216:
inserting touches of humor. He had boundless energy and his personal circumstances and official duties clearly left him plenty of time to pursue his lines of research. And he was always prepared to change his opinions when challenged by new information. Nor did he attract professional jealousy from the academically trained, which says much for his personal qualities. He was a member of the
Adelaide Philosophical Society (from 1880 the
236:, it is a nematode that caused diseases in wheat and rye known as "ear-cockle", purples, or peppercorn. As the nematode, once it emerges from the ear of grain, lives in the ground close to the stalk, Crawford was interested in determining whether it could be controlled by burning stubble, and whether it could survive on native grass; and whether if cattle were used to keep the grass down, if it would be injurious to the cattle.
200:, the pioneer of photolithography, had revolutionised the preparation and promulgation of plans. He also made a careful study of published accounts of the working of the Ordnance Survey Department in London, with the result that the Section he established was a model of efficiency and productivity. Despite his later fame and quasi-official status as an expert on pests, he remained primarily a photolithographer until his death.
138:
33:
398:(At the November 1890 meeting of the S.A. Gardeners Society) The mover spoke in feeling terms of the deceased gentleman's personal character – a gentleman in the purest and most severe interpretation of the term, good-natured and liberal to a fault almost, incapable of a mean act or thought. His demise was a loss to the Australasian Colonies and to the world, and it would be next to impossible to fill his place.
279:, these fungi are known as the 'scab' of leaves and fruit of the apple and pear, and at one time as "fire blight". Crawford began studying these pests in 1886, investigating the susceptibility of different fruit varieties. He found another related species, hitherto undescribed. Apple scab was an increasingly serious pest of orchards of the
356:) had already been successfully bred and released, and made inroads into the Icerya when Koebele returned with his Vedalia (his flies may have perished) so perhaps Klee should have been given more credit. Crawford's advice had initiated an entirely new way of dealing with horticultural pests, and saved a Californian industry.
393:
He was still in good health and productively employed in
October 1890, and had recently been mentioned as the probable successor of A. Molineaux as secretary to the Agricultural Bureau. He died in bed, where he had just penned some twenty lines of observations and his lamp was still burning when he
184:
Management of the
Adelaide Photographic Company then fell to Henry Davis, one of the proprietors of the company and previously with Batchelder & O'Neill of Collins then Swanston Street, Melbourne. He died on 6 February 1878, and management passed to his widow, Mary Jane Davis. The premises were
474:
Company founded by
American daguerreotypists Freeman E. Batchelder (died at sea 1862) and Daniel O'Neill then Perez Mann Batchelder (31 December 1818 in Beverly, MA – January 1873 in Oakland CA.) and Daniel O'Neill but from 1864 O'Neill was sole owner and from 1866 company ownership was in various
215:
How
Crawford became known as an expert in pests of garden, farm and orchard is a bit of a mystery. He certainly had no University qualifications, but he was a careful observer, a patient researcher and described his observations clearly, avoiding technical terms when plain English would do, even
192:
The purpose of
Crawford's appointment was to facilitate the reduction and reproduction of plans prepared by the Surveyor-General's office. Previously this work was done by hand, which was slow, expensive and error-prone. By photolithography plans or documents could be speedily reproduced at any
351:
to
California, where they were let loose among the orchards, which were within six months cleared of the Icerya. A dispute arose in America between Koebele and Riley as to whom the credit for controlling Icerya belonged. But the live insects Crawford had sent to Klee (later author of
303:
Cottony cushion mite (also known as "Australian bug" or "fluted scale") was a pest that made significant inroads into orange groves of South Africa (then known as Cape Colony) and
California, and for which the only known control was wholesale destruction of infested trees.
109:. In a seemingly unrelated sphere, Crawford came to be recognised as an authority on agricultural pests and diseases, particularly known for identifying and exploiting naturally occurring predators of plant pests.
283:, but curiously not a problem on the plains. Experimenters, notably Manning of Hobart in 1875, and Sir Robert Ross and Thomas Pugh locally, made successful experiments with
253:, it was known as pear-leaf mite or pear-leaf blister mite. His writing on this pest are clear, admitting huge gaps in knowledge and suggesting further avenues of research.
185:
twice severely damaged by fire: in
December 1870 and in February 1879. This second fire appears to have spelled the end of the company. Eight years later the photographer
220:) and a corresponding member of the SA Garden Society. He clearly had access to some excellent microscopes and a scientific library. Among the pests he studied were:
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devoured their hosts. In 1887, with considerable effort, Crawford sent drawings and live samples of this insect to both the
California Inspector of Fruit Pests
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817:
204:
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Crawford was aware of the existence of this pest in South Australia, but only as a minor nuisance. He discovered a parasitic dipterous fly,
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causing shot-hole on apricot leaves and Helminthosporium causing a pustular disease on the fruit, appeared to be one and the same species.
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as feeding specifically on Icerya, and so kept their number in some kind of balance. Koebele sent a large number of both enemies of the
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sprayed on the tree and applied to the ground. Crawford wrote an article on the pests which appeared in the (Adelaide)
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had the corner offices of the same building, and gave his name to the corner as a local landmark and meeting-spot.
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181:, he was appointed photolithographer to the South Australian Government's Survey and Crown Lands Department.
