217:
released them. To avoid further disagreements, he appointed de las Alas as his lieutenant in the province and sent Pardo with 150 soldiers into the interior of the mainland to
Christianize the Indians. Historians Rowland, Moore, and Rogers, however, say that Alas had been suspicious of Pardo's motives, and hesitated to allow the much larger force entry to the fort until he was assured of Pardo's loyalty to Menéndez. Rowland et al further assert that Pardo, discerning the reasons for Alas's suspicions, assured Alas that his orders were supportive of Menéndez's efforts and his continued authority over the enterprise of
242:, motivated by lack of food, delays in receiving their wages and the war with the Amerindians, hatched a plot to kill Alas and flee the region. Alas discovered the plot before it was executed and jailed those involved, hanging the main instigators, and then advanced the remaining soldiers their pay to satisfy their grievances. After receiving news that on the last day of March a force of four hundred Indians had attacked Fort San Mateo and wounded its commander, he sent Captain Francisco Núñez with fifty soldiers to rebuild the palisade, with orders to return to St. Augustine when they were finished.
261:. They met little resistance, and the Spanish garrison, thinking that the force was much larger than it actually was, soon surrendered to the French, who burned the fort and hanged the Spanish prisoners they took, as revenge for the massacre of the French garrison. On Easter morning, the sergeant in command of San Mateo arrived at St. Augustine with thirty-two soldiers who had manned the Spanish outpost on the south side of the Saint Johns River mouth, and reported that on the previous day, from that location, he had seen a large group of Indians accompanying soldiers armed with
216:
author FĂ©lix
Zubillaga, the limits of authority of the two captains, Pardo and Alas, were not clearly defined, and the situation led to arguments between them and contributed to the disorder in the garrison. The discord ceased with the return of Menéndez, who reprimanded the three jailed soldiers and
334:
for the
Spanish Crown and ridding the coast of pirates. In April of this same year, Alas encountered two French pirate ships and engaged them, bombarding the ships repeatedly to prevent their escape before his reinforcements arrived. By nightfall, three Spanish ships arrived and pursued the pirates;
275:
However, there was a major problem for the survival of the
Spanish colonists in La Florida—European cereals grew poorly in the subtropical climate, and their herds of horses and cows suffered mass slaughter by the Indians. The survival of the Spanish population in the province depended on supplies
203:
When construction of Fort San Felipe was finished and a supply ship finally arrived, sixty soldiers mutinied, seized and tied up
Esteban de las Alas and his officers. They escaped in the boat with all its provisions to Havana. When Alas freed himself, he found that twenty men had deserted to the
265:, advancing against the Spanish fort on the opposite bank, on the island called Alimacani. The garrison of thirty soldiers there abandoned their post and tried to flee, only five of them managing to escape to the south bank, and two others to Fort San Mateo, where they reported what happened.
358:, transporting valuable goods and dealing with pirates and privateers. Alas later held administrative positions in several Latin American cities. In the last years of his life he held the position of supplier and factor in the Royal Spanish Navy. He died in Nombre de Dios, Panamá, in 1577.
283:
Esteban de las Alas, still governor of La
Florida by the delegation of Pedro Menéndez, decided to evacuate part of the colony at Santa Elena so that those who remained were more likely to survive. He reduced the number of soldiers posted to the garrisons at
208:
came to Santa Elena with two boats bearing three hundred soldiers and abundant provisions for the garrison at San Felipe, dispatched by Gen. Sancho de
Archiniega from St. Augustine. The colony until then had subsisted only by the generosity of the Indians.
