, about 15 miles (24 km) down the Zuni valley, and another farther west at the Hopi village of Awatobi. Perea and
258:
plaza. The next day the
Spanish conducted Mass and baptized many of the Zuni leaders. Although things seemed to be going very well, Perea noted that the Indians "are very observant of superstitious idolatry. ...They have their gods in the mountains, in the rivers, in the harvests, and in their
304:, where he wrote that the governor was letting colonists encroach on the jointly owned fields of the Indians and of the mission. He remained with the Franciscans until his death in New Mexico in 1638 or 1639. He was buried in the mission that he had founded at Sandía.
267:. The peace with the people of Zuni did not last. The Franciscan missionary father Juan Letrado was killed in February 1632 one week after he arrived in Zuni. In March 1632 a party of soldiers was sent to Zuni to avenge the missionary's death.
177:. The viceroy received a complaint about the mission at Sandía from the municipality of Santa Fe, which said that the mission had taken so much of the limited supply of iron that there was not enough left for civilian needs. After visiting the
275:
was being illegally trafficked in New Mexico. Perea recorded in 1631 that "Ana Cadimo ... says that it was about a year ago that the
Indians ... were telling her that she was bewitched, and that she should take
143:
conducted a thorough inquiry into Perea's "purity of blood". Two witnesses testified that his mother's family was "tainted with new Christian blood", but the Franciscans chose to ignore this evidence.
198:
from 1618 to 1626. In 1620 the Viceroy of New Spain heard complaints from the Indians of abuses of power, and sent orders regulating the treatment of Indians to both Perea and Juan de Eulate.
227:
In 1629, Perea returned to New Mexico with about thirty friars and several lay brothers to undertake missionary work, possibly traveling with the new governor of New Mexico, Captain Don
280:
and that with it she would see the person who had bewitched her and done her evil." The fathers had to use harsh measures, asserting their authority to stamp out evil practices.
219:
135:, with its large populations of Muslims and Jews, had been completed in 1492. Those who refused to convert to Christianity had been deported from Spain. However, the
254:
Indians they should do the same. Perea took the welcome to mean that "God hath already disposed this vineyard." A cross and a great platform were built in the
300:
Perea remained custodian until 1631. In 1632 he published an account of the missionary activity in New Mexico. In 1633, Perea was serving as a missionary at
293:
115:, between 1610 and 1638. At times he was in conflict with the governors of the province. He has been called the "Father of the New Mexican Church".
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Perea brought with him a letter of inquiry from the archbishop in Mexico City, following up on a letter from the confessor of the Spanish nun
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131:, Spain, near the Portuguese border. Both his parents were Portuguese and came from a region that was home to many Jews. The conquest of the
231:. He was sent to New Mexico by the Franciscan Province of the Holy Gospel, based in Mexico City. He was special inspector, the agent of the
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of 1680-1692, they found that the local people had set up and were operating a fully functioning blacksmith shop in Sandía Pueblo.
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228:
181:, Perea wrote enthusiastically about the industrious and moral people, with well-built houses, in a land that resembled Spain.
909:
838:
The Pueblo Indian Revolt of 1696 and the Franciscan Missions in New Mexico: Letters of the Missionaries and Related Documents
1243:
1228:
211:, who valued the land mainly because of the number of souls to be saved, ordered the dispatch of thirty more friars.
202:
considered abandoning New Mexico altogether, and only decided to remain due to Perea's frantic pleas. In 1626 Fray
242:. She had been falling into trances in which she reported that she had been transported to some people called
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becoming the head of the Church in New Mexico. Perea had many disputes with the temporal governor
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Fray Estéban de Perea arrived in New Mexico in 1610, and soon after established the mission of
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was suspicious that some converts remained true to Jewish beliefs in private. In 1629 the
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their efforts to convert the local people, and in 1626 asked for more missionaries. King
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The historian Charles Fletcher Lummis gives a more romantic account in his 1931
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There was a constant shortage of iron in the colony. In 1639 the Santa Fe
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811:
Gardens of New Spain: How Mediterranean Plants and Foods Changed America
1113:
Canyon Gardens: The Ancient Pueblo Landscapes of the American Southwest
255:
301:
272:
243:
958:
Kiva, Cross & Crown: The Pecos Indians and New Mexico, 1540-1840
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To The End Of The Earth: A History Of The Crypto-jews Of New Mexico
1059:
Tradiciones Nuevomexicanas: Hispano Arts and Culture of New Mexico
287:
218:
150:
263:
Governor Silva gave Fray Juan Ramírez an escort further west to
223:
Cover of Perea's 1632 account of the conversions in New Mexico
1013:. New Mexico State Record Center and Archives. Archived from
893:. New Mexico State Record Center and Archives. Archived from
429:
249:
On 23 June 1629 Perea accompanied Silva on an expedition to
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1194:
The Spanish Frontier in North America: The Brief Edition
1086:
Cities of Gold: A Journey Across the American Southwest
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28:
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961:. Western National Parks Association. p. 93.
912:. Roman Catholic Diocese of Gallup. Archived from
790:Bancroft, Hubert Howe; Oak, Henry Lebbeus (1889).
910:"History of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gallup"
366:The Spanish pioneers and the California missions
1170:. University of California Press. p. 316.
889:Flint, Richard; Flint, Shirley Cushing (2012).
483:History of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gallup
1110:Price, V. B.; Morrow, Baker H. (2008-04-30).
