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1306:, reported that they had located the F-1 rocket engines from an Apollo mission using sonar equipment. Bezos stated he planned to raise at least one of the engines, which rest at a depth of 14,000 feet (4,300 m), about 400 miles (640 km) east of Cape Canaveral, Florida. However, the condition of the engines, which had been submerged for more than 40 years, was unknown. NASA Administrator Charles Bolden released a statement congratulating Bezos and his team for their find and wished them success. He also affirmed NASA's position that any recovered artifacts would remain property of the agency, but that they would likely be offered to the
695:(TCE) was used to clean the engine's fuel system immediately before and after each test firing. The cleaning procedure involved pumping TCE through the engine's fuel system and letting the solvent overflow for a period ranging from several seconds to 30–35 minutes, depending upon the engine and the severity of the deposits. Sometimes the engine's gas generator and LOX dome were also flushed with TCE prior to test firing. The F-1 rocket engine had its LOX dome, gas generator, and thrust chamber fuel jacket flushed with TCE during launch preparations.
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675:(2,542 L) per second; 413.5 US gal (1,565 L) of LOX and 257.9 US gal (976 L) of RP-1. During their two and a half minutes of operation, the five F-1s propelled the Saturn V vehicle to a height of 42 miles (222,000 ft; 68 km) and a speed of 6,164 mph (9,920 km/h). The combined flow rate of the five F-1s in the Saturn V was 3,357 US gal (12,710 L) or 28,415 lb (12,890 kg) per second. Each F-1 engine had more thrust than three
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639:, producing 55,000 brake horsepower (41 MW). The fuel pump delivered 15,471 US gallons (58,560 litres) of RP-1 per minute while the oxidizer pump delivered 24,811 US gal (93,920 L) of liquid oxygen per minute. Environmentally, the turbopump was required to withstand temperatures ranging from input gas at 1,500 °F (820 °C) to liquid oxygen at −300 °F (−184 °C). Structurally, fuel was used to lubricate and cool the turbine
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511:. Initially, progress on this problem was slow, as it was intermittent and unpredictable. Oscillations of 4 kHz with harmonics to 24 kHz were observed. Eventually, engineers developed a diagnostic technique of detonating small explosive charges (which they called "bombs") outside the combustion chamber, through a tangential tube (
1055:, in NASA's Advanced Booster Program, which aims to find a more powerful successor to the five-segment Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters intended for early versions of the Space Launch System. Pyrios uses two increased-thrust and heavily modified F-1B engines per booster. Due to the engine's potential advantage in
496:(NASA) appreciated the usefulness of an engine with so much power and contracted Rocketdyne to complete its development. Test firings of F-1 components had been performed as early as 1957. The first static firing of a full-stage developmental F-1 was performed in March 1959. The first F-1 was delivered to NASA
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During the 1960s, Rocketdyne undertook uprating development of the F-1 resulting in the new engine specification F-1A. While outwardly very similar to the F-1, the F-1A produced about 20% greater thrust, 1,800,000 lbf (8 MN) in tests, and would have been used on future Saturn V vehicles in
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to meet a 1955 U.S. Air Force requirement for a very large rocket engine. The E-1, although successfully tested in static firing, was quickly seen as a technological dead-end, and was abandoned for the larger, more powerful F-1. The Air Force eventually halted development of the F-1 because of a lack
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were used) while the engine was firing. This allowed them to determine exactly how the running chamber responded to variations in pressure, and to determine how to nullify these oscillations. The designers could then quickly experiment with different co-axial fuel-injector designs to obtain the one
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On March 20, 2013, Bezos announced he had succeeded in bringing parts of an F-1 engine to the surface, and released photographs. Bezos noted, "Many of the original serial numbers are missing or partially missing, which is going to make mission identification difficult. We might see more during
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Each second, a single F-1 burned 5,683 pounds (2,578 kg) of oxidizer and fuel: 3,945 lb (1,789 kg) of liquid oxygen and 1,738 lb (788 kg) of RP-1, generating 1,500,000 lbf (6.7 MN; 680 tf) of thrust. This equated to a flow rate of 671.4 US gal
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bearing which transmitted the thrust to the body of the rocket. Below this dome were the injectors, which directed fuel and oxidizer into the thrust chamber in a way designed to promote mixing and combustion. Fuel was supplied to the injectors from a separate manifold; some of the fuel first
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The F-1B engine has a design goal to be at least as powerful as the unflown F-1A, while also being more cost effective. The design incorporates a greatly simplified combustion chamber, a reduced number of engine parts, and the removal of the F-1 exhaust recycling system, including the
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In August 2014, it was revealed that parts of two different F-1 engines were recovered, one from Apollo 11 and one from another Apollo flight, while a photograph of a cleaned-up engine was released. Bezos plans to put the engines on display at various places, including the
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An F-1 engine is installed vertically as a memorial to the
Rocketdyne builders on De Soto Avenue, across the street from the former Rocketdyne plant in Canoga Park, California. It was installed in 1979, and moved from the parking lot across the street some time after 1980.
