3941:
4365:
4353:
2249:, or the poetry stylistically or thematically based upon lamenting the unjust exile of the poet, either directly, or allegorically through the use of the persona of a friend or historical figure (a safer course in the case of a poet-official who might be punished for any too blatant criticism of the current emperor). During the Han dynasty, along with the development of the
33:
2276:
can easily be classified into a limited number of types. All types have one feature in common: almost without exception they can be and have been interpreted as voicing criticism—either of the ruler, the ruler's behavior, or certain political acts or plans of the ruler; or of the court officials or
1100:
of the
Western Han dynasty were read and recited as celebrations of pure poetic delight, and were the first pieces of Chinese literature to fuse both unrestrained entertainment and moral admonitions together in single works. However, after the reign of Emperor Wu, his court culture began to be
1702:
poet of
Chinese history. Yu, like Yan Zhitui, was born in the south but forced to relocate to northern China after the south's defeat, and spent the rest of his career writing of the loss of the south as a loss of an entire culture and way of life. Yu's most famous piece is
2277:
the ruler's favorites; or, generally, of the lack of discrimination in the employment of officials. The few examples that are positive in tone recommend the authors or their peers for employment, or even contain specific political suggestions. In short, almost all
1880:
through a series of military campaigns and invasions. As the expansion progressed, many foreign plants, animals, goods, and rarities were brought to the imperial capital at Chang'an. Throughout the Han dynasty, court officials and poets often composed special
1687:
that mixes freely with popular lyric poetry, and portrayed southern China as a romantic land of pleasure and sensuality. Lotus-picking was an activity traditionally associated with peasant women, but in the early 5th century became a popular topic in
2228:
is its use as a form of sociopolitical protest, such as the theme of the loyal minister who has been unjustly exiled by the ruler or those in power at the court, rather than receiving the promotion and respect which he truly deserves. In the
1753:" had strict rules of form and expression, and required the use of consistent rhymes throughout each piece. Additionally, rules were created to govern the arrangement of tones in each poem, as the introduction of Buddhist texts written in
415:
in which a place, object, feeling, or other subject is described and rhapsodized in exhaustive detail and from as many angles as possible. They were not sung like songs, but were recited or chanted. The distinguishing characteristics of
940:
on the
Imperial Park", much of its ancient and esoteric terminology would now be unintelligible. The following portion of the rhymed list of names of minerals, precious stones, and flora and fauna from the first half of the
3940:
1322:
and cleverly mocks many aspects of the
Western Han period, including Emperor Wu himself The piece contains long passages colorfully describing life in the two capitals in great detail, including the entertainment areas.
2271:
as a literary example of the use of the theme of the loyal minister who has been unjustly exiled, rather than receiving the promotion and respect which he truly deserves. As
Hellmut Wilhelm puts it: "...the Han
932:), is a grand celebration of the Emperor's personal hunting park east of Chang'an, and is famed for its rich number of rare and difficult words and characters. If not for the survival of Chinese scholar
3304:
382:
151:
509:
poetry was harshly criticized by
Chinese scholars as excessively ornate, lacking in real emotion, and ambiguous in its moral messages. Because of these historical associations, scholarship on
3722:
3340:
Wen Xuan, or
Selections of Refined Literature, Volume Three: Rhapsodies on Natural Phenomena, Birds and Animals, Aspirations and Feelings, Sorrowful Laments, Literature, Music, and Passions
2281:
have a political purport, and, in addition, almost all of them deal with the relationship between the ruler and his officials." Seen in context, Ban Gu's discussion of Qu Yuan and the
4119:
1326:
Cai Yong, like Zhang Heng, was a prolific writer in addition to his mathematical, astronomical, and musical interests. In 159 CE, Cai was summoned to Chang'an to perform on the
3729:
552:
1046–221 BC), where it meant "to present", as in poetic recitations. It was also one of the three literary devices traditionally assigned to the songs of the
4018:
2300:, paradoxically, the "fantastic descriptions and an overflowing rhetoric...can be reduced to...restraint", as the sociopolitical criticism which was key to the
1581:. In contrast to his older contemporary Tao, Xie is known for the difficult language, dense allusions, and frequent parallelisms of his poetry. Xie's greatest
3779:
3705:
2435:
2413:
1625:
continued to be a popular form of literature, though it began to merge with the popular five- and seven-syllable poetry forms, which completely eclipsed
1614:
on
Dwelling in the Mountains" is unique in that Xie included his own annotations to the poem, without which the poem would be nearly incomprehensible.
1563:
on things" had been starkly different forms in the Han dynasty, after the 2nd century CE the distinction mostly disappeared. Although the extravagant
4301:
4179:
3475:
2253:
stylistically, the idea that it incorporate political criticism through indirection and allegory also developed. Han dynasty historian and author
3949:
3908:
3854:
4128:
3428:
3401:
3374:
3325:
3243:
3182:
2492:
The parenthetical "(r)" in these reconstructions indicates that the linguist is unable to say for certain whether or not the /r/ was present.
1142:
caused their hearers and readers to marvel at their aesthetic beauty while missing their moral messages. Yang juxtaposed early Han dynasty
4090:
3883:
1428:
as an allegory for a scholar whose talents go unrecognized and whose inability to control his tongue results in his captivity. During the
1330:
for the imperial court, but became ill shortly before arriving and returned to his home. Cai composed a poetic record of his journey in "
1351:
on
Recounting a Journey", Cai cites examples of treacherous and dishonest rulers and officials from Chinese history, then criticizes the
4124:
4085:
3873:
2149:), which was a bowl made of a coral- or shell-like substance from somewhere near India, which was then known as the "Western Regions".
2243:
as well as its incorporation of political criticism as a theme of poetry. The theme of unjust exile is related to the development of
1716:), in which he describes his life's experiences in the context of the larger context of the destruction of the south and its culture.
4134:
3292:
3262:
3772:
1855:
had become mainly historical pursuits, and were largely read and copied because of their inclusion on the imperial examinations.
