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of the workshop featured the "danger process". As a way of observing and confronting their own perspective and point of view, groups of participants were brought onto the stage and confronted. They were asked to "imagine that they were afraid of everyone else and then that everyone else was afraid of them" and to re-examine their reflex patterns of living that kept their lives from working. This was followed by interactions on the third and fourth days, covering topics such as reality and the nature of the mind, looking at the possibility that "what is, is and what ain't, ain't," and that "true enlightenment is knowing you are a machine" and culminating in a realization that people do not need to be stuck with their automatic ways of being but can instead be free to choose their ways of being in how they live their lives. Participants were told they were perfect the way they were and were asked to indicate by a show of hands if they "had gotten it".
33:
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Leadership at
Harvard University, called est "an important experience in which two hundred people go through a powerful curriculum over two weekends and have a learning experience that seemed to change many of their lives." Trainers confronted participants one-on-one and challenged them to be themselves rather than to play a role that had been imposed on them by the past.
267:, effectively tricking the mind into seeing itself, and in thus seeing, to be simultaneously aware of who was doing the seeing, a transcendent level of consciousness, a place spacious and undefined, distinct from the tired old story that our minds continuously tell us about who we are, and with which we ordinarily identify.
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from these rules, and had to sit in the back row so that they would not interfere with the other participants. These classroom agreements provided a rigorous setting whereby people's ordinary ways to escape confronting their experience of themselves were eliminated. Moreno describes the est training as a form of "
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The whole thing is treated as a joke, discomforting the new converts. Nonetheless, one study of a large sample of est alumni who had completed the training at least three months before revealed that the large majority felt the experience had been positive (88%), and considered themselves better off
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Of all the disciplines that I studied, practiced, learned, Zen was the essential one. It was not so much an influence on me, rather it created space. It allowed those things that were there to be there. It gave some form to my experience. And it built up in me the critical mass from which was kindled
234:
Participants agreed to follow the ground rules, which included not wearing watches, not speaking until called upon, not talking to their neighbors, and not eating or leaving their seats to go to the bathroom except during breaks separated by many hours. Participants who were on medication were exempt
248:
writes, "During the training, it became glaringly clear that most of our personal problems begin with our not keeping our agreements, not being true to our words, saying one thing and doing another. That first full day on the simple class agreements was painfully enlightening. It became obvious that
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Sessions lasted from 9:00 a.m. to midnight, or to the early hours of the morning, with one meal-break. Participants had to hand over wristwatches and were not allowed to take notes, or to speak unless called upon, in which case they waited for a microphone to be brought to them. The second day
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In 1983 in the United States, a participant named Jack Slee collapsed during a portion of the seminar known as "the danger process" and died at the hospital to which he had been transported. A court subsequently found that the est training was not the cause of death. A jury later ruled that Erhard
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meant to bring into full awareness the repetition of old, burdensome behaviors. The seminar sought to enable participants to shift the state of mind around which their lives were organized, from attempts to get satisfaction or to survive, to actually being satisfied and experiencing themselves as
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and taking responsibility for one's life. The actual teaching, called "the technology of transformation," emphasizes the value of integrity. As est grew, so did criticism. It was accused of mind control and labeled a cult by some critics who said that it exploited its followers by recruiting and
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observed that "participants might have been surprised how both physically and emotionally challenging and how philosophical the training was." He writes that the critical part of the training was freeing oneself from the past, which was accomplished by "experiencing" one's recurrent patterns and
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The training provides a format in which siege is mounted on the Mind. It is intended to identify and bring under examination presuppositions and entrenched positionality. It aims to press one beyond one's point of view, at least momentarily, into a perspective from which one observes one's own
218:
The est
Standard Training program consisted of two weekend-long workshops with evening sessions on the intervening weekdays. Workshops generally involved about 200 participants and were initially led by Erhard and later by people trained by him. Ronald Heifetz, founder of the Center for Public
169:
in 1971 that offered a two-weekend (6-day, 60-hour) course known officially as "The est
Standard Training". The purpose of the training is to help one to recognize that the situations, which seem to be holding them back in life, are working themselves out within the process of life itself. The
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and
Transformational Technologies, est remains one of the best known of the human potential groups. Like other organizations within the human potential movement, est understands 'itself to be communicating epistemological, psychological, and psychosomatic facts about human existence '
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in 1977. This smear campaign involved hiring personal investigators to spy on Erhard, recruiting
Scientologists to covertly enroll in and disrupt est courses, and compiling information from disgruntled former est participants which could be used to discredit est. Scientology founder
285:
in the core of their beings". One study of "a large sample of est alumni who had completed the training at least 3 months before revealed that "the large majority felt the experience had been positive (88%), and considered themselves better off for having taken the training (80%)".