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characteristics of the F-1, he and his team were able to fix an issue known as ‘starvation’. This is when an imbalance of static pressure leads to 'hot spots' in the manifolds. The material used for the F-1 thrust chamber tube bundle, reinforcing bands and manifold was
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of the engine from 10:1 to 16:1. The exhaust from the turbine was fed into the nozzle extension by a large, tapered manifold; this relatively cool gas formed a film which protected the nozzle extension from the hot (5,800 °F (3,200 °C)) exhaust gas.
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in the production of some metallic parts. The resulting F-1B engine is intended to produce 1,800,000 lbf (8.0 MN) of thrust at sea level, a 15% increase over the approximate 1,550,000 lbf (6.9 MN) of thrust that the mature
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can develop more thrust than the F-1, at 1,630,000 lbf (7.25 MN) per engine at sea level, however, each engine uses four combustion chambers instead of one, to solve the combustion instability problem.
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1032:. The tests are designed to refamiliarize NASA with the design and propellants of the F-1 in anticipation of using an evolved version of the engine in future deep-space flight applications.
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deposits and vapors in the engine post test firing. These had to be removed from the engine to avoid problems during engine handling and future firing, and the solvent
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Sixty-five F-1 engines were launched aboard thirteen Saturn Vs, and each first stage landed in the
Atlantic Ocean. Ten of these followed approximately the same flight
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began tests with an original F-1, serial number F-6049, which was removed from Apollo 11 due to a glitch. The engine was never used, and for many years it was at the
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The heart of the engine was the thrust chamber, which mixed and burned the fuel and oxidizer to produce thrust. A domed chamber at the top of the engine served as a
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was 7,823,000 lbf (34.80 MN), which equates to an average F-1 thrust of 1,565,000 lbf (6.96 MN) – slightly more than the specified value.
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Measuring and making comparisons of rocket engine thrust is more complicated than it may first appear. Based on actual measurement the liftoff thrust of
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972:. Numerous proposals have been made from the 1970s and on to develop new expendable boosters based around the F-1 engine design. These include the
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design produced by Al
Bokstellar would run cool. In essence, Brevik's job was to "make sure it doesn’t melt." Through Brevik's calculations of the
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missions. There were small performance variations between engines on a given mission, and variations in average thrust between missions. For
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most resistant to instability. These problems were addressed from 1959 through 1961. Eventually, engine combustion was so stable, it would
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and displays engine artifacts recovered including the thrust chamber and thrust chamber injector of the number 3 engine from the
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launch vehicle flew at a more northerly azimuth to reach a higher inclination orbit (50 degrees versus the usual 32.5 degrees).
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Ten F-1 engines were installed on two production Saturn Vs that never flew. The first stage from SA-514 is on display at the
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era. However, the Saturn V production line was closed prior to the end of
Project Apollo and no F-1A engines ever flew.
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which drove separate fuel and oxygen pumps, each feeding the thrust chamber assembly. The turbine was driven at 5,500
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in
October 1963. In December 1964, the F-1 completed flight rating tests. Testing continued at least through 1965.
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976:, and the Pyrios booster (see below) in 2013. As of 2013, none have proceeded beyond the initial study phase. The
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of the thrust chamber. Chemical engineer Dennis "Dan" Brevik was faced with the task of ensuring the preliminary
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traveled in 178 tubes down the length of the thrust chamber — which formed approximately the upper half of the
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rocket uses a similar cycle design to F-1 engine, with the turbine exhaust gases piped directly overboard.
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An F-1 Engine is on display outside of The New Mexico Museum of Space
History in Alamogordo, New Mexico.
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followed significantly more southerly azimuths (80.088 degrees and 91.503 degrees, respectively). The
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with a sea-level liftoff thrust of 2,800,000 lbf (12.45 MN) apiece. The Soviet (now
Russian)
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Technical Manual R-3896-5 Volume II: Ground
Support Equipment Maintenance and Repair F-1 Rocket Engine
1983:
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1473:, Huntsville, Alabama: Propulsion Research Center, University of Alabama in Huntsville, archived from
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The F-1 is the largest, highest-thrust single-chamber, single-nozzle liquid-fuel engine flown. Larger
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was designed to have more thrust, but it was only tested at the component level. The later developed
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Anthony Young
Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections
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1543:, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, December 1968, pp. 3–3, 3–4, archived from
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Combustion
Instability Analysis and the Effects of Drop Size on Acoustic Driving Rocket Flow
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Another ten engines were installed on two ground-test Saturn Vs never intended to fly. The
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Technical Manual R-3896-6: Installation and Repair of Thermal Insulation F-1 Rocket Engine
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Technical Manual R-3896-5 Volume I: Ground Support Equipment and Repair F-1 Rocket Engine
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NASA SP-4206 Stages to Saturn - the official NASA history of the Saturn launch vehicle
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serial number 2044 (equating to NASA number 6044), the #5 (center) engine that helped
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and it was fired 35 times. The engine is on loan to the museum from the Smithsonian's
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An F-1 engine, on loan from the National Air and Space Museum, is on display at the
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would have used five F-1A engines on the main core and two on each of the boosters.