892:), though this is almost certainly a story added later. After arriving in the capital around 136 BC, Sima Xiangru expanded his "
4280:
3590:
494:
471:
on things", in which any place, object, or feeling was rhapsodized in exhaustive detail. The largest collections of historical
567:
became the name of poetic expositions in which an author or composer created a comprehensive exposition and performed it as a
4097:
3968:
3347:
3217:
2382:
1959:
750:
342:
325:
308:
211:
60:
4385:
4058:
3989:
3913:
3820:
879:, he was traditionally said to have been summoned to the imperial court after Emperor Wu happened to personally read his "
76:
4343:
1555:, likely due to a tradition of composing works entirely in parallel couplets that arose during the period. While lyrical
3858:
3514:
3468:
2100:
4390:
4062:
3765:
1762:
3878:
2417:, vol. 1, p. 350, gives the name of the palace as "Apang", most scholarly dictionaries read the first character 阿 as
4144:
4007:
3835:
3797:
3309:
169:
806:
prince of an illness caused by overindulgence in sensual pleasures by pushing his senses to their limits with his
3825:
3227:
3357:
Knechtges, David R. (2010). "From the
Eastern Han through the Western Jin (AD 25–317)". In Owen, Stephen (ed.).
4114:
3847:
3842:
3809:
3611:
3498:
1680:
1105:
and therefore having missed opportunities to encourage moral restraint. The most prominent critic of "grand
4157:
3918:
3461:
40:
3805:
3923:
3863:
3815:
3700:
1367:
350:
333:
316:
190:
3302:
Kern, Martin (2010). "Early Chinese literature, Beginnings through Western Han". In Owen, Stephen (ed.).
4107:
4075:
3995:
3982:
3503:
1774:
1429:
1314:
that is a poetic comparison between the two capitals of the Han dynasty: Luoyang and Chang'an. Zhang's
799:
437:
3411:
Tian, Xiaofei (2010). "From the Eastern Jin through the early Tang (317–649)". In Owen, Stephen (ed.).
945:
on the Imperial Park" exemplifies much of the cataloging and rare terminology characteristic of grand
739:, is unusual in the author's extended use of philosophical reflection upon his own situation in life.
467:
were used as grand praises for the imperial courts, palaces, and cities, but were also used to write "
4257:
4169:
4012:
3928:
3868:
3649:
3532:
1537:
1523:
1252:
poems, which are the first to have been written in the shorter style that became typical of post-Han
530:
459:
genre came into being around the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC and continued to be regularly used into the
3830:
4217:
4152:
4048:
3604:
2058:
1761:
had stimulated the Chinese to methodical study of their own language and the identification of the
1114:
514:
266:
3597:
3335:
1170:
are generally known for their focus on admonishing readers and listeners to uphold moral values.
449:
247:
239:
1898:) on these new and unusual things, in which they described and catalogued extensively. These "
444:
composers tended to use as wide a vocabulary as possible in their compositions, and therefore
4222:
3576:
3527:
3424:
3397:
3370:
3343:
3321:
3288:
3258:
3239:
3213:
3178:
1983:
742:
553:
144:
136:
717:
on the Owl", written around 170 BC, was composed following on the third year of his exile to
4294:
4080:
3746:
3416:
3389:
3362:
3313:
3280:
2245:
2213:
1877:
745:
ascended the throne in 141 BC, and his 54-year reign is considered the golden age of "grand
633:
374:
101:
2304:
was constrained within a very subtle, elaborately indirect, occasional, and allusive mode.
1948:
First sleet comes pattering down; then snow, copiously cluttered, falls harder and harder.
4329:
4308:
4247:
3438:
2163:
576:
1872:
Between 130 and 100 BC, Emperor Wu greatly expanded China's territory into Central Asia,
122:
2239:", which is one of the earliest known works in this tradition, both as ancestral to the
1366:
poets, and were noted for their descriptions of the chaos and destruction following the
4287:
4102:
3484:
3232:
2345:
1658:
on Dwelling in the Mountains"—followed the traditional forms and subjects of classical
1302:) is considered Zhang's masterpiece. Zhang spent ten years gathering material for the
287:
280:
4379:
4357:
4315:
2387:
2334:
1618:
1529:
183:
4369:
4322:
3894:
3669:
3618:
2195:, which had not yet become the traditional Chinese foods they are in modern times.
1848:
1766:
1729:
1667:
1630:
1578:
1541:
1286:
1278:
1138:), but that the extended rhetorical arguments and complex vocabulary used in grand
872:
638:
545:
460:
433:
429:
392:
256:
108:
36:
32:
3420:
3393:
3366:
3317:
1577:
is one of the best-known poets of the entire Six Dynasties period, second only to
3257:(2nd revised ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 388–391.
3101:
At least according to some Chinese literary historians. See: Hawkes (2011 ): 221.
4227:
3975:
3889:
3788:
3676:
3655:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
2330:
2259:
2196:
2188:
1574:
1282:
1274:
898:
803:
772:
710:
629:
488:
396:
301:
3212:]. Translated by David R. Knechtges. New Haven: American Oriental Society.
1781:, such as purely moral topics or scenes from Chinese antiquity. The "parallel
17:
4242:
4237:
4036:
3632:
3522:
3384:
Owen, Stephen (2010). "The Cultural Tang (650–1020)". In Owen, Stephen (ed.).
3272:
2392:
2016:
1799:
1241:
853:
696:
610:
162:
1978:, one of the most famous female poets of Chinese history, wrote a well-known
1362:
writers from the late 2nd and early 3rd centuries CE became considered great
4197:
4164:
4031:
4001:
3962:
2192:
2054:
1482: Intelligent and bright, it can perceive the imperceptible.
1375:
1214: But in impeaching loyal protest, they are swift and sure.
1210: While those below eat chaff and husks without the kernels.
391:), often translated "rhapsody" or "poetic exposition", is a form of Chinese
204:
4352:
1602:" describing Xie's personal estate that borrows its style from the famous "
1194: From a myriad directions they come, gathering like stars.
667:), composed about 170 BC. Jia's surviving writings mention an earlier
642:
containing a series of riddles has been theorized to be the earliest known
39:(960–1279) painting of a 2nd-century BC literary gathering at the court of
3175:
Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part One
1932:
Now, as the time of darkness reaches its peak, and harsh air is ascendant,
1248:. Among Zhang Heng's large corpus of writings are a significant number of
1226:
on Recounting a Journey", Cai Yong (AD 159), translated by David Knechtges
4232:
4192:
4070:
4025:
3903:
3625:
2453:
2317:
2212:) is well known as an early description of writing paper, which had only
1975:
1754:
1638:
1396:
1371:
1245:
718:
672:
568:
476:
225:
1906:
poetry, and cover a vast number of instruments, objects, and phenomena.
1101:
criticized as having placed undue emphasis on the grandiose language in
4266:
4207:
4187:
3284:
2348:, scholar Chen Yuanlong (1652–1736) compiled a collection of all known
2296:
is political and social criticism through poetic indirection: thus, in
2268:
2184:
2024:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1944:
And then, clouds rise on river and sea; sand flies on northern deserts.