118:. He sold most of his property, and helped by loans, managed to gather more than 6,000 ducats, allowing him to acquire three ships and equip them with provisions, arms and ammunition. The ship departed for the
470:
MartĂnez, JosĂ© RamĂłn; GarcĂa, Rogelio; and
Estrada, Secundino (Oviedo, 1999), "Historia de una emigración: asturianos a América, 1492–1599" (English: History of an Emigration: Asturians to America, 1492–1599)
292:) and San Felipe, leaving fifty men assigned to each fort. In the latter of them two dozen farmers and their families were also allowed to remain. The forts Menéndez had established in the territories of the
386:
Noticias biográfico-genealógicas de Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, primer adelantado y conquistador de la
Florida: continuadas con las de otros asturianos que figuraron en el descubrimiento y colonizaciĂłn de las
528:
142:, along with 200 men aboard two ships in disrepair. From there he went to Cuba, but along the way he was captured by a group of Portuguese boat smugglers. In early January 1566, he arrived in
114:, he accompanied him in the conquest of Florida, commanding one of the ship squadrons, funded in part by his own funds, in 1565. Thus he was appointed commander of the ships and troops of the
106:
Alas was the son of
Rodrigo de las Alas and MarĂa de LeĂłn. The first records of his presence in America date from 1561. He was appointed in 1562 as captain general of the New Spain Fleet (
221:. They say as well that Pardo judiciously deferred to Alas in all matters of command at Santa Elena, and that the two men formed a collegial relationship that lasted several years.
272:
with 273 colonists, of whom he placed 193 at Santa Elena and the rest at Saint Augustine, and arranged for the good order of the missions supervised by Father Juan Rogel.
212:
To forestall any further mutinies or desertions among the troops, Juan Pardo ordered the hanging of two of the mutineers and arrested three others. According to the
187:
and Orista, indigenous peoples through whose friendship the Spanish could build Fort San Felipe in the domains of the chief of the Orista tribe, at the cape of the
366:
Alas married Ana MarĂa de ValdĂ©s, and they had four children: Esteban de las Alas el Mozo, Ana Catalina de Miranda, MarĂa de ValdĂ©s and Rodrigo de las Alas.
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in October, 1566. While in office, he had to deal with low morale in the Spanish garrisons and the threat of mutinies; e.g., a group of soldiers in
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110:), which carried to Spain gold and silver mined by the slave labor of native peoples in what is now Mexico. As friend and companion of
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In August 1570, Alas was recalled as governor of Florida and on August 13 he returned to Spain with 110 Spaniards remaining in the
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111:
86:
682:
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188:
555:
147:
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On December 30, 1572, under the auspices of Pedro Menendez, Esteban de las Alas was appointed captain of the galleon
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interior and only twenty-five soldiers remained at his side. In early July 1566, a month after these events, Capt.
687:
280:, the annual allotment of funds from the government of New Spain, to arrive caused the settlers great hardship.
350:, belonging to the fleet of Admiral Diego Florez. On board this galleon, Alas traversed the shipping routes to
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57:
315:
340:
239:
355:
246:
205:
692:
90:
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of Seville to find out the causes of this voyage; Alas was subsequently acquitted of the charges.
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to the Caribbean, the ship was separated from the rest of the fleet by a storm and took refuge in
249:, who had outfitted an expedition from France at his own expense, and aided by warriors led by
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meanwhile, Alas stayed behind to rendezvous with the other ships in his fleet, then sailed to
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Situado and Sabana: Spain's Support System for the Presidio and Mission Provinces of Florida
250:
331:
234:
82:
483:
The Spanish Settlements Within the Present Limits of the United States: Florida 1562-1574
421:
The Spanish Settlements Within the Present Limits of the United States: Florida 1562-1574
253:, one of the most powerful Indian chiefs in northern Florida, led a force that assaulted
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176:
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tribe. Later he participated in the exploration of north Florida, reaching present-day
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Alas, during the absence of Menéndez, was appointed governor and captain general of
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311:
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123:
72:
Naval officer, administrator (governor of La Florida, commander of Fort San Felipe)
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139:
500:
Lawrence S. Rowland; Alexander Moore; George C. Rogers, Jr. (22 June 2020).
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180:
163:
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was established; for these efforts he was appointed commander of the fort.
81:(died 1577) was a Spanish naval officer who served as interim governor of
262:
127:
119:
39:
304:
557:
La Florida: la misiĂłn jesuĂtica (1566-1572) y la colonizaciĂłn espanola
85:
from October 1567 to August 1570, in the absence of official governor
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213:
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35:
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Conquista y colonización de la Florida por Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
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Conquista y colonización de la Florida por Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
343:, where he was to pick up the Crown's gold for transport to Spain.