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Thrust (average, per engine, sea level liftoff): 1,553,200 lbf (6.909 MN)
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2328:, 2009, John C. Stennis Space Center. Monograph in Aerospace History No. 45 NASA
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Technical Manual R-3896-3 Volume II: Maintenance and Repair F-1 Rocket Engine
1834:"Dynetics and PWR aiming to liquidize SLS booster competition with F-1 power"
604:, a refractory nickel based alloy capable of withstanding high temperatures.
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first stage of each Saturn V, which served as the main launch vehicle of the
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Technical Manual R-3896-3 Volume I: Maintenance and Repair F-1 Rocket Engine
1860:"Table 2. ATK Advanced Booster Satisfies NASA Exploration Lift Requirements"
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1887:"New F-1B rocket engine upgrades Apollo-era design with 1.8M lbs of thrust"
1781:"New F-1B rocket engine upgrades Apollo-era design with 1.8M lbs of thrust"
1688:"New F-1B rocket engine upgrades Apollo-era design with 1.8M lbs of thrust"
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New F-1B rocket engine upgrades Apollo-era design with 1.8M lbs of thrust
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4203:* Different versions of the engine use different propellant combinations
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Technical Manual R-3896-4: Illustrated Parts Breakdown F-1 Rocket Engine
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There were proposals to use eight F-1 engines on the first stage of the
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rocket in the 1960s and early 1970s. Five F-1 engines were used in the
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1199:. It was the 25th out of 114 research and development engines built by
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of requirement for such a large engine. However, the recently created
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2163:"Billionaire Jeff Bezos Talks About His Secret Passion: Space Travel"
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How NASA brought the monstrous F-1 “moon rocket” engine back to life
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Technical Manual R-3896-11: F-1 Rocket Engine Operating Instructions
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mission, as well as a gas generator from an engine that powered the
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Preston. Jay W., CSP, PE. Plaque at the memorial and observations.
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total sea level liftoff thrust: 7,766,000 lbf (34.54 MN)
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1909:"Dynetics reporting "outstanding" progress on F-1B rocket engine"
1661:, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, MSFC-9801771, archived from
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was used to inject fuel and oxygen into the combustion chamber.
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artificially induced instability within one-tenth of a second.
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During static test firing, the kerosene-based RP-1 fuel left
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Remembering The Giants: Apollo Rocket Propulsion Development
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On May 20, 2017, the Apollo permanent exhibit opened at the
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Installation of F-1 engines to the Saturn V S-IC Stage. The
2277:
Technical Manual R-3896-9: Transportation F-1 Rocket Engine
2204:, Bezos Expeditions, July 19, 2013, accessed July 21, 2013.
1958:"Three Saturn Vs on Display Teach Lessons in Space History"
1207:. It is the only F-1 on display outside the United States.
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Saturn V Launch Vehicle, Flight Evaluation Report, AS-510
2002:
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One notable challenge in the construction of the F-1 was
2242:
Technical Manual R-3896-1: Engine Data F-1 Rocket Engine
480:
with the F-1 engines of the Saturn V first stage at the
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Research material on the development of the F-1 engine.
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and other museums, depending on the number recovered.
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The Saturn V F-1 Engine: Powering Apollo into History
1807:"Rocket companies hope to repurpose Saturn 5 engines"
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The Saturn V F-1 Engine: Powering Apollo into History
2111:"NASA Administrator Supports Apollo Engine Recovery"
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A recovered F-1 thrust chamber is on display at the
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1749:"NASA testing vintage engine from Apollo 11 rocket"
1596:"The Use of Trichloroethylene at NASA's SSFL Sites"
1340:mission. The recovered parts were brought to the
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1982:Doherty, Kerry (November 2009). Powerhouse Museum
1221:An F-1 engine is on a horizontal display stand at
544:The F-1 engine is the most powerful single-nozzle
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1232:F-1 engine F-6049 is displayed vertically at the
1176:, the Dynamic Test Vehicle, is on display at the
2548:Primary guidance, navigation, and control system
2088:"NASA sees no problem recovering Apollo engines"
890:F-1 thrust and efficiency were improved between
2065:"Has Bezos Really Found the Apollo 11 Engines?"
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2355:The FIRST test of all five F-1 Engines in 1965
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1537:Saturn V News Reference: F-1 Engine Fact Sheet
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2666:Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment
2381:
1266:Recovered F-1 engine parts on display at the
494:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
8:
4245:Rocket engines using the gas-generator cycle
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458:. The F-1 remains the most powerful single
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1631:"F-1 Rocket Engine Operating Instructions"
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2133:"Apollo Mission Rocket Engines Recovered"
772:70 bar (1,015 psi; 7 MPa)
769:70 bar (1,015 psi; 7 MPa)
654:(The large spheres atop the platform are
503:Early development tests revealed serious
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Rocket engine used on the Saturn V rocket
4230:Rocket engines using kerosene propellant
2646:Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package
1933:Orloff, Richard (September 2004). NASA,
624:— and back in order to cool the nozzle.