666:'The purpose of the EST training,' we were told when I took it as a college student in the early '80s, 'is to transform your ability to experience living so that the situations you have been trying to change or have been putting up with clear up just in the process of life itself.'
625:
printed on the first mailing I received after sending in my deposit: 'The purpose of the est training is to transform your ability to experience living so that the situations you have been trying to change or have been putting up with clear up just in the process of life
387:. In 1991 the business was sold to the employees who formed a new company called Landmark Education with Erhard's brother, Harry Rosenberg, becoming the CEO. Landmark Education was structured as a for-profit, employee-owned company; since 2013, it operates as
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organization is, in fact, a boot camp for bureaucracy. Hierarchical, tightly rule-governed, and meritocratic, it trains its young volunteers and staff to answer phones, write memos, keep records, promote and stage public events, and deal smoothly with
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Many participants reported experiencing powerful results through their participation in the est training, characterised by
Eliezer Sobel as perceived "dramatic transformations in their relationships with their families, with their work and personal
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in favor of "feeling and action." The authors also described graduates of est as "fiercely loyal," and said that it recruited heavily, reducing marketing expenses to virtually zero. The last est training was held in
December 1984 in San Francisco.
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observed." Erhard challenged participants to be themselves instead of playing a role that had been imposed on them and aimed to press people beyond their point of view, into a perspective from which they could observe their own positionality. As
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In 1985, Erhard changed the name of est to 'the Forum.' The Forum is not substantially different from est . Ruth Tucker says that the changes made by Erhard are largely cosmetic, for the philosophy of the Forum is essentially that of
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By 1979, est had expanded to Europe and other parts of the world. In 1980 the first est training in Israel was offered in Tel Aviv. The est training presented several concepts to these new attendees, most notably the concept of
461:
1973 – The
Foundation for the Realization of Man – incorporated as a non-profit foundation in California (subsequently the name of the foundation was changed to the est Foundation in 1976, and in 1981 to the Werner Erhard
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said that similarities between est and Mind
Dynamics were "striking", as both used "authoritarian trainers who enforce numerous rules," require applause after participants "share" in front of the group, and de-emphasize
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The
Landmark Forum is the direct successor to the notorious 1970s programme est . In the 1980s, Erhard reinvented his course in a gentler, more corporate incarnation as The Forum, which later became the Landmark
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The criticism intensified as EST grew. It was labeled a cult that practiced mind control (verbal abuse, sleep deprivation), a racket that exploited its followers (heavy recruiting, endless "graduate seminars").
173:
Est seminars operated from late 1971 to late 1984 and spawned a number of books from 1976 to 2011. Est has been featured in a number of films and television shows, including the critically acclaimed spy-series
325:. Initial est training in Lompoc involved participation of 12–15 federal prisoners and outside community members within the walls of the maximum security prison and was personally conducted by Werner Erhard.
1936:
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seminar aimed to "transform one's ability to experience living so that the situations one had been trying to change or had been putting up with clear up just in the process of life itself".
719:, Transformational Technologies, etc., are easily conceptualized as quasi-religions. Although it is now defunct and its founder, Werner Erhard, has moved on to other projects, such as
1946:
551:
383:
It was replaced by a gentler course called "The Forum," which began in January 1985. "est, Inc." evolved into "est, an Educational Corporation," and eventually into
1419:"Founder of est Targeted in Campaign by Scientologists : Religion: Competition for customers is said to be the motive behind effort to discredit Werner Erhard"
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360:(who died in 1986) believed that Erhard had copied Scientology. Erhard disputed this, saying that est was essentially different despite some similarities.
