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research, as well as subsequent research, showed that tornado wind speeds required to inflict the described damage were actually much lower than the F-scale indicated, particularly for the upper categories. Also, although the scale gave general descriptions of damage a tornado could cause, it gave little leeway for strength of construction and other factors that might cause a building to sustain more damage at lower wind speeds. Fujita tried to address these problems somewhat in 1992 with the
Modified Fujita Scale, but by then he was semi-retired and the National Weather Service was not in a position to update to an entirely new scale, so it went largely unenacted.
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leveled. Low-lying grass and vegetation are shredded from the ground. Trees are completely debarked and snapped. Very little recognizable structural debris is generated with most materials reduced to a coarse mix of small, granular particles and dispersed. Large, multiple-ton steel frame vehicles and farm equipment are often mangled beyond recognition and tossed miles away or reduced entirely to unrecognizable parts. Tall buildings collapse or have severe structural deformations. The official description of this damage highlights the extreme nature of the destruction, noting that "incredible phenomena can and will occur".
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352:"precise wind speed numbers are actually guesses and have never been scientifically verified. Different wind speeds may cause similar-looking damage from place to place—even from building to building. Without a thorough engineering analysis of tornado damage in any event, the actual wind speeds needed to cause that damage are unknown." Since then, the Enhanced Fujita Scale has been created using better wind estimates by engineers and meteorologists.
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of damage that occur with different types of structures, both manmade and natural. The expanded and refined damage indicators and degrees of damage standardize what was somewhat ambiguous. It also is thought to provide much better estimates of wind speeds and sets no upper limit on the wind speeds for the highest level, EF5.
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In 1973, Allen
Pearson added additional path length and path width parameters to the Fujita scale. Under this version, each tornado would be assigned one Fujita scale rating and two Pearson scale ratings. For example, a tornado rated F4 based on damage with a path length of 63 miles (101 km) and
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Since the Fujita scale is based on the severity of damage resulting from high winds, a tornado exceeding F5 is an immeasurable theoretical construct. Frame-home structural damage cannot exceed total destruction and debris dispersal, which constitutes F5 damage. A tornado with wind speeds greater than
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Though each damage level is associated with a wind speed, the Fujita scale is effectively a damage scale, and the wind speeds associated with the damage listed are not rigorously verified. The
Enhanced Fujita Scale was formulated due to research that suggested that the wind speeds required to inflict
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In the United States, on
February 1, 2007, the Fujita scale was decommissioned in favor of what scientists believe is a more accurate Enhanced Fujita Scale. The meteorologists and engineers who designed the EF Scale believe it improves on the F-scale on many counts. It accounts for different degrees
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Severe damage.A few parts of affected buildings are left standing. Well-built structures lose all outer and some inner walls. Unanchored homes are swept away, and homes with poor anchoring may collapse entirely. Trains and train cars are all overturned. Small vehicles and similarly sized objects are
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Devastating damage.Well-built homes are reduced to a short pile of medium-sized debris on the foundation. Homes with poor or no anchoring are swept completely away. Large, heavy vehicles, including airplanes, trains, and large trucks, can be pushed over, flipped repeatedly, or picked up and thrown.
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Significant damage.Well-built structures can suffer serious damage, including roof loss, and the collapse of some exterior walls may occur in poorly built structures. Mobile homes, however, are destroyed. Vehicles can be lifted off the ground, and lighter objects can become small missiles, causing
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The Fujita scale, introduced in 1971 as a means to differentiate tornado intensity and path area, assigned wind speeds to damage that were, at best, educated guesses. Fujita and others recognized this immediately and intensive engineering analysis was conducted through the rest of the 1970s. This
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ranges for specific tiers of damage. Fujita intended that only F0–F5 be used in practice, as this covered all possible levels of damage to frame homes as well as the expected estimated bounds of wind speeds. He did, however, add a description for F6, which he called an "inconceivable tornado", to
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scale. F1 corresponds to the twelfth level of the
Beaufort scale, and F12 corresponds to Mach number 1.0. F0 was placed at a position specifying no damage (approximately the eighth level of the Beaufort scale), in analogy to how Beaufort's zeroth level specifies little to no wind. From these wind
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Furthermore, the original wind speed numbers have since been found to be higher than the actual speeds required to incur the damage described at each category. The error manifests itself to an increasing degree as the category increases, especially in the range of F3 through F5. NOAA notes that
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Incredible damage.Well-built and well-anchored homes are taken off their foundations and they go into the air before obliteration. The wreckage of those homes is flung for miles and those foundations are swept completely clean. Large, steel-reinforced structures such as schools are completely
245:/SPC). The scale was updated in 1973, taking into account path length and width. In the United States, starting in the late 1970s, tornadoes were rated soon after occurrence. The Fujita scale was applied retroactively to tornadoes reported between 1950 and the adoption of the scale in the
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Light damage.Well-built structures are typically unscathed, though sometimes sustaining broken windows, with minor damage to roofs and chimneys. Billboards and large signs can be knocked down. Trees may have large branches broken off and can be uprooted if they have shallow roots.