324:70 bar (1,015 psi; 7 MPa)
2038:"Cosmosphere | Hutchinson, Kansas"
1840:from the original on September 27, 2013
1403:
1047:, Inc. presented a competitor known as
941:Saturn V § S-IC thrust comparisons
711:is absent from the engine being fitted.
2671:Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment
1637:from the original on November 14, 2013
1577:from the original on November 30, 2019
446:in the late 1950s and was used in the
222:
133:
2304:F-1A at the Encyclopedia Astronautica
2009:from the original on January 18, 2022
1787:from the original on December 2, 2017
1755:from the original on January 25, 2022
1698:from the original on December 2, 2017
1511:from the original on December 6, 2019
1314:restoration." The recovery ship was
1075:mid-nozzle and the "curtain" cooling
615:, and also served as a mount for the
487:Rocketdyne developed the F-1 and the
7:
2893:Comparison of orbital rocket engines
2718:Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment
2661:Apollo 14 Passive Seismic Experiment
2656:Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment
2299:F-1 at the Encyclopedia Astronautica
2294:E-1 at the Encyclopedia Astronautica
2231:, MPR-SAT-FE-71-2, October 28, 1971.
1915:from the original on August 15, 2013
1388:Comparison of orbital rocket engines
1298:On March 28, 2012, a team funded by
58:adding citations to reliable sources
4250:Rocket engines of the United States
1813:from the original on April 22, 2012
1342:Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center
1282:Recovered F-1 engine injector from
1187:A test engine is on display at the
737:6,770 kN (1,522,000 lbf)
734:6,700 kN (1,500,000 lbf)
362:: 1,789 kg/s (3,945 lb/s)
2688:Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment
2676:Solar Wind Spectrometer Experiment
2342:MSFC History office F-1 Fact sheet
2314:F-1 Engine Operating Instructions
2063:Kluger, Jeffrey (April 29, 2012).
1885:Hutchinson, Lee (April 15, 2013).
1866:from the original on March 3, 2016
1686:Hutchinson, Lee (April 14, 2013).
989:Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster
919:: 264.72 s (2.5960 km/s)
303:6,770 kN (1,522,000 lbf)
295:7,770 kN (1,746,000 lbf)
25:
2641:Solar Wind Composition Experiment
2121:from the original on May 2, 2012.
2098:from the original on May 4, 2012.
2086:Clark, Stephen (April 29, 2012).
1911:. Ars Technica. August 13, 2013.
1832:Chris Bergin (November 9, 2012).
1779:Lee Hutchinson (April 15, 2013).
1348:for the process of conservation.
1100:Unflown F-1 engine on display at
662:Below the thrust chamber was the
368:: 788 kg/s (1,738 lb/s)
3904:
2831:Category:Apollo program hardware
2826:
2825:
2352:U.S. Space & Rocket Center:
2131:Walker, Brian (March 20, 2013).
2109:Weaver, David (April 30, 2012).
1633:. Ntrs.nasa.gov. March 1, 2013.
683:Pre and post ignition procedures
650:Test firing of an F-1 engine at
507:problems which sometimes caused
34:
2459:Launch Vehicle Digital Computer
1747:Jay Reeves (January 24, 2013).
1570:NSTS 1988 News Reference Manual
1464:Ellison, Renea; Moser, Marlow,
1240:as part of the Apollo exhibit.
794:9,150 kg (20,180 lb)
791:9,115 kg (20,096 lb)
783:8,400 kg (18,500 lb)
780:8,353 kg (18,416 lb)
611:supplying liquid oxygen to the
45:needs additional citations for
2749:Lunar Landing Research Vehicle
2629:Lunar Laser Ranging experiment
2599:Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment
880:U.S. Space & Rocket Center
408:8,400 kg (18,500 lb)
1:
3689:RD-0202 to 0206, 0208 to 0213
2708:Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment
2683:Modular Equipment Transporter
2161:Clash, Jim (August 1, 2014).
1497:. Space Exploration. Praxis.