1873:
1490: Wherever it soars, it is sure to choose a good grove.
1441:
1433:
1421:
1400:
1206: While the people dwell in the open, sleep in the wet.
876:
676:
513:
poetry in China almost ceased entirely between 1949 and the end of the
263:
505:
genre in Western literature. During a large part of the 20th century,
83:
67:
4273:
4212:
4202:
3957:
3757:
3583:
2282:
2254:
2236:
2112:
2092:
2085:
2063:
1695:
1437:
1425:
1352:
1319:
1311:
933:
758:
723:
680:
651:
599:
572:
408:
1610:, the poem uses a large number of obscure and rare characters, but "
3253:
Ho, Kenneth Pui-hung (1986). "Fu 賦". In Nienhauser, William (ed.).
2344:
In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, during the reign of the
3898:
3683:
2337:; it has since been the traditional source for studying classical
2321:, an early Chinese literary anthology which is still extant. The
2288:
style is less to the point of the actual evolutionary path of the
2231:
2180:
2108:
2037:
1806:
1478: Embodies the shining brilliance of fire's power.
1327:
1202: The rear teams dash forward, racing to catch up.
1117:. As a youth, Yang was an admirer and imitator of Sima Xiangru's
425:
421:
412:
31:
3453:
3279:. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.
1551:
are generally much shorter and less extravagant than Han dynasty
292:
2036:), which the Chinese believed to actually have been invented by
1946:
Unbroken vapors, piled up haze, shroud the Sun, veil the clouds.
1777:. Tang writers added new topics to the traditional subjects of
1758:
3761:
3457:
1374:, who lived as a refugee in Chu following the assassination of
836: Pressing and pressing, climbing and climbing,
3413:
The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1: To 1375
3386:
The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1: To 1375
3359:
The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1: To 1375
3305:
The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1: To 1375
3173:
of the Han)". In Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping (eds.).
2107:. During this period, Cao Pi was once presented with a large
1212:
They grandly bestow liberal generosity on fawning flatterers,
1204:
They exhaust their multifarious craft on terraces and towers,
1162:
of the Han poets "led to excess". While known as one of the
842: Rumbling and roaring, booming and crashing,
271:
3140:
Wilhelm (1967 ): 312–314, quoting Sima Qian on Sima Xiangru.
2061:, best known as the compiler of the received version of the
1196:
The honored and favored fan their fires of lust even hotter;
844: Pushing and turning, surging and rolling –
544:", when applied to Chinese literature, first appears in the
3415:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 199–285.
3388:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 286–380.
3361:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–198.
3061:
3059:
3057:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2761:
2759:
2746:
2744:
2731:
2729:
1606:
on the Imperial Park" by Sima Xiangru. Like classical Han
981: Shining and sparkling like dragon scales.
3723:
Sunflower Splendor: Three Thousand Years of Chinese Poetry
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
1192:
The august house is resplendent, as if dwelling in Heaven;
2554:
2552:
2550:
1938:
Frothing pools no longer bubble, fiery winds do not rise.
1395:) in which Wang movingly describes climbing a tower near
875:
is generally considered to be the greatest. A native of
834: Roiling and roiling, raging and raging,
347:
330:
313:
244:
230:
216:
3441:(1967) . "The Scholar's Frustration: Notes on a Type of
2352:
extant in his day, publishing his collection in 1706 as
1498: It chitters and chatters in a lovely voice.
919:
of all. This work, whose original title was probably "
395:
that was the dominant literary form in China during the
174:
3255:
The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature
2451:, using an alternate reading of the character 車/硨. The
2053:), one of the earliest known descriptions of the game
1942:
In the land of the naked, men drape themselves in silk.
1851:(960–1279). By the 9th and 10th centuries, traditional
1547:
was gradually increasing in popularity. Six Dynasties
1476:
It embodies the sublime substance of the metal essence,
979: In manifold hues glisten and glitter,
973: Cinnabar, azurite, ocher, white clay,
440:, and extensive cataloging of their topics. Classical
2957:
2955:
2953:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2921:
2919:
2894:
2892:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2862:
2860:
2439:, vol 1, p. 170, gives the pinyin transliteration of "
2179:) is an encyclopedic description of a wide variety of
1486: Nests and perches in secluded vales.
1474: Manifests a wondrous natural beauty.
1448:
poems from their court have survived to modern times.
798:; d. 140 BC). In "Seven Stimuli", Mei Sheng acts as a
609:
songs combined with the rhetorical expositions of the
4341:
2984:
2982:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2659:
2657:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2333:
to its compilation in the 6th century CE, during the
1399:
and gazing longingly in the direction of his home in
1240:
writers of the Eastern Han period were the polymaths
832: Lofty and lofty, lifted and lifted,
141:
127:
113:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
1773:" were required for the composition sections of the
1043: Tangerine and pomelo sweet and fragrant.
4323:
Treatise on Cold Injury and Miscellaneous Disorders
4256:
4178:
4143:
4057:
3948:
3796:
3739:
3730:
The Columbia Anthology of Modern Chinese Literature
3714:
3693:
3642:
3566:
3512:
3491:
2292:and more to the point that the main purpose of the
341:
324:
307:
300:
286:
279:
262:
255:
238:
224:
210:
203:
195:
189:
182:
168:
161:
135:
121:
107:
100:
95:
75:
59:
48:
3449:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
3231:
2099:on things" in which a group of poets known as the
1936:Fire wells are extinguished, hot springs ice over,
1839:), in which prose is freely rhymed. This form of
709:achieved its greatest prominence during the early
563:. Over the course of the late 1st millennium BC,
2235:, one of the works attributed to Qu Yuan is the "
1198: All guard profit without cease.
867:Of all the authors from the golden age of "grand
646:. The earliest preserved and definitely datable
448:often contain rare and archaic Chinese words and
2128:) for the occasion. Another object-description
2084:), the earliest known poetic description of the
1934:Scorching Creek dries up, Scalding Vale freezes,
1732:(618–907). During the early Tang, a new form of
1480:Gifted with wit and acuity, it is able to speak;
1444:became a famous literary salon, and a number of
1041: Hawthorn, pear, date plum, chestnut,
4295:Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet
3165:Cao, Daoheng; Knechtges, David R. (2010). "Han
2315:pieces comprise the first main category in the
1908:
1450:
1172:
977: Tin, prase, gold, and silver,
951:
812:
501:There is no counterpart or form similar to the
1488:Whenever it flies, it does not land at random;
1125:. Yang believed that the original purpose of
1039: Cork, wild pear, vermilion willow,
735:on the Owl", besides being the earliest known
598:poetry is often viewed as a descendant of the
521:has gradually returned to its previous level.