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Large, healthy trees are entirely debarked and snapped off close to the ground or uprooted altogether and turned into flying projectiles. Passenger cars and similarly sized objects can be picked up and flung for considerable distances.
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Moderate damage.Damage to mobile homes and other temporary structures becomes significant, and cars and other vehicles can be pushed off the road or flipped. Permanent structures can suffer major damage to their roofs.
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a path width of 800 yards (730 m) would be rated F,P,P 4,4,4. Use of the
Pearson scales was not widespread, however, and it remained more common to simply list a tornado's path length and path width directly.
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with top engineers and meteorologists resulted in the EF scale wind speeds, but these are biased to United States construction practices. The EF scale also improved damage parameter descriptions.
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allow for wind speeds exceeding F5 and possible advancements in damage analysis that might show it. In total, two tornadoes received the rating of F6, but both were later downgraded to F5.
253:
of The
Tornado Project retroactively rated all known significant tornadoes (F2–F5 or causing a fatality) in the U.S. back to 1880. The Fujita scale was adopted in most areas outside of the
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At the time Fujita derived the scale, little information was available on damage caused by wind, so the original scale presented little more than educated guesses at
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The rating of any given tornado is of the most severe damage to any well-built frame home or comparable level of damage from engineering analysis of other damage.
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began using the
Enhanced Fujita scale in Canada on April 1, 2013. The U.S. and Canada are the only countries to officially adopt the Enhanced Fujita scale.
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F5 tornado's damage was surveyed by Ted Fujita and he "toyed with the idea of rating the
Smithfield tornado an F6". In 2001, tornado expert
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lifted off the ground and tossed as projectiles. Wooded areas suffer an almost total loss of vegetation and some tree debarking may occur.
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was introduced in the United States. The new scale more accurately matches wind speeds to the severity of damage caused by the tornado.
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descriptions of damage were made for each category of the Fujita scale, and then these descriptions were used to classify tornadoes.
30:"F2 tornado" and "F3 tornado" redirect here. For the F2 and F3 air defence variants of the Panavia Tornado military aircraft, see
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321:
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Edwards, Roger; LaDue, James G.; Ferree, John T.; Scharfenberg, Kevin; Maier, Chris; Coulbourne, William L. (May 1, 2013).
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damage outside of the tornado's main path. Wooded areas have a large percentage of their trees snapped or uprooted.
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The original scale as derived by Fujita was a theoretical 13-level scale (F0–F12) designed to smoothly connect the
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Roger
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adopted the EF-Scale over the Fujita scale along with 31 "Specific Damage Indicators" used by
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A diagram illustrating the relationship between the Beaufort, Fujita, and Mach number scales.
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damage by intense tornadoes on the Fujita scale are greatly overestimated. A process of
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did have 321 mph (517 km/h) winds, but that measurement was not near ground level.
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was originally rated F6, which was later downgraded to its official rating of F5.
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if motion picture recording is available. The Fujita scale was replaced with the
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Proposed characterization of tornadoes and hurricanes by area and intensity
241:, head of the National Severe Storms Forecast Center/NSSFC (currently the
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Based on aerial photographs of the damage it caused, Fujita assigned the
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National Tornado Database. Fujita rated tornadoes from 1916 to 1992 and
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data, witness testimonies, media reports and damage imagery, as well as
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The six categories are listed here, in order of increasing intensity.
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On February 1, 2007, the Fujita scale was decommissioned, and the
1283:"Errors, Oddities and Artifacts in U.S. Tornado Data, 1995–2021"
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1062:"NWS Tornado Surveys and the Impact on the National Tornado"
1432:
Memoirs of an Effort to Unlock the Mystery of Severe Storms
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10.1175/1520-0477(2001)000<0063:TTFHCT>2.3.CO;2
771:
studies, Fujita scale ratings may be grouped into classes.