1354:National Air and Space Museum
1205:National Air and Space Museum
558:technologically more advanced
272:(69% LOX, 31% RP-1)
2808:Rendezvous Docking Simulator
2619:Portable Life Support System
2528:Apollo Abort Guidance System
1178:U.S. Space and Rocket Center
1159:John C. Stennis Space Center
1026:Marshall Space Flight Center
761:263 s (2.58 km/s)
540:F-1 rocket engine components
482:U.S. Space and Rocket Center
2787:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
1412:How Apollo Flew to the Moon
1336:to reach the Moon with the
987:engines exist, such as the
758:260 s (2.5 km/s)
658:for the fuel and oxidizer)
546:liquid-fueled rocket engine
346:263 s (2.58 km/s)
335:304 s (2.98 km/s)
4266:
2754:Mobile quarantine facility
2698:Lunar Surface Magnetometer
1989:November 15, 2014, at the
1943:December 26, 2017, at the
1433:"NASA Rocketdyne document"
1286:mission on display at the
949:
938:
810:3.7 m (12.3 ft)
677:Space Shuttle Main Engines
166:November 9, 1967
4199:
3902:
2888:
2823:
2703:Lunar Traverse Gravimeter
2651:Active Seismic Experiment
2563:Descent propulsion system
2200:October 20, 2007, at the
1119:F-1 engine on display at
855:
847:
839:
825:
817:
809:
801:
572:(LOX) as the oxidizer. A
417:
400:3.7 m (12.2 ft)
392:5.6 m (18.5 ft)
146:F-1 engine on display at
139:
2693:Lunar Surface Gravimeter
2568:Ascent propulsion system
2543:Lunar Sounder Experiment
2538:Apollo Guidance Computer
2533:Apollo Docking Mechanism
1110:Canoga Park, Los Angeles
1092:Locations of F-1 engines
840:2.27:1 oxidizer to fuel
802:5.8 m (19 ft)
463:liquid-propellant rocket
4240:North American Aviation
3734:RD-250 to 252, 261, 262
2634:list of retroreflectors
2397:Apollo program hardware
2195:"Updates: 19 July 2013"
2138:March 23, 2013, at the
1984:"Inside the Collection"
1836:. NASASpaceFlight.com.
1491:Young, Anthony (2008).
1308:Smithsonian Institution
1223:Science Museum Oklahoma
1155:INFINITY Science Center
1121:INFINITY Science Center
1081:selective laser melting
1030:Smithsonian Institution
906:, F-1 performance was:
568:) as the fuel and used
465:engine ever developed.
2739:Launch Umbilical Tower
2553:Apollo Telescope Mount
1960:. NASA. Archived from
1295:
1275:
1123:
1112:
1088:F-1 engines produced.
1017:
913:Burn time: 159 seconds
887:
878:F-1 on display at the
860:1st stage - 5 engines
788:Engine weight burnout
712:
659:
652:Edwards Air Force Base
541:
505:combustion instability
484:
309:Thrust-to-weight ratio
186:May 14, 1973
4210:are under development
3598:YF-20, 21, 22, 24, 25
3377:RD-107, 108, 117, 118
2494:Apollo service module
2480:Apollo command module
2222:May 12, 2008, at the
1936:Apollo By the Numbers
1718:"First Lunar Outpost"
1281:
1265:
1118:
1099:
1053:liquid rocket booster
1007:
939:Further information:
922:Mixture ratio: 2.2674
877:
815:Exit to throat ratio
706:
649:
556:is much more stable,
539:
476:
2803:Lunar escape systems
2713:Heat Flow Experiment
2624:Lunar Roving Vehicle
1964:on November 15, 2005
1938:, "Earth Orbit Data"
1751:. Associated Press.
1665:on December 26, 2014
1608:on November 14, 2013
1550:on December 21, 2005
1480:on September 7, 2006
1170:Kennedy Space Center
1147:Johnson Space Center
853:Vehicle application
631:was used to drive a
581:regenerative cooling
509:catastrophic failure
438:. The engine uses a
148:Kennedy Space Center
54:improve this article
3699:RD-0216, 0217, 0235
3362:RD-0107, 0108, 0110
2775:Lunar Flag Assembly
2744:Crawler-transporter
2499:Apollo Lunar Module
2217:Apollo 15 Press Kit
1728:on January 14, 2020
1722:www.astronautix.com
1445:on October 15, 2011
1238:Seattle, Washington
1182:Huntsville, Alabama
1130:of 72 degrees, but
1102:Pratt & Whitney
1037:Pratt & Whitney
1022:Space Launch System
884:Huntsville, Alabama
837:Mixture mass ratio
720:Apollo 4, 6, and 8
440:gas-generator cycle
136:
4235:Rocketdyne engines
2117:. Release 12-102.
2003:"Air Zoo web site"
1658:F-1 Engine (chart)
1414:, Springer, 2008,
1296:
1276:
1124:
1113:
1106:Aerojet Rocketdyne
1018:
888:
777:Engine weight dry
713:
660:
585:combustion chamber
542:
485:
460:combustion chamber
379:150 to 163 seconds
247:Liquid-fuel engine
4217:
4216:
4159:Space Shuttle SRB
3900:
3899:
3838:
3837:
3528:
3527:
3250:
3249:
2837:
2836:
2589:Apollo/Skylab A7L
2173:on August 8, 2014
1504:978-0-387-09629-2
1420:978-0-387-71675-6
1216:Portage, Michigan
1189:Powerhouse Museum
946:F-1A after Apollo
864:
863:
766:Chamber pressure
693:trichloroethylene
550:M-1 rocket engine
478:Wernher von Braun
442:developed in the
424:
423:
300:Thrust, sea-level
155:Country of origin
130:
129:
122:
104:
18:F-1 rocket engine
16:(Redirected from
4257:
3908:
3907:
3744:RD-263, 268, 273
3675:along other LREs
3537:
3397:RD-191, 151, 181
3261:
2919:
2910:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2841:
2829:
2828:
2781:Fallen Astronaut
2573:Scimitar antenna
2558:Apollo TV camera
2390:
2383:
2376:
2367:
2356:
2205:
2192:
2183:
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2180:
2178:
2169:. Archived from
2158:
2147:
2129:
2123:
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2106:
2100:
2099:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2071:. Archived from
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2044:on April 5, 2022
2040:. Archived from
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2028:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
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1783:. Ars Technica.