4019:Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals
3773:
3469:
2360:
2207:
2174:
2153:
2144:
2123:
2111:of unusual quality which Cao had made into a
2079:
2048:
2031:
1994:
1911:
1893:
1834:
1817:
1798:developed in the Tang, and was only used for
1789:
1744:
1711:
1674:
1649:
1593:
1453:
1415:
1390:
1338:
1297:
1268:
1175:
1133:
1046:
1012:
984:
954:
927:
923:on the Excursion Hunt of the Son of Heaven" (
910:
887:
840:Doubled and diverse like the lines of troops.
815:
802:-style travelling orator who tries to cure a
793:
787:
662:
628:composers were from the southwestern area of
587:
81:
65:
8:
2501:
2457:and most modern scholarly dictionaries give
1940:On north-facing doors, panels are plastered;
1749:) supplanted the original form. "Regulated
1492:It has reddish-black feet, a vermilion beak,
1403:. Poets often used subjects of descriptive
1281:) which famously later became a favorite of
1067: Leaping gibbon, and tree-jackal.
775:, where many of them composed and presented
624:in the 2nd century BC, many of the greatest
2436:The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature
2414:The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature
2318:Wen Xuan (Selections of Refined Literature)
1571:on things" continued to be widely written.
1200:When a front coach overturns not far ahead,
1071: The white tiger, black panther,
3780:
3766:
3758:
3476:
3462:
3454:
2040:after he departed west out of China, and "
1496:Bright and colorful, lovely in appearance,
1472:A marvelous bird from the Western Regions,
1220:Criticizing corrupt eunuchs and officials,
1208:They waste fine grain on birds and beasts,
1065: The phoenix, peacock, simurgh,
1005: Aculith, dark polishing stone,
838:A layered fortress of multiplied strength,
783:of Emperor Wu's reign is "Seven Stimuli" (
687:, but it has not survived to the present.
92:
4302:The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
3342:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
3089:
3077:
3065:
3048:
3036:
3012:
3000:
2910:
2839:
2827:
2806:
2789:
2777:
2765:
2750:
2735:
2675:
2648:
2558:
1484:Thus, it plays and sports on lofty peaks,
1007: Quartz, and the warrior rock.
975: Orpiment, milky quartz,
915:), generally considered the most famous
828:Revolving and rushing, a glistening halo,
779:to the entire court. The earliest grand
2162:has become well known in the history of
1822:) laid the foundation for a new form of
1121:, but later came to disapprove of grand
936:'s early 4th century AD annotations to "
4348:
2482:
2404:
2224:Part of the legacy associated with the
2103:each composed their own version of the
2095:'s court produced a number of notable "
1698:is generally considered the last great
1037: Cinnamon, pepper, magnolia,
862:141 BC), translated by Martin Kern
830:Front and rear conjoined and connected.
3909:Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions
2115:. Each of the men composed their own "
2071:in the early 2nd century AD, such as "
1999:), believed to be a description of an
1567:style of the Han mostly disappeared, "
1512:AD 198), translated by David Knechtges
1407:poems to symbolize themselves, as in "
1091:137 BC), translated by David Knechtges
1003: Orbed jades, vulcan stone,
246:
143:
45:
3110:
1662:, but an increasing number did not. "
1494: Green coat, azure mantle.
7:
3884:Second Chinese domination of Vietnam
3149:
3024:
2988:
2973:
2961:
2944:
2925:
2898:
2883:
2866:
2851:
2720:
2699:
2687:
2663:
2627:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2541:
2522:
1029:To the north there is a shady grove,
721:, and uses much of the style of the
4125:Protectorate of the Western Regions
3874:First Chinese domination of Vietnam
3177:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 317–333.
2488:
2486:
2101:Seven Masters of the Jian'an period
2067:, wrote several object-description
1902:on things" became a major genre in
1355:of the capital for similar crimes.
1166:masters of the Han dynasty, Yang's
498:, and official dynastic histories.
2606:
1847:form during the late Tang and the
25:
3194:The Penguin Book of Chinese Verse
2354:Collection of Fu Through the Ages
1728:genre changed rapidly during the
1154:, saying that while those in the
1001: Red jade, rose stone,
771:writers to the imperial court in
478:Selections of Refined Literature
4363:
4351:
4135:Translation of government titles
3939:
3447:Chinese Thought and Institutions
1970:407–433) (Knechtges translation)
583:as "to recite without singing" (
407:are intermediary pieces between
399:(206 BC – AD
4281:Book on Numbers and Computation
3591:New Songs from the Jade Terrace
3445:". In Fairbank, John K. (ed.).
1589:on Dwelling in the Mountains" (
1087:of Sir Vacuous", Sima Xiangru (
1031: Its trees are elm,
846:Truly, it cannot be withstood!
612:Intrigues of the Warring States
577:"Monograph on Arts and Letters"
517:in 1976. Since then, study of
495:New Songs from the Jade Terrace
348:
331:
314:
293:
272:
245:
231:
217:
196:
175:
4098:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
3969:Records of the Grand Historian
2383:Classical Chinese poetry forms
2003:brought to the Han court from
1963:
1654:)—an homage to Xie Lingyun's "
1158:provided moral standards, the
1129:was to "indirectly admonish" (
767:). Emperor Wu summoned famous
763:
754:
428:, varying line lengths, close
142:
128:
114:
82:
66:
1:
3990:Records of the Three Kingdoms
3914:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
3821:Rebellion of the Seven States
3701:Chinese poems (category list)
3421:10.1017/CHOL9780521855587.005
3394:10.1017/CHOL9780521855587.006
3367:10.1017/CHOL9780521855587.004
3318:10.1017/CHOL9780521855587.003
3277:A Guide to Chinese Literature
1967:
1794:) was another variant of the
1645:on Dwelling in the Suburbs" (
1509:
1088:
859:
549:
1763:four tones of Middle Chinese
858:"Seven Stimuli", Mei Sheng (
620:. During the golden age of
3196:. Baltimore: Penguin Books.
1432:, the court of the warlord
1424:, in which Mi uses a caged
1368:collapse of the Han dynasty
1306:, a response to an earlier
1113:writer of the Han dynasty:
671:he wrote upon his exile to
4407:
4120:Provinces and commanderies
4008:Eight Immortals of Huainan
3836:War of the Heavenly Horses
3310:Cambridge University Press
2502:Cao & Knechtges (2010)
2152:One of the poet Shu Xi's (
1521:
1378:in 192 CE, wrote a famous
1334:on Recounting a Journey" (
1293:on the Two Metropolises" (
1256:. Zhang's earliest known
1063:In the treetops there are:
694:
528:
3937:
3826:Han dynasty in Inner Asia
3238:. London: Penguin Books.