184:
43:
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from abroad. Menéndez's prolonged absence and the failure of the
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El Norte: The Epic and Forgotten Story of Hispanic North America
153:
After the reunion with Pedro Menéndez, Alas became part of his
330:(royal army) with the goal of discovering sources of gold in
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Governorship of Santa Elena and command of Fort San Felipe
503:
The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina: 1514-1861
650:. Carnegie Institution of Washington. 1910. p. 20.
438:
Don Luis de Velasco, virrey de Nueva España, 1550-1564
89:. He was also governor of the Spanish settlement of
68:
50:
28:
21:
506:. University of South Carolina Press. p. 31.
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493:
288:, San Mateo, San Pedro (on the southeast coast of
167:). He explored southern Florida and contacted the
314:on October 22. This initiated proceedings of the
93:in what is now South Carolina, in 1566 and 1567.
326:In 1577, the king appointed Alas general of the
268:On April 25, 1569, Pedro Menéndez sent Alas to
647:Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication
8:
577:. University of Georgia Press. p. 212.
441:. Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press. p. 117.
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322:Return to the Spanish Army and last years
150:, who had already given him up for dead.
245:In late April 1568, the French soldier,
486:. G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 260–261.
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310:(Holy Spirit), arriving at the port of
130:on May 25; during its passage from the
146:and met Pedro Menéndez de Aviles and
7:
435:MarĂa Justina Sarabia Viejo (1978).
673:Spanish explorers of North America
628:Eugenio Ruidiaz y Caravia (1894).
424:. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 219.
401:Eugenio Ruidiaz y Caravia (1894).
14:
527:Carrie Gibson (5 February 2019).
390:. Imprenta La Union. p. 120.
533:. Grove Atlantic. p. 48.
354:and the Isla de Margarita and
1:
668:Royal governors of La Florida
383:Ciriaco Miguel Vigil (1892).
678:Explorers of Spanish Florida
571:Amy Turner Bushnell (1987).
179:, in his search for French
714:
607:. EDAF. pp. 560–563.
601:Antonio Fernández Toraño.
183:. There he contacted the
604:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
554:FĂ©lix Zubillaga (1941).
480:Woodbury Lowery (1905).
418:Woodbury Lowery (1905).
112:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
87:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
634:. Garcia. p. 324.
407:. Garcia. p. 178.
341:Nombre de Dios, Panama
257:, formerly the French
148:Pedro Menéndez Márquez
356:Santa Marta, Colombia
247:Dominique de Gourgues
161:) as his accountant (
16:Spanish naval officer
683:People from Asturias
316:Casa de ContrataciĂłn
337:Cartagena de Indias
79:Esteban de las Alas
23:Esteban de las Alas
698:People from Avilés
108:Nueva España Flota
614:978-84-414-3853-8
584:978-0-8203-1712-0
540:978-0-8021-4635-9
513:978-1-64336-163-5
448:978-84-00-03766-6
348:Santiago el menor
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308:EspĂritu Santo
255:Fort San Mateo
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177:South Carolina
132:Canary Islands
116:Cantabrian Sea
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362:Personal life
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69:Occupation(s)
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312:Cadiz, Spain
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159:estado mayor
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693:1577 deaths
328:Armada Real
193:Santa Elena
102:Early years
91:Santa Elena
662:Categories
370:References
339:and on to
270:La Florida
263:arquebuses
235:La Florida
227:La Florida
219:La Florida
206:Juan Pardo
140:Hispaniola
83:La Florida
352:Venezuela
191:on which
181:Huguenots
97:Biography
387:Américas
296:and the
251:Saturiwa
164:contador
128:Asturias
120:Americas
40:Asturias
305:frigate
290:Georgia
278:situado
173:Georgia
136:Yaguana
32:Unknown
611:
581:
537:
510:
445:
298:Calusa
214:Jesuit
189:island
169:Calusa
144:Havana
62:Panama
36:Aviles
185:Guale
124:Gijon
122:from
44:Spain
609:ISBN
579:ISBN
535:ISBN
508:ISBN
443:ISBN
175:and
54:1577
51:Died
29:Born
294:Ais
126:in
664::
593:^
492:^
457:^
138:,
60:,
42:,
38:,
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543:.
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451:.
157:(
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