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1438:. Archived from
1437:
1429:
1423:
1410:W. David Woods,
1408:
1364:Museum of Flight
1358:Washington, D.C.
1288:Museum of Flight
1268:Museum of Flight
1234:Museum of Flight
1161:in Mississippi.
1057:specific impulse
917:Specific impulse
870:F-1 improvements
754:Specific impulse
715:
709:nozzle extension
664:nozzle extension
587:tube bundle and
548:ever flown. The
341:Specific impulse
330:Specific impulse
224:
193:
191:
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137:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
69:"Rocketdyne F-1"
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3724:RD-0255 to 0257
3719:RD-0243 to 0245
3581:
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2897:
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2868:
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2734:Mobile Launcher
2722:
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2454:Instrument unit
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2404:Launch vehicles
2399:
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2322:at Springer.com
2290:
2224:Wayback Machine
2208:
2202:Wayback Machine
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2092:Spaceflight Now
2085:
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2075:on May 4, 2012.
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1073:turbine exhaust
1061:low Earth orbit
1020:As part of the
1002:
954:
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872:
848:NAA/Rocketdyne
731:, at sea level
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668:expansion ratio
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699:Specifications
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656:Horton spheres
622:exhaust nozzle
564:(rocket grade
533:
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3704:RD-0233, 0234
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3694:RD-0207, 0214
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3673:Paektusan LRE
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3357:RD-0105, 0109
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3041:KVD-1 (RD-56)
3039:
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2610:Lunar surface
2608:
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2411:Little Joe II
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1317:Seabed Worker
1311:
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1302:, founder of
1301:
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1264:
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1227:Oklahoma City
1224:
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905:
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894:(SA-503) and
893:
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876:
869:
867:
859:
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638:
634:
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629:gas generator
625:
623:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
598:
597:thermodynamic
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
570:liquid oxygen
567:
563:
559:
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551:
547:
538:
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522:
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449:
445:
444:United States
441:
437:
434:developed by
433:
432:rocket engine
429:
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411:
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403:
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387:
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306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
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281:Gas-generator
279:
275:
269:
267:Mixture ratio
265:
262:
258:
255:
251:
248:
244:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:
219:
215:
211:
208:
205:
201:
197:
185:
181:
177:
165:
161:
158:United States
157:
153:
149:
143:
138:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4207:
3748:
3669:North Korea
3452:
3440:
3433:
3401:
3329:
3317:
3310:
3288:
3237:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3069:
3062:
3050:
3028:
2971:
2964:
2875:solid motors
2812:
2779:
2770:Lunar plaque
2503:
2484:
2443:
2211:Bibliography
2175:. Retrieved
2171:the original
2166:
2143:
2127:
2114:
2104:
2091:
2081:
2073:the original
2068:
2058:
2048:February 26,
2046:. Retrieved
2042:the original
2032:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
1997:
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1962:the original
1951:
1935:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1854:
1844:December 27,
1842:. Retrieved
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1757:. Retrieved
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1726:the original
1721:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1692:ARS technica
1691:
1667:, retrieved
1663:the original
1657:
1651:
1641:December 27,
1639:. Retrieved
1612:December 27,
1610:. Retrieved
1603:the original
1590:
1579:, retrieved
1569:
1563:
1552:, retrieved
1545:the original
1536:
1513:. Retrieved
1493:
1486:
1475:the original
1466:
1459:
1449:December 27,
1447:. Retrieved
1440:the original
1427:
1411:
1406:
1361:
1350:
1315:
1312:
1297:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1231:
1220:
1209:
1186:
1172:in Florida.
1163:
1144:
1125:
1069:
1067:core stage.