2361:
2216:about 150 years earlier.
2208:
2175:
2154:
2145:
2124:
2080:
2057:. Han dynasty librarian
2049:
2032:
1995:
1912:
1894:
1835:
1818:
1790:
1745:
1712:
1707:on Lamenting the South" (
1675:
1650:
1594:
1536:remained a major part of
1508:on the Parrot", Mi Heng (
1454:
1416:
1391:
1339:
1298:
1269:
1176:
1150:-like expositions in the
1134:
1047:
1013:
985:
955:
928:
911:
896:of Sir Vacuous" into his
888:
816:
794:
788:
663:
588:
571:. Han dynasty historian
378:
362:
91:
55:
3879:Trung sisters' rebellion
3843:Han conquest of Gojoseon
3810:Feast at Swan Goose Gate
3612:Three Hundred Tang Poems
3499:Classical Chinese poetry
3205:
2369:in total contains 4,155
2183:-based foods, including
2044:on Encirclement Chess" (
2007:around AD 110. Scholar
1681:Emperor Jianwen of Liang
1386:on Climbing the Tower" (
61:Traditional Chinese
4158:Ancient Chinese coinage
3919:Yellow Turban Rebellion
3706:List of poems (article)
2911:Idema & Haft (1997)
2828:Idema & Haft (1997)
2649:Idema & Haft (1997)
2559:Idema & Haft (1997)
2132:from the Cao court is "
1958:on Snow", Xie Huilian (
1720:Tang and Song dynasties
1683:), is a short, lyrical
1679:), by Xiao Gang (later
1343:), his most well-known
1283:Imperial Concubine Yang
1273:), which describes the
1236:Two of the most famous
1069:Beneath them there are:
906:on the Imperial Park" (
727:and other songs of the
681:"Encountering Sorrow" (
77:Simplified Chinese
41:Liu Wu, Prince of Liang
4180:Science and technology
3924:End of the Han dynasty
3864:Han conquest of Nanyue
3275:; Haft, Lloyd (1997).
3234:The Songs of the South
3201:Gong, Kechang (1997).
2329:pieces from the early
2263:pointedly refers to a
2220:Sociopolitical protest
2119:on the Agate Bridle" (
2091:The literary salon of
1973:
1598:), a Han-style "grand
1515:
1229:
1109:" was the other great
1094:
865:
675:which he modeled upon
43:
4108:Three Ducal Ministers
3996:Flying Horse of Gansu
3983:Book of the Later Han
3694:Individual poems list
3504:Modern Chinese poetry
3210:Studies on the Han Fu
3192:Davis, A. R. (1990).
3131:Wilhelm (1967 ): 311.
3113:, p. xlvi–xlvii.
2011:wrote two well-known
1775:imperial examinations
1522:Further information:
1430:Three Kingdoms period
1264:on the Hot Springs" (
823: 訇隱匈磕，軋盤涌裔，原不可當。
819: 顒顒卬卬，椐椐彊彊，莘莘將將。
35:
4386:Chinese poetry forms
4170:Sino-Roman relations
4013:Mawangdui Silk Texts
3929:Battle of Red Cliffs
3869:Han conquest of Dian
3650:Antithetical couplet
3533:Six Dynasties poetry
3122:Davis (1990): xlviii
1990:on the Great Bird" (
1982:during the reign of
1843:became the dominant
1524:Six Dynasties poetry
1277:at Mount Li (modern
999:Of stones there are:
531:History of fu poetry
420:include alternating
326:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
4049:Eastern Han Chinese
3950:Society and culture
3855:Southward expansion
3816:Lü Clan disturbance
3715:Modern compilations
3605:Complete Tang Poems
3336:Knechtges, David R.
2325:collects all known
1813:on E-pang Palace" (
1769:, these "regulated
1765:. Beginning in the
1538:contemporary poetry
515:Cultural Revolution
27:Chinese poetry form
4391:Han dynasty poetry
4267:Balanced Discourse
3806:Chu–Han Contention
3598:Nineteen Old Poems
3312:. pp. 1–115.
3285:10.3998/mpub.22826
2780:, p. 144-145.
1805:In 826, Tang poet
1736:called "regulated
1532:period (220–589),
44:
4339:
4338:
3848:Four Commanderies
3755:
3754:
3577:Classic of Poetry
3430:978-0-521-11677-0
3403:978-0-521-11677-0
3376:978-0-521-11677-0
3327:978-0-521-11677-0
3245:978-0-14-044375-2
3184:978-90-04-19127-3
2702:, pp. 92–93.
1984:Emperor He of Han
1152:Classic of Poetry
1077:and leopard cat.
883:of Sir Vacuous" (
852:Description of a
792:), by Mei Sheng (
743:Emperor Wu of Han
555:Classic of Poetry
366:
365:
358:
357:
212:Yale Romanization
102:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
4398:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4356:
4355:
4347:
3943:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3759:
3747:Cantonese poetry
3478:
3471:
3464:
3455:
3450:
3439:Wilhelm, Hellmut
3434:
3407:
3380:
3353:
3331:
3298:
3268:
3249:
3237:
3223:
3197:
3188:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3090:Knechtges (2010)
3087:
3081:
3078:Knechtges (2010)
3075:
3069:
3066:Knechtges (2010)
3063:
3052:
3049:Knechtges (2010)
3046:
3040:
3037:Knechtges (2010)
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3015:, p. 23-25.