157:
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1491:"Tornado Intensity Estimation: Past, Present, and Future"
963:"Tornado Intensity Estimation: Past, Present, and Future"
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for measuring the magnitude (intensity) of any emergency
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1080:
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319 miles per hour (513 km/h) is possible, as the
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
1447:. Toronto has seen several tornados since the 1900s.
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154:
1555:
A Guide for Conducting Convective Windstorm Surveys
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1561:The Tornado: An Engineering-Oriented Perspective
1025:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
970:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
1445:Assessing tornado damage: EF-scale vs. F-scale
1098:: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films.
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1185:"Explaining the 'Inconceivable F6' Tornado"
868:Severe weather terminology (United States)
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342:National Weather Service Norman, Oklahoma
1225:"Jumbo Tornado Outbreak of 3 April 1974"
845:Lists of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
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1242:"April 4, 1977, Smithfield F5 Tornado"
1471:(2001). "Birth of the Fujita Scale".
1333:The Fujita Scale of Tornado Intensity
1204:from the original on October 26, 2023
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1117:
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937:"Fujita Scale – Tornado Damage Scale"
395:
7:
1549:The Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale)
1403:"NOAA's NWS Storm Prediction Center"
1290:Storm Prediction Center Publications
691:0.3–0.9 mi (0.48–1.45 km)
636:0.3–0.9 mi (0.48–1.45 km)
336:". In 2023, it was announced by the
229:The scale was introduced in 1971 by
1539:Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage
662:3.2–9.9 mi (5.1–15.9 km)
1312:"Storm Prediction Center WCM Data"
704:1.0–3.1 mi (1.6–5.0 km)
701:100–315 mi (161–507 km)
649:1.0–3.1 mi (1.6–5.0 km)
27:Scale for rating tornado intensity
25:
1434:. Chicago: University of Chicago.
1390:. Chicago: University of Chicago.
1021:"American Meteorological Society"
678:176–566 yd (161–518 m)
213:in February 2007. In April 2013,
1183:Anna, Carly (October 26, 2023).
818:
804:
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1092:Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991
716:Tornado rating classifications
688:32–99 mi (51–159 km)
665:56–175 yd (51–160 m)
639:6–17 yd (5.5–15.5 m)
623:<0.3 mi (0.48 km)
370:1999 Bridge Creek-Moore Tornado
1173:. Site accessed June 27, 2006.
863:Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale
695:
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675:10–31 mi (16–50 km)
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1:
912:"Fujita Tornado Damage Scale"
652:18–55 yd (16–50 m)
1223:Fujita, T. Theodore (1974).
873:Tornado intensity and damage
850:List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes
334:Pampa, Texas tornado of 1995
1266:Thomas P. Grazulis (2021).
1124:Fujita Tornado Damage Scale
1019:McDonald, James R. (2001).
775:Decommissioning in the U.S.
626:<6 yd (5.5 m)
1618:
1401:Center, Storm Prediction.
1339:December 30, 2011, at the
840:International Fujita scale
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29:
1516:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00006.1
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1140:"Storm Prediction Center"
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1428:Fujita, Tetsuya Theodore
1384:Fujita, Tetsuya Theodore
1246:National Weather Service
1129:. Accessed May 20, 2009.
237:, in collaboration with
1567:Fujita archival records
1495:Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc
1451:April 27, 2013, at the
1171:Storm Prediction Center
1127:Storm Prediction Center
338:Storm Prediction Center
243:Storm Prediction Center
221:(EC) in their ratings.
1270:. The Tornado Project.
1096:St. Johnsbury, Vermont
711:Rating classifications
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1602:Scales in meteorology
1571:Texas Tech University
835:Enhanced Fujita scale
781:Enhanced Fujita scale
767:For purposes such as
322:Birmingham–Smithfield
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262:Enhanced Fujita Scale
235:University of Chicago
207:Enhanced Fujita scale
1469:Marshall, Timothy P.
941:factsjustforkids.com
857:Rohn Emergency Scale
346:1970 Lubbock tornado
187:aerial damage survey
167:Fujita–Pearson scale
1507:2013BAMS...94..641E
1088:Grazulis, Thomas P.
1037:2001BAMS...82...63M
982:2013BAMS...94..641E
769:tornado climatology
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386:Wind speed estimate
328:stated in his book
318:1974 Super Outbreak
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32:Panavia Tornado ADV
1364:on October 4, 2012
1060:McCarthy, Daniel.