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Werner Erhard reported having a personal transformation, and created the est training to allow others to have the same experience. The first
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and other major cities in the United States followed soon after. They were carried out by Werner Erhard, who had recently resigned from
1508:"Soul Training: A Retooled Version of the Controversial est Movement – Seekers of Many Stripes Set Out on a Path of Self-examination"
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Bartley, William Warren, Werner Erhard: the transformation of a man: the founding of est. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. 1978.
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Bartley, William Warren, Werner Erhard: the transformation of a man: the founding of est. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. 1978.
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Bartley, William Warren, Werner Erhard: the transformation of a man: the founding of est. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. 1978.
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Bartley, William Warren, Werner Erhard: the Transformation of a Man: the Founding of est. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. 1978.
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The last est training took place in December 1984 in San Francisco. The seminars gave way to a "gentler" course offered by
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1318:"Getting 'It' in Prison – The First est Training at the Federal Correctional Institution at Lompoc, California in 1974"
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much of human misery is a function of broken agreements – not keeping your word, or someone else not keeping theirs."
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Buddhism. Bartley quotes Erhard as acknowledging Zen as the essential contribution that "created the space ".
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Ruys, Chris. "Can you unchain your mind through est or TM?". No. January 23, 1977. Sun Times (Chicago).
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While not a church or religion, est is included here because it has often been accused of being a cult.
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Impromptu Man: J. L. Moreno and the Origins of Psychodrama, Encounter Culture, and the Social Network.
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Despair and deliverance: private salvation in contemporary Israel by Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi page 121
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Impromptu Man: J.L. Moreno and the Origins of Psychodrama, Encounter Culture, and the Social Network
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845:. Approaches to New Religions (3 ed.). London: Routledge (published 2014). p. 129.
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1971 – Erhard Seminars Training Inc, first est Training held in San Francisco, California
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Bartley details Erhard's connections with Zen beginning with his extensive studies with
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957:, by Sharon Daloz Parks, published 2005 by Harvard Business School Press; pp. 157– 158
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1306:"est in Prison" by Earl Babbie, published in American Journal of Correction, Dec 1977
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and his company had been negligent, but did not give Slee's estate a monetary award.
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351:. This campaign had spanned several years, with examples being found in documents
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Beginning in July 1974 the est training was delivered at the U.S. Penitentiary at
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The Pursuit of Happiness: Why are we driving ourselves crazy and how can we stop?
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Tipton, Steven M. (1982). "EST and Ethics: Rule-egoism in Middle Class Culture".
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1981 – First of ten annual physicist conferences sponsored by the est Foundation
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Getting Saved from the Sixties: Moral Meaning in Conversion and Cultural Change
1220:(2 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press (published 1999). p. 75.
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Organizations generally associated with the human potential movement, such as
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1286:"The est Training in Prisons: A Basis for the Transformation of Corrections?"
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Greil, Arthur L.; Rudy, David R. (1981). "On the Margins of the Sacred". In
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1021:, by Marc Galanter; New York: Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., 1999, p. 75
1001:, by William Warren Bartley, III; New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. 1978.
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Whippman, Ruth (10 March 2016). "Personal Journey? Its Not All About You".
800:. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers (published 2014). p. 215.
306:, California, in October 1971. Within a year, trainings were being held in
1138:
Kay Holzinger (2001). "Erhard Seminars Training (est) and The Forum". In
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1977 – The first est training outside of the United States, in London.
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Rhinehart, Luke: The Book of est, Holt, Rinehart and Winston (1976)
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Life Inc: How the World Became a Corporation and How to Take it Back
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http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23298425-664,00.html
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The Religious Fringe: A History of Alternative Religions in America
180:, broadcast from 2013 to 2018. Est represented an outgrowth of the
1397:"Complaint in Trespass for Wrongful Death – Demand for Jury Trial"
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1980 – The Breakthrough Foundation was established (Youth at Risk)
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Despair and Deliverance: Private Salvation in Contemporary Israel
839:(11 September 2014). "Erhard Seminars Training (est)/The Forum".