3013:Knechtges (1996)
3010:
3004:
3001:Knechtges (2010)
2998:
2992:
2986:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2948:
2942:
2929:
2923:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2887:
2881:
2870:
2864:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2840:Knechtges (1996)
2837:
2831:
2825:
2810:
2807:Knechtges (2010)
2804:
2793:
2790:Knechtges (2010)
2787:
2781:
2778:Knechtges (2010)
2775:
2769:
2766:Knechtges (2010)
2763:
2754:
2751:Knechtges (2010)
2748:
2739:
2736:Knechtges (2010)
2733:
2724:
2718:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2676:Knechtges (2010)
2673:
2667:
2661:
2652:
2646:
2631:
2625:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2545:
2539:
2526:
2520:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2466:
2432:
2426:
2409:
2364:
2363:
2246:Xiaoxiang poetry
2211:
2210:
2199:poet Fu Xian's "
2178:
2177:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2127:
2126:
2083:
2082:
2075:on the Lychee" (
2052:
2051:
2035:
2034:
1998:
1997:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1929:
1928:
1897:
1896:
1878:Korean Peninsula
1874:northern Vietnam
1838:
1837:
1821:
1820:
1793:
1792:
1748:
1747:
1715:
1714:
1678:
1677:
1653:
1652:
1637:pieces, such as
1597:
1596:
1513:
1511:
1504:Opening lines, "
1469:
1468:
1419:
1418:
1411:on the Parrot" (
1394:
1393:
1342:
1341:
1301:
1300:
1272:
1271:
1227:
1189:
1188:
1137:
1136:
1092:
1090:
1073: The
1060:
1059:
1026:
1025:
996:
995:
968:
967:
931:
930:
925:Tiānzǐ yóuliè fù
914:
913:
891:
890:
863:
861:
825:
824:
797:
796:
791:
790:
765:
756:
666:
665:
636:). A chapter of
634:Sichuan Province
591:
590:
551:
402:
390:
389:
388:
387:
385:
354:
353:
352:
337:
336:
335:
320:
319:
318:
296:
295:
275:
274:
251:
250:
249:
234:
233:
220:
219:
199:
198:
178:
177:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
146:
131:
130:
117:
116:
93:
87:
86:
71:
70:
46:
21:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4364:
4362:
4350:
4342:
4340:
4335:
4330:Zhoubi Suanjing
4309:Huangdi Neijing
4274:Book of Origins
4252:
4248:Zhang Zhongjing
4174:
4139:
4053:
3944:
3935:
3831:Han–Xiongnu War
3792:
3786:
3756:
3751:
3740:Regional styles
3735:
3710:
3689:
3638:
3569:and collections
3568:
3562:
3508:
3487:
3482:
3437:
3431:
3410:
3404:
3383:
3377:
3356:
3350:
3334:
3328:
3301:
3295:
3271:
3265:
3252:
3246:
3226:
3220:
3207:
3200:
3191:
3185:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2951:
2943:
2932:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2890:
2882:
2873:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2813:
2805:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2742:
2734:
2727:
2719:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2634:
2626:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2597:, p. 5-10.
2593:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2548:
2540:
2529:
2521:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2433:
2429:
2425:, in this case.
2410:
2406:
2401:
2379:
2310:
2222:
2164:Chinese cuisine
1972:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1870:
1861:
1722:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1459:性辯慧而能言兮，才聰明以識機。
1458:
1457:體金精之妙質兮，合火德之明輝。
1456:
1455:惟西域之靈鳥兮，挺自然之奇姿。
1234:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1187:弘寬裕於便辟兮，糾忠諫其駸急。
1186:
1185:消嘉榖於禽獸兮，下糠粃而無粒。
1184:
1183:窮變巧於台榭兮，民露處而寢洷。
1182:
1181:前車覆而未遠兮，後乘驅而競及。
1180:
1179:貴寵煽以彌熾兮，僉守利而不戢。
1178:
1177:皇家赫而天居兮，萬方徂而星集。
1093:
1082:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
997:
993:
991:
989:
987:
983:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
969:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
871:" composition,
864:
857:
851:
848:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
826:
822:
820:
818:
704:
699:
693:
538:
533:
527:
400:
383:
381:
380:
379:
150:
149:
148:
28:
23:
22:
18:Fu (literature)
15:
12:
11:
5:
4404:
4402:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4360:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4262:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4149:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4129:Chief Official
4122:
4117:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4103:Nine Ministers
4095:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4034:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3998:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3859:Han–Minyue War
3852:
3851:
3850:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3802:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3726:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3528:Jian'an poetry
3525:
3519:
3517:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3485:Chinese poetry
3483:
3481:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3435:
3429:
3408:
3402:
3381:
3375:
3354:
3348:
3332:
3326:
3299:
3293:
3269:
3263:
3250:
3244:
3224:
3218:
3198:
3189:
3183:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3152:, p. 255.
3142:
3133:
3124:
3115:
3103:
3094:
3092:, p. 193.
3082:
3080:, p. 194.
3070:
3068:, p. 170.
3053:
3051:, p. 150.
3041:
3039:, p. 149.
3029:
3027:, p. 129.
3017:
3005:
3003:, p. 118.
2993:
2978:
2976:, p. 361.
2966:
2964:, p. 350.
2949:
2947:, p. 289.
2930:
2928:, p. 270.
2915:
2913:, p. 110.
2903:
2901:, p. 267.
2888:
2886:, p. 264.
2871:
2869:, p. 232.
2856:
2854:, p. 235.
2844:
2832:
2830:, p. 109.
2811:
2809:, p. 156.
2794:
2792:, p. 145.
2782:
2770:
2768:, p. 144.
2755:
2753:, p. 143.
2740:
2738:, p. 157.
2725:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2678:, p. 184.
2668:
2653:
2632:
2611:
2609:, p. 388.
2599:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2546:
2527:
2506:
2504:, p. 317.
2494:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2427:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2346:Kangxi Emperor
2309:
2306:
2221:
2218:
2158:; AD 263–302)
1954:Excerpt from "
1951:
1927:霰淅瀝而先集，雪粉糅而遂多。
1909:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1826:called "prose
1802:compositions.
1721:
1718:
1709:Āi Jiāngnán fù
1519:
1516:
1501:
1451:
1233:
1230:
1217:
1173:
1083:Excerpt from "
1080:
952:
849:
813:
810:descriptions.
800:Warring States
703:
700:
692:
689:
537:
534:
529:Main article:
526:
523:
364:
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:
345:
339:
338:
328:
322:
321:
311:
305:
304:
298:
297:
290:
288:Middle Chinese
284:
283:
281:Middle Chinese
277:
276:
269:
260:
259:
253:
252:
242:
236:
235:
228:
222:
221:
214:
208:
207:
205:Yue: Cantonese
201:
200:
193:
187:
186:
180:
179:
172:
166:
165:
159:
158:
139:
133:
132:
125:
119:
118:
111:
105:
104:
98:
97:
96:Transcriptions
89:
88:
79:
73:
72:
63:
57:
56:
53:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4403:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4371:
4361:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4316:Shuowen Jiezi
4313:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3308:. Cambridge:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3296:
3294:0-89264-123-1
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3264:0-253-32983-3
3260:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3229:
3228:Hawkes, David
3225:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3203:Han fu yanjiu
3199:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2994:
2991:, p. 95.
2990:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2842:, p. 51.
2841:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2723:, p. 93.
2722:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2690:, p. 11.