8:
793:History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888
734:
722:
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18:
865:New Mexico: A Guide to the Colorful State
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294:Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument
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189:and his followers arrested the governor
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185:August 1613 the Franciscan leader Fray
107:friar who undertook missionary work in
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518:
405:
390:
1197:. Yale University Press. p. 82.
985:The Missions of New Mexico Since 1776
746:
710:
662:
613:
530:
441:
7:
1011:"Nieto, Francisco Manuel de Silva"
835:Espinosa, J. Manuel (1991-09-01).
808:Dunmire, William W. (2004-10-01).
14:
1167:Sanctuaries of Spanish New Mexico
862:Federal Writers' Project (1940).
1143:. University of Oklahoma Press.
841:. University of Oklahoma Press.
1056:Montaño, Mary Caroline (2001).
982:Kessell, John L. (2012-05-15).
955:Kessell, John L. (1995-01-31).
229:Francisco Manuel de Silva Nieto
1249:People from Llanos de Olivenza
1191:Weber, David J. (2009-03-17).
769:. Where We Come From,collect.
1:
934:. Columbia University Press.
814:. University of Texas Press.
430:Federal Writers' Project 1940
167:Nuestra Señora de los Dolores
123:Estéban de Perea was born in
84:Rodrigo Alonzo Perea (father)
1083:Preston, Douglas J. (1999).
323:. Impresso por L. Estupiñan.
1254:17th-century Spanish people
1137:Stewart, Omer Call (1987).
928:Hordes, Stanley M. (2005).
891:"Agreda, Maria de Jesus de"
1270:
1164:Treib, Marc (1993-09-30).
1140:Peyote Religion: A History
1089:. UNM Press. p. 311.
1062:. UNM Press. p. 142.
763:Archuleta, Roy A. (2006).
318:Perea, Estevan de (1632).
158:from a point close to the
1116:. UNM Press. p. 83.
1029:Minge, Ward Alan (1991).
868:. US History Publishers.
292:Quarai Mission Church in
169:(Our Lady of Sorrows) at
1032:Ácoma: Pueblo in the Sky
1009:Meredith, Grace (2012).
215:Second term as custodian
16:Spanish Franciscan friar
1234:Spanish Christian monks
735:Bancroft & Oak 1889
723:Price & Morrow 2008
651:Flint & Flint 2012
297:
224:
162:
291:
222:
154:
125:Villanueva del Fresno
34:Villanueva del Fresno
36:, Extremadura, Spain
1244:Colonial New Mexico
1229:Spanish Franciscans
204:Alonso de Benavides
141:Mexican Inquisition
87:Inez Nunez (mother)
73:Missionary activity
988:. Sunstone Press.
766:Where We Come From
298:
225:
209:Philip IV of Spain
173:, to the south of
163:
133:Emirate of Granada
1204:978-0-300-14068-2
1177:978-0-520-06420-1
1150:978-0-8061-2457-5
1123:978-0-8263-3860-0
1096:978-0-8263-2086-5
1069:978-0-8263-2137-4
1042:978-0-8263-1301-0
995:978-0-86534-870-7
968:978-1-877856-56-3
941:978-0-231-12936-7
875:978-1-60354-030-8
848:978-0-8061-2365-3
821:978-0-292-70564-7
796:. History Company
776:978-1-4243-0472-1
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156:Sandia Mountains
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103:) was a Spanish
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737:, p. 172.
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691:
689:, p. 166.
687:Archuleta 2006
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667:
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574:, p. 145.
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187:Isidro Ordóñez
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639:Meredith 2012
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615:
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600:
599:Espinosa 1991
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593:
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586:, p. 15.
585:
584:Espinosa 1991
580:
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562:, p. 18.
561:
560:Espinosa 1991
556:
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549:
548:Espinosa 1991
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542:
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533:, p. 17.
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166:
164:
147:Early career
122:
100:
96:
95:
45:1638 or 1639
1239:1639 deaths
572:Hordes 2005
519:Hordes 2005
406:Hordes 2005
391:Hordes 2005
284:Later years
233:Inquisition
179:Hopi people
129:Extremadura
54:Nationality
1223:Categories
1210:2012-08-27
1183:2012-08-27
1156:2012-08-27
1129:2012-08-27
1102:2012-08-27
1075:2012-08-28
1048:2012-08-27
1021:2012-08-27
1001:2012-08-29
974:2012-08-28
947:2012-08-27
920:2012-08-27
901:2012-08-27
881:2012-08-27
854:2012-08-27
827:2012-08-28
800:2012-08-27
782:2012-08-27
747:Weber 2009
711:Perea 1632
663:Treib 1993
614:Minge 1991
531:Minge 1991
442:Treib 1993
351:after the
329:References
109:New Mexico
105:Franciscan
62:Occupation
48:New Mexico
376:Citations
259:houses."
113:New Spain
175:Santa Fe
756:Sources
348:cabildo
256:Hawikuh
244:Jumanos
119:Origins
78:Parents
57:Spanish
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302:Quarai
278:peiote
273:Peyote
137:Church
334:Notes
265:Ácoma
127:, in
65:Friar
1199:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1118:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1064:ISBN
1037:ISBN
990:ISBN
963:ISBN
936:ISBN
870:ISBN
843:ISBN
816:ISBN
771:ISBN
251:Zuni
99:(or
42:Died
29:Born
1225::
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321:..
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