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In Gods We Trust: New Patterns of Religious Pluralism in America
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239:...relying on the power of the shared cathartic experience that
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Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, The Founding of est
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Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, The Founding of est
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Werner Erhard: the Transformation of a Man: the Founding of est
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Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, The Founding of est
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Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, The Founding of est
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Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, the Founding of est
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Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, the Founding of est
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As est grew, so did criticisms. Various critics accused est of
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Werner Erhard The Transformation of a Man: The Founding of est
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26:
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Leadership Can Be Taught: A Bold Approach for a Complex World
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United States District Court for the District of Connecticut
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I considered the training to be a brilliantly conceived Zen
1689:
Hargrove, Robert: est: Making Life Work, Delacorte (1976)
1648:, New York, New York, USA: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc (1978)
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Sobel, Eliezer (1998). "This is It: est, 20 Years Later".
424:
in the mid-1960s. Bartley quotes Erhard as acknowledging:
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Accused by critics of being an authoritarian army, the
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1984 – The last training was held under the name of est
259:
said in his article "This is It: est, 20 Years Later":
1937:
Defunct companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
1739:: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile
347:, est had been the target of a smear campaign by the
1477:"The Landmark Forum: 42 Hours, $ 500, 65 Breakdowns"
692:(2 ed.). Abingdon: Routledge (published 2017).
552:
List of large-group awareness training organizations
526:, a 1977 film which parodied the then-popular course
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1361:"The Return of Werner Erhard, Father of Self-help"
1145:Odd gods: new religions & the cult controversy
767:"The Return of Werner Erhard, Father of Self-Help"
738:"The Return of Werner Erhard, Father of Self-Help"
1058:Bartley, William Warren III (December 12, 1988).
1031:Bartley, William Warren III (December 12, 1988).
1089:Kiyosaki, Robert; Kiyosaki, Emi (January 2009).
426:
391:with a consulting division called Vanto Group.
226:problems and choosing to change them. The word
486:1981 – est became Werner Erhard and Associates
1777:
413:(1978), Erhard describes his explorations of
88:Organization founded by Werner Erhard in 1971
8:
1947:Privately held companies based in California
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1590:. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. 1978.
1535:. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. 1978.
1269:"Hotel to hospital: Farewell to S.F. era".
1169:McGurk, William S. (1977). "Was ist est?".
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281:, or most important, with the recognition
231:whole and complete in the present moment.
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56:. Please do not remove this message until
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471:1977 – The Hunger Project was established
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1608:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (July 1, 1992).
606:. Philadelphia: Lippincott. p. 44.
52:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1417:Welkos, Robert W. (December 29, 1991).
882:. London: Hutchinson (published 2016).
570:
477:1980 – The first est training in Israel
465:1975 – est, an educational corporation.
334:offering numerous "graduate seminars."
321:, California, with the approval of the
1717:, Playboy Press (1976) ASIN B004BI5A3E
1661:est: 60 Hours That Transform Your Life
753:The criticism intensified as EST grew.
474:1979 – The first est training in India
1612:. State University of New York Press.
7:
1917:1984 disestablishments in California
1240:for having taken the training (80%).
765:Haldeman, Peter (28 November 2015).
736:Haldeman, Peter (28 November 2015).
530:EST and The Forum in popular culture
1679:, J. B. Lippincott Company. (1976)
1475:McClure, Laura (July–August 2009).
1217:Cults: Faith, Healing, and Coercion
1019:Cults: Faith, Healing, and Coercion
976:Jonathan D, Moreno (October 2014).
923:. InterVarsity Press. p. 319.
184:of the 1960s through to the 1970s.
341:According to a 1991 report by the
25:
1907:1971 establishments in California
1848:Getting It: The Psychology of est
1720:Moreno, M.D., Ph.D., Jonathan D.
1676:Getting It: The Psychology of est
1214:(1990). "Altered Consciousness".