2689:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2666:, p. 89.
2665:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2651:, p. 98.
2650:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2630:, p. 90.
2629:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2561:, p. 97.
2560:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2544:, p. 91.
2543:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2525:, p. 88.
2524:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:Dong Zhongshu
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:Liang dynasty
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2232:Verses of Chu
2227:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2214:been invented
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2150:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2064:Verses of Chu
2060:
2056:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1815:Ēpáng gōng fù
1812:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1717:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:Liang dynasty
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:Six Dynasties
1525:
1518:Six Dynasties
1517:
1507:
1499:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:and his sons
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1225:
1215:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1034:
950:
948:
944:
939:
935:
926:
922:
918:
909:
905:
901:
900:
895:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
855:
847:
811:
809:
805:
801:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
760:
752:
748:
744:
740:
738:
734:
730:
729:Verses of Chu
726:
725:
720:
716:
713:. Jia Yi's "
712:
708:
701:
698:
690:
688:
686:
684:
678:
674:
670:
661:
658:on the Owl" (
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
601:Verses of Chu
597:
593:
586:
585:bù gē ér sòng
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
560:
556:
547:
543:
535:
532:
524:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
496:
491:
490:
485:
483:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
410:
406:
398:
394:
386:
376:
372:
371:
361:
346:
344:
340:
329:
327:
323:
312:
310:
309:Baxter (1992)
306:
303:
299:
291:
289:
285:
282:
278:
270:
268:
265:
261:
258:
254:
248:
243:
241:
237:
229:
227:
223:
215:
213:
209:
206:
202:
194:
192:
188:
185:
181:
173:
171:
167:
164:
160:
152:
145:
140:
138:
134:
126:
124:
120:
112:
110:
106:
103:
99:
94:
90:
85:
80:
78:
74:
69:
64:
62:
58:
54:
51:
47:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4041:
4024:
4017:
4000:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3895:Red Eyebrows
3728:
3721:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3631:
3624:
3619:Wangchuan ji
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3567:Poetry works
3446:
3442:
3412:
3385:
3358:
3339:
3303:
3276:
3254:
3233:
3209:
3202:
3193:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3118:
3111:Davis (1990)
3106:
3097:
3085:
3073:
3044:
3032:
3020:
3008:
2996:
2969:
2906:
2847:
2835:
2785:
2773:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2602:
2590:
2585:, p. 5.
2578:
2573:, p. 3.
2566:
2497:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2407:
2370:
2366:
2358:Lìdài fù huì
2357:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2338:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2273:
2264:
2258:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2204:
2200:
2189:steamed buns
2171:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2142:Chēqú wǎn fù
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2116:
2104:
2096:
2090:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2045:
2041:
2028:
2020:
2012:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1974:
1955:
1923:於是河海生雲，朔漠飛沙。
1910:
1903:
1899:
1890:
1889:on things" (
1886:
1882:
1871:
1865:
1852:
1849:Song dynasty
1844:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1767:Tang dynasty
1750:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1730:Tang dynasty
1725:
1723:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1692:and poetry.
1689:
1684:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1631:Tang dynasty
1626:
1622:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:Tao Yuanming
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1505:
1461:故其嬉游高峻，棲跱幽深。
1452:
1445:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1363:
1359:
1358:A number of
1357:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1287:Tang dynasty
1279:Huaqing Pool
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1237:
1235:
1223:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1084:
1074:
1032:
971:In the soil:
953:
946:
942:
937:
924:
920:
916:
907:
903:
897:
893:
884:
880:
873:Sima Xiangru
868:
866:
814:
807:
784:
780:
776:
768:
762:
746:
741:
736:
732:
728:
722:
714:
706:
705:
682:
668:
659:
655:
647:
643:
637:
625:
621:
615:
611:
604:
600:
595:
594:
584:
580:
564:
558:
554:
546:Zhou dynasty
541:
539:
518:
510:
506:
502:
500:
493:
487:
481:
477:
472:
468:
464:
463:(960–1279).
461:Song dynasty
456:
454:
445:
441:
434:onomatopoeia
430:alliteration
417:
404:
393:rhymed prose
369:
368:
367:
257:Southern Min
191:Romanization
170:Romanization
109:Hanyu Pinyin
49:
37:Song dynasty
29:
4228:Luoxia Hong
4091:Family tree
3976:Book of Han
3890:Xin dynasty
3789:Han dynasty
3643:Major forms
3558:Qing poetry
3553:Ming poetry
3548:Yuan poetry
3543:Song poetry
3538:Tang poetry
3273:Idema, Wilt
3159:Works cited
3150:Tian (2010)
3025:Kern (2010)
2989:Kern (2010)
2974:Owen (2010)
2962:Owen (2010)
2945:Owen (2010)
2926:Tian (2010)
2899:Tian (2010)
2884:Tian (2010)
2867:Tian (2010)
2852:Tian (2010)
2721:Kern (2010)
2700:Kern (2010)
2688:Gong (1997)
2664:Kern (2010)
2628:Kern (2010)
2595:Gong (1997)
2583:Gong (1997)
2571:Gong (1997)
2542:Kern (2010)
2523:Kern (2010)
2449:Jūqú wǎn fù
2445:Musāragalva
2331:Han dynasty
2308:Collections
2260:Book of Han
2203:on Paper" (
2197:Western Jin
2170:on Pasta" (
2138:Musāragalva
2121:Mǎnǎo lè fù
2017:board games
2015:on ancient
1672:Cǎi lián fù
1670:-picking" (
1629:during the
1621:(502–587),
1617:During the
1575:Xie Lingyun
1540:, although
1528:During the
1336:Shù xíng fù
1285:during the
1275:hot springs
1232:Eastern Han
1058: 蟃蜒貙犴。
1056: 白虎玄豹，
1052: 騰遠射干。
1050: 鵷鶵孔鸞，
1024: 橘柚芬芳。
1022: 樝棃梬栗，
1020: 蘗離朱楊，
1018: 桂椒木蘭，
1016: 楩柟豫樟，
994: 碝石碔砆。
992: 瑊玏玄厲，
990: 琳瑉昆吾，
988: 赤玉玫瑰，
966: 照爛龍鱗。
964: 眾色炫耀，
962: 錫碧金銀，
960: 雌黃白坿，
958: 丹青赭堊，
908:Shànglín fù
899:magnum opus
821:壁壘重堅，沓雜似軍行。
711:Han dynasty
702:Western Han
691:Han dynasty
489:Book of Han
438:parallelism
397:Han dynasty
302:Old Chinese
4380:Categories
4243:Zhang Heng
4238:Wang Chong
4059:Government
4037:Han poetry
3633:Zhuying ji
3523:Han poetry
3513:Poetry by
3492:Major eras
3349:0691021260
3219:0940490145
2473:References
2393:Han poetry
2367:Collection
2365:). Chen's
2323:Selections
1986:entitled "
1925:連氛累䨠，揜日韜霞。
1921:北戶墐扉，裸壤垂繒。
1919:沸潭無湧，炎風不興。
1913:若迺玄律窮，嚴氣升。
1876:, and the
1868:on things"
1800:rhetorical
1647:Jiāo jū fù
1591:Shān jū fù
1467:采采麗容，咬咬好音。
1465:紺趾丹嘴，綠衣翠矜。
1463:飛不妄集，翔必擇林。
1388:Dènglóu fù
1382:entitled "
1318:is highly
1295:Èr jīng fù
1266:Wēnquán fù
1242:Zhang Heng
1115:Yang Xiong
1096:The grand
1035:, camphor,
854:tidal bore
817:純馳浩蜺，前後駱驛。
697:Han poetry
695:See also:
616:Zhanguo ce
540:The term "
450:characters
343:Zhengzhang
123:Wade–Giles
4218:Liu Xiang
4198:Ding Huan
4165:Silk Road
4032:Old Texts
4002:Huainanzi
3963:Sima Qian
2607:Ho (1986)
2478:Footnotes
2447:Bowl" as
2411:Although
2193:dumplings
1992:Dà què fù
1891:yǒngwù fù
1809:'s poem "
1413:Yīngwǔ fù
1376:Dong Zhuo
1320:satirical
1146:with the
1014:其北則有陰林巨樹，
660:Fúniǎo fù
4233:Sima Tan
4193:Cai Yong
4071:Ban Chao
4063:military
4026:Yiwu Zhi
3904:Chengjia
3626:Wen Xuan
3338:(1996).