1034:
1019:
1000:F-1B booster
982:
970:Nova rockets
963:
955:
931:
889:
865:
823:Propellants
748:165 seconds
745:150 seconds
723:Apollo 9–17
686:
673:
661:
626:
606:
602:Inconel-X750
593:hydrodynamic
578:
543:
521:black powder
502:
486:
427:
425:
365:
359:
213:Manufacturer
163:First flight
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4206:Engines in
3853:RD-109, 119
3791:RD-864, 869
3776:RD-854, 861
3739:RD-253, 275
3387:RD-170, 171
2814:Moon Museum
2582:Space suits
2144:Light Years
2013:January 25,
1968:January 18,
1759:January 24,
1732:January 10,
1515:December 6,
1368:Seattle, WA
1330:Buzz Aldrin
1252:Cosmosphere
856:Saturn V /
845:Contractor
689:hydrocarbon
343:, sea-level
287:Performance
221:Associated
183:Last flight
4224:Categories
3593:YF-1, 2, 3
3541:Hypergolic
3513:Rutherford
3232:Prometheus
3194:Archimedes
2763:Ceremonial
2594:Beta cloth
2521:components
2519:Spacecraft
2468:Spacecraft
2449:J-2 engine
2444:F-1 engine
2437:components
1919:August 13,
1870:August 18,
1394:References
1346:Hutchinson
1322:Rocketdyne
1304:Amazon.com
1300:Jeff Bezos
1201:Rocketdyne
1041:Rocketdyne
985:solid-fuel
978:Comet HLLV
966:Saturn C-8
952:Saturn MLV
950:See also:
742:Burn time
679:combined.
436:Rocketdyne
384:Dimensions
253:Propellant
240:Saturn C-8
236:Saturn C-4
232:Saturn C-3
216:Rocketdyne
207:Rocketdyne
190:1973-05-14
170:1967-11-09
80:newspapers
4134:Castor 30
4014:Zefiro 40
4009:Zefiro 23
3950:SpaB-140C
3347:NK-33, 44
3257:cryogenic
3103:Methalox
2922:Hydrolox
2914:Cryogenic
2612:equipment
2421:Saturn IB
2177:August 3,
1893:April 12,
1817:April 20,
1791:April 15,
1702:April 15,
1376:Apollo 16
1372:Apollo 12
1338:Apollo 11
1284:Apollo 12
1197:Australia
1136:Apollo 17
1132:Apollo 15
1086:Apollo 15
1035:In 2012,
957:the post-
934:Apollo 15
904:Apollo 15
896:Apollo 17
866:Sources:
807:Diameter
613:injectors
574:turbopump
526:self-damp
376:Burn time
352:Mass flow
110:July 2009
4149:Orbus-21
4004:Zefiro 9
3767:Ukraine
3545:Aerozine
3533:Storable
3425:Ukraine
3367:RD-0110R
3264:Kerolox
2486:Columbia
2426:Saturn V
2416:Saturn I
2220:Archived
2198:Archived
2136:Archived
2119:Archived
2115:NASA.gov
2096:Archived
2069:Time.com
2007:Archived
1987:Archived
1941:Archived
1913:Archived
1864:Archived
1838:Archived
1811:Archived
1785:Archived
1753:Archived
1696:Archived
1635:Archived
1575:archived
1573:, NASA,
1509:Archived
1382:See also
1378:flight.
1258:Recovery
1077:manifold
1045:Dynetics
1014:Ariane 5
1012:for the
892:Apollo 8
641:bearings
609:manifold
589:manifold
566:kerosene
448:Saturn V
405:Dry mass
397:Diameter
332:, vacuum
320:pressure
318:Chamber
228:Saturn V
203:Designer
196:Skylab 1
176:Apollo 4
4208:italics
4169:Star 48
4164:Star 37
4144:Orbus-6
4065:Israel
3999:Waxwing
3955:Europe
3947:SpaB-65
3849:Russia
3714:RD-0237
3709:RD-0236
3680:Russia
3659:Israel
3619:Europe
3463:Kestrel
3409:S1.5400
3372:RD-0124
3338:Russia
3331:SCE-200
3227:Europe
3220:RD-0169
3215:Russia
3141:Longyun
3134:Lingyun
3052:RD-0146
3046:RD-0120
3037:Russia
2994:Vulcain
2980:Europe
2903:Liquid
2879:orbital
2796:Related
2475:Apollo
2360:YouTube
2316:(310MB)
2236:Manuals
1669:June 1,
1581:July 3,
1554:June 1,
1422:, p. 19
1292:Seattle
1272:Seattle
1212:Air Zoo
1174:SA-500D
1151:Houston
1128:azimuth
1010:Vulcain
799:Height
633:turbine
469:History
413:Used in
188: (
168: (
94:scholar
4124:AJ-60A
4089:KM-V2b
4080:Japan
4054:Salman