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173:, both later acclaimed as artists. He served that company, which was for a time the chief competitor to
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Crawford discovered there was some local confusion between the fungi, and what had been labelled
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of April 1888. An extensive article, largely based on his work, appeared posthumously in 1891.
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456:. Vol. XLIV, no. 7311. New South Wales, Australia. 13 November 1861. p. 8
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Crawford never married; he lived alone apart from a young man-servant in Edward Street,
105:, founding manager of the Adelaide Photographic Company, then photolithographer for the
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A Treatise on the Insects Injurious to Fruit and Fruit Trees of the State of California
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157:, where he had been appointed manager of Adelaide Photographic Company studio in
688:. Vol. XLIX, no. 11, 850. South Australia. 5 November 1884. p. 7
581:. Vol. XLVI, no. 10, 670. South Australia. 25 January 1881. p. 5
772:. Vol. XLVII, no. 2562. South Australia. 8 November 1890. p. 11
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716:. Vol. XXIV, no. 6, 925. South Australia. 21 January 1887. p. 2
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522:. Vol. XXIV, no. 7, 152. South Australia. 19 October 1887. p. 7
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in his honour, which deposited eggs within the bodies of the Icerya, and the
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660:. Vol. LV, no. 13, 720. South Australia. 3 November 1890. p. 6
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553:. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 2061. South Australia. 2 April 1881. p. 11
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744:. Vol. XXII, no. 6282. South Australia. 31 October 1890. p. 3
612:. Vol. XX, no. 5. Tasmania, Australia. 31 January 1891. p. 11
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428:. Vol. XXV, no. 7191. South Australia. 28 October 1893. p. 4
125:, to Melbourne, Victoria sometime before 1859 and founded a business at 83
494:. Vol. VI, no. 1, 623. South Australia. 21 April 1869. p. 3
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Crawford was first sent to study the Lands Office in Victoria, where
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Neales' Building c. 1866. Adelaide Photographic Company at right.
101:(c. 1829 – 30 October 1890) was a photographer in the colony of
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He was chairman of the photographic awards jury at the 1887
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Crawford was born in Scotland and emigrated, perhaps via
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177:, from 1864 to 1866, when, at the suggestion of
165:. He brought to Adelaide two notable employees:
129:which provided a photographic printing service.
193:desired (usually one-half or one-third) scale.
16:Australian photographer and agricultural expert
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333:to Adelaide to collect the dipterids, and to
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329:, who after initial skepticism in 1888 sent
780:– via National Library of Australia.
752:– via National Library of Australia.
724:– via National Library of Australia.
696:– via National Library of Australia.
668:– via National Library of Australia.
620:– via National Library of Australia.
589:– via National Library of Australia.
561:– via National Library of Australia.
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530:– via National Library of Australia.
502:– via National Library of Australia.
464:– via National Library of Australia.
436:– via National Library of Australia.
31:
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486:"Government Photolithographic Department"
343:). This ladybird had been recognised by
337:, to collect numbers of vedalia beetle (
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632:Biological Control by Natural Enemies
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604:"The Orchard and How to Make it Pay"
390:, where he had a productive garden.
153:for a year or two, before moving to
78:Photographer, Agricultural scientist
808:Public servants of South Australia
680:"Royal Society of South Australia"
14:
818:Colony of South Australia people
218:Royal Society of South Australia
708:"Magistrate's Court – Norwood"
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630:Paul DeBach and David Rosen,
448:"To the Editor of the Herald"
107:Government of South Australia
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475:hands not including O'Neill.
362:Helminthosporium rhabdiferum
145:Crawford was a resident of
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394:was found in the morning.
713:The Express and Telegraph
685:South Australian Register
657:South Australian Register
652:"S.A. Gardeners' Society"
578:South Australian Register
519:The Express and Telegraph
491:The Express and Telegraph
368:Phyllosticta circumscissa
211:Pests of plants and fruit
30:
798:Australian photographers
545:"Orchard & Vineyard"
420:"The Development of Art"
68:Norwood, South Australia
327:Charles Valentine Riley
258:Fusicladium dendriticum
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315:Leptophonus crawfordii
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453:Sydney Morning Herald
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335:Auckland, New Zealand
149:until mid-1861, then
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99:Frazer Smith Crawford
25:Frazer Smith Crawford
803:Australian gardeners
313:, for a time called
310:Cryptochetum iceryae
161:, a little north of
813:History of Adelaide
634:2nd ed. 1991 p.141
270:Venturia inaequalis
262:Fusicladium pyrorum
198:John Walter Osborne
159:King William Street
573:"Disease in Wheat"
340:Rodolia cardinalis
225:Anguillula tritici
205:Jubilee Exhibition
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828:1890 deaths
133:Photography
92:–1890
90: 1859
50: 1829
792:Categories
736:"Obituary"
403:References
267:Now named
247:Now named
230:Now named
147:Melbourne
514:"Awards"
382:Personal
155:Adelaide
123:Tasmania
55:Scotland
776:25 June
748:22 June
720:23 June
692:25 June
664:22 June
616:24 June
585:23 June
557:25 June
526:22 June
498:22 June
460:22 June
432:22 June
388:Norwood
113:History
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349:Icerya
319:larvae
151:Sydney
119:Hobart
778:2016
750:2016
722:2016
694:2016
666:2016
636:ISBN
618:2016
587:2016
559:2016
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365:and
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61:Died
52:<
43:Born
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87:c.
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