3230:(1985).
2454:Guangyun
2377:See also
2077:Lìzhī fù
2046:Wěiqí fù
2029:Chūpú fù
1976:Ban Zhao
1952:—
1917:火井滅，溫泉冰。
1915:焦溪涸，湯谷凝。
1885:called "
1755:Sanskrit
1639:Shen Yue
1502:—
1397:Jingzhou
1372:Wang Can
1246:Cai Yong
1218:—
1081:—
850:—
773:Chang'an
719:Changsha
673:Changsha
632:(modern
579:defined
569:rhapsody
482:Wen xuan
475:are the
436:, loose
226:Jyutping
4344:Portals
4288:Fangyan
4223:Liu Xin
4208:Hua Tuo
4188:Cai Lun
4153:Coinage
4145:Economy
4081:Emperor
4076:Ma Yuan
3798:History
3515:dynasty
2443:on the
2269:Qu Yuan
2257:in his
2185:noodles
2172:Bǐng fù
2166:: his "
2140:Bowl" (
2136:on the
2088:fruit.
2059:Wang Yi
2025:Chaupar
2009:Ma Rong
2005:Parthia
2001:ostrich
1960:Chinese
1633:. Some
1442:Cao Zhi
1434:Cao Cao
1422:Mi Heng
1401:Luoyang
1353:eunuchs
1347:. In "
885:Zǐxū fù
877:Chengdu
751:Chinese
677:Qu Yuan
575:in the
559:Shijing
536:Origins
525:History
375:Chinese
334:p(r)a-s
317:p(r)jas
264:Hokkien
4358:Poetry
4213:Liu An
4203:Du Shi
3958:Ban Gu
3791:topics
3584:Chu Ci
3427:
3400:
3373:
3346:
3324:
3291:
3261:
3242:
3216:
3181:
2461:, not
2421:, not
2255:Ban Gu
2237:Li Sao
2205:Zhǐ fù
2191:, and
2113:bridle
2093:Cao Pi
2086:lychee
1962::
1859:Topics
1787:piānfù
1696:Yu Xin
1545:poetry
1438:Cao Pi
1426:parrot
1420:), by
1312:Ban Gu
1156:Poetry
1075:manyan
934:Guo Pu
761::
759:pinyin
753::
724:Li Sao
683:Li Sao
652:Jia Yi
605:Chu ci
573:Ban Gu
486:, the
409:poetry
403:220).
401:
377::
4370:China
4258:Texts
4115:Kings
3899:Lulin
3684:yuefu
3208:[
2399:Notes
2181:dough
2109:agate
2038:Laozi
1832:wénfù
1807:Du Mu
1668:Lotus
1559:and "
1328:guqin
1033:nanmu
929:天子遊獵賦
785:Qī fā
639:Xunzi
426:prose
422:rhyme
413:prose
349:*
332:*
315:*
184:Hakka
147:
4086:list
4061:and
3897:and
3425:ISBN
3398:ISBN
3371:ISBN
3344:ISBN
3322:ISBN
3289:ISBN
3259:ISBN
3240:ISBN
3214:ISBN
3206:漢賦研究
3179:ISBN
2362:歷代賦彙
2283:Chu
2146:硨磲碗賦
2125:瑪瑙勒賦
1819:阿房宫賦
1759:Pali
1757:and
1742:lǜfù
1724:The
1713:哀江南賦
1641:'s "
1585:is "
1440:and
1289:. "
1260:is "
1244:and
1131:fèng
1054:其下則有
1048:其上則有
764:dàfù
731:. "
654:'s "
589:不歌而誦
455:The
424:and
411:and
351:mpas
3670:shi
3417:doi
3390:doi
3363:doi
3314:doi
3281:doi
3169:賦 (
2459:chē
2285:sao
2267:by
2081:荔枝賦
2050:圍棋賦
2033:樗蒲賦
2027:" (
2023:on
2019:: "
1996:大雀賦
1964:謝惠連
1895:詠物賦
1830:" (
1785:" (
1740:" (
1676:採蓮賦
1666:on
1651:郊居賦
1595:山居賦
1543:shi
1417:鸚鵡賦
1392:登樓賦
1370:.
1340:述行賦
1310:by
1299:二京賦
1270:溫泉賦
986:其石則
956:其土則
912:上林賦
902:, "
889:子虛賦
804:Chu
749:" (
679:'s
664:鵩鳥賦
650:is
630:Shu
592:).
452:.
294:pjù
267:POJ
240:IPA
137:IPA
4382::
4042:Fu
3677:qu
3663:fu
3656:ci
3443:Fu
3423:.
3396:.
3369:.
3320:.
3287:.
3171:Fu
3167:Fu
3056:