4020:India
3994:Topaze
3959:Mage 1
3924:China
3915:Solid
3822:TR-201
3786:RD-856
3781:RD-855
3771:RD-843
3761:S5.98M
3750:RD-270
3644:India
3638:Viking
3628:Astris
3623:Aestus
3613:YF-50D
3589:China
3498:RS-27A
3488:Merlin
3478:LR-105
3442:RD-810
3435:RD-801
3419:TEPREL
3415:Spain
3403:RD-193
3392:RD-180
3382:RD-120
3326:India
3319:Welkin
3312:YF-130
3306:YF-115
3301:YF-102
3296:YF-100
3280:China
3208:Aeon R
3201:Aeon 1
3188:Raptor
3172:YF-215
3165:YF-209
3158:TQ-15A
3122:China
3015:Japan
3004:CE-7.5
3000:India
2955:YF-75D
2941:China
2167:Forbes
2142:, CNN
1501:
1418:
1332:, and
1193:Sydney
1166:S-IC-T
1140:Skylab
1049:Pyrios
1043:, and
993:RD-170
959:Apollo
900:Apollo
729:Thrust
617:gimbal
554:RD-170
532:Design
389:Length
313:94.1:1
270:2.27:1
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4189:X-254
4184:X-248
4174:UA120
4154:Orion
4129:Algol
4114:SRB-A
4109:M-34c
4084:KM-V1
4074:RSA-3
4050:Iran
3984:P120C
3943:FG-47
3938:FG-46
3933:FG-36
3928:FG-02
3889:XLR81
3883:RS-88
3878:Curie
3868:Gamma
3843:Other
3827:XLR81
3816:RS-88
3811:LR-91
3806:LR-87
3756:S5.92
3684:17D61
3653:Vikas
3633:Vexin
3608:YF-40
3603:YF-23
3576:, or
3556:, or
3550:UH 25
3518:XLR50
3503:RS-56
3493:RS-27
3473:LR-89
3468:LR-79
3352:RD-58
3342:NK-15
3290:TH-12
3284:TH-11
3255:Semi-
3152:TQ-12
3147:TQ-11
3127:BF-20
3092:RS-68
3087:RS-25
3064:BE-3U
3009:CE-20
2989:Vinci
2973:YF-90
2966:YF-79
2960:YF-77
2950:YF-75
2945:YF-73
2505:Eagle
1606:(PDF)
1599:(PDF)
1548:(PDF)
1541:(PDF)
1478:(PDF)
1471:(PDF)
1443:(PDF)
1436:(PDF)
1399:Notes
1104:(now
1065:RS-25
818:16:1
430:is a
277:Cycle
101:JSTOR
87:books
4179:SRMU
4104:M-34
4099:M-24
4094:M-14
4069:LK-1
4059:Rafe
4044:S200
4039:S139
3989:P230
3917:fuel
3801:AJ10
3663:LK-4
3558:UDMH
3508:S-3D
3429:RD-8
3268:RP-1
3239:M-10
3183:BE-4
3082:RL10
3071:BE-7
3030:LE-9
3024:LE-7
3019:LE-5
2984:HM7B
2905:fuel
2877:for
2873:and
2179:2014
2146:blog
2050:2023
2015:2022
1970:2016
1921:2013
1895:2024
1872:2015
1846:2013
1819:2012
1793:2013
1761:2013
1734:2020
1704:2013
1671:2008
1643:2013
1614:2013
1583:2008
1556:2008
1517:2019
1499:ISBN
1451:2013
1416:ISBN
1134:and
1051:, a
1008:The
968:and
926:S-IC
858:S-IC
831:RP-1
829:and
595:and
562:RP-1
498:MSFC
452:S-IC
426:The
419:S-IC
366:RP-1
261:RP-1
73:news
4139:GEM
4034:S12
3979:P80
3974:PAP
3969:P-6
3964:P-4
3864:UK
3648:PS4
3578:HNO
3574:MON
3554:MMH
3458:H-1
3453:F-1
3272:LOX
3114:LOX
3077:J-2
2933:LOX
2358:on
1366:in
1356:in
1344:in
1290:in
1270:in
1236:in
1225:in
1214:in
1191:in
1180:in
1157:at
1149:in
1108:),
882:in
827:LOX
637:RPM
519:or
517:C-4
513:RDX
489:E-1
428:F-1
360:LOX
257:LOX
135:F-1
56:by
4226::
4029:S9
4024:S7
3572:,
3561:/
3552:,
3547:,
3270:/
3112:/
3107:CH
2931:/
2926:LH
2187:^
2165:.
2151:^
2113:.
2094:.
2090:.
2067:.
2005:.
1862:.
1809:.
1769:^
1720:.
1694:.
1690:.
1678:^
1622:^
1525:^
1507:.
1328:,
1229:.
1218:.
1195:,
1184:.
1039:,
643:.
627:A
515:,
259:/
238:,
234:,
230:,
223:LV
3891:*
3885:*
3829:*
3818:*
3583:)
3580:3
3569:4
3567:O
3565:2
3563:N
3543:(
3274:)
3266:(
3116:)
3109:4
3105:(
2935:)
2928:2
2924:(
2863:e
2856:t
2849:v
2389:e
2382:t
2375:v
2362:.
2181:.
2052:.
2017:.
1972:.
1923:.
1897:.
1874:.
1848:.
1821:.
1795:.
1763:.
1736:.
1706:.
1645:.
1616:.
1519:.
1453:.
1294:.
1274:.
886:.
198:)
194:(
192:)
178:)
174:(
172:)
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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