792:Environment Canada
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326:Thomas P. Grazulis
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270:expert elicitation
219:Environment Canada
209:(EF-Scale) in the
185:after a ground or
116:261–318 mph
105:207–260 mph
94:158–206 mph
83:113–157 mph
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1105:978-1-879362-03-1
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239:Allen Pearson
236:
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211:United States
208:
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196:
195:weather radar
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86:Considerable
85:
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45:
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37:
33:
19:
1498:
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1472:
1462:Bibliography
1440:
1431:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1366:. Retrieved
1362:the original
1357:
1347:
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1289:
1276:
1267:
1261:
1249:. Retrieved
1236:
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1195:
1178:
1147:. Retrieved
1144:spc.noaa.gov
1143:
1134:
1091:
1068:
1055:
1031:(1): 63–72.
1028:
1024:
1014:
973:
969:
956:
944:. Retrieved
940:
931:
919:. Retrieved
916:spc.noaa.gov
915:
788:
784:
766:
754:Significant
696:
683:
670:
657:
644:
631:
612:Path length
598:
565:
536:
507:
478:
449:
420:
410:
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359:
350:
329:
311:
303:
287:
266:
259:
251:Tom Grazulis
228:
170:
166:
130:
127:Fujita scale
126:
124:
108:Devastating
61:< 73 mph
41:Fujita scale
40:
36:
1563:(NWS SR147)
1557:(NWS SR146)
1474:Storm Track
1296:January 11,
1208:October 26,
1167:Tornado FAQ
883:TORRO scale
615:Path width
299:qualitative
294:Mach number
119:Incredible
1581:Categories
1481:(3): 6–10.
895:References
356:Parameters
306:wind speed
276:Derivation
231:Ted Fujita
225:Background
18:F5 tornado
998:1520-0477
392:Frequency
344:that the
191:cycloidal
183:engineers
171:FPP scale
75:Moderate
1449:Archived
1430:(1992).
1386:(1971).
1337:Archived
1251:April 8,
1202:Archived
946:June 14,
798:See also
761:Intense
747:Violent
292:and the
193:marks),
1597:Tornado
1525:7842905
1503:Bibcode
1412:May 27,
1368:May 27,
1354:"index"
1197:YouTube
1149:May 27,
1033:Bibcode
1006:7842905
978:Bibcode
921:May 27,
744:Strong
574:419–512
571:261–318
545:333–418
542:207–260
516:254–332
513:158–206
490:16.17%
487:181–253
484:113–157
461:34.24%
458:117–180
432:44.14%
316:of the
233:of the
131:F-Scale
97:Severe
53:Damage
1523:
1292:: 1–10
1102:
1004:
996:
609:Scale
577:0.10%
548:1.00%
519:4.35%
455:73–112
429:64–116
215:Canada
165:), or
64:Light
50:Speed
47:Scale
1551:(SPC)
1521:S2CID
1286:(PDF)
1228:(PDF)
1190:Video
1065:(PDF)
1002:S2CID
966:(PDF)
741:Weak
426:40–72
380:Scale
1592:Wind
1414:2017
1370:2017
1320:2021
1298:2023
1253:2022
1210:2023
1151:2017
1100:ISBN
994:ISSN
948:2019
923:2017
412:km/h
340:and
181:and
125:The
1543:SPC
1511:doi
1041:doi
986:doi
736:F5
733:F4
730:F3
727:F2
724:F1
721:F0
405:mph
201:or
113:F5
102:F4
91:F3
80:F2
69:F1
58:F0
1583::
1519:.
1509:.
1499:94
1497:.
1493:.
1479:24
1477:.
1405:.
1356:.
1288:.
1244:.
1194:.
1169:.
1159:^
1142:.
1114:^
1094:.
1077:^
1067:.
1039:.
1029:82
1027:.
1023:.
1000:.
992:.
984:.
974:94
972:.
968:.
939:.
914:.
903:^
697:P5
684:P4
671:P3
658:P2
645:P1
632:P0
620:–
566:F5
537:F4
508:F3
479:F2
450:F1
421:F0
257:.
152:iː
149:dʒ
133:;
1573:)
1569:(
1545:)
1541:(
1527:.
1513::
1505::
1416:.
1372:.
1322:.
1300:.
1255:.
1230:.
1212:.
1192:)
1188:(
1153:.
1108:.
1071:.
1049:.
1043::
1035::
1008:.
988::
980::
950:.
925:.
169:(
161:/
158:ə
155:t
146:ˈ
143:u
140:f
137:/
129:(
34:.
20:)
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