603:Getting it: The Psychology of Est
536:Getting It: The Psychology of est
429:the experience that produced est.
165:) was an organization founded by
1927:Companies disestablished in 1984
1922:Companies based in San Francisco
1454:. SUNY Press. pp. 129–132.
1395:Ragland, Jr., Gerald F. (1984).
1064:. Clarkson Potter. p. 233.
210:", which began in January 1985.
31:
1724:Bellevue Literary Press (2014)
1624:"» History of the est Training"
409:'s biography of Werner Erhard,
401:Werner Erhard § Influences
271:
1942:Large-group awareness training
1644:Bartley, III, William Warren:
1506:Bass, Alison (March 3, 1999).
1359:Haldeman, Peter (2015-11-28).
547:Large-group awareness training
272:Participants' reported results
157:, though often encountered as
151:Erhard Seminars Training, Inc.
92:Erhard Seminars Training, Inc.
1:
1932:Companies established in 1971
1401:Civil Action No. N 84 497 JAC
648:. Random House. p. 140.
1822:Werner Erhard and Associates
842:Cults: A Reference and Guide
505:Werner Erhard and Associates
385:Werner Erhard and Associates
204:Werner Erhard and Associates
1452:Perspectives on the New Age
1316:Rogin, Neal (7 June 1978).
365:Perspectives on the New Age
58:conditions to do so are met
1973:
1628:erhardseminarstraining.com
980:. Bellevue Literary Press.
600:Fenwick, Sheridan (1976).
433:Other influences included
398:
100:Privately-held corporation
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1586:Bartley, William Warren;
1531:Bartley, William Warren,
323:Federal Bureau of Prisons
1807:Erhard Seminars Training
1715:The Movement and the Man
1092:Rich Brother Rich Sister
542:Human Potential Movement
331:spiritual transformation
195:army; some labeled it a
182:Human Potential Movement
1663:, HarperCollins (1976)
1284:Woodward, Mark (1982).
1271:San Francisco Chronicle
1171:Contemporary Psychology
431:
269:
237:Socratic interrogation
1912:1971 in San Francisco
1843:est: Playing the Game
1703:, Zebra Books (1976)
1296:on November 13, 2013.
1290:Baltimore Law Journal
494:Related organizations
399:Further information:
349:Church of Scientology
298:course was held at a
261:
1713:Marks, Pat R.: est:
1148:. Prometheus Books.
1853:Outrageous Betrayal
1737:Outrageous Betrayal
1673:Fenwick, Sheridan:
1487:on October 18, 2010
1273:. October 31, 2009.
1037:. Clarkson Potter.
558:Outrageous Betrayal
363:In their 1992 book
283:who they truly were
93:
45:of this article is
1817:Landmark Worldwide
1812:The Hunger Project
1734:Pressman, Steven:
1701:The est Experience
1365:The New York Times
1095:. Vanguard Press.
771:The New York Times
742:The New York Times
713:Silva Mind Control
510:Landmark Worldwide
500:The Hunger Project
389:Landmark Worldwide
223:Jonathan D. Moreno
116:1984 (dissolution)
1889:
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1871:Wikimedia Commons
1749:978-0-557-30615-2
1709:978-0-89083-168-7
1695:978-0-440-19556-6
1669:978-0-06-010562-4
1444:Melton, J. Gordon
1423:Los Angeles Times
1346:; March 1, 2008;
1155:978-1-57392-842-7
1102:978-1-59315-493-6
987:978-1-934137-84-0
640:Rushkoff, Douglas
407:W. W. Bartley III
353:seized by the FBI
344:Los Angeles Times
191:or of forming an
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1485:the original
1481:Mother Jones
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443:Scientology
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1876:Wikisource
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619:13 January
565:References
523:Semi-Tough
422:Alan Watts
228:experience
137:Key people
129:California
66:March 2024
43:neutrality
1881:Wikiquote
1577:, p. 121.
1560:, p. 118.
1373:0362-4331
1259:, p. 165.
1200:(Summer).
1009:, p. 199.
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721:the Forum
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241:Aristotle
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686:(eds.).
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516:See also
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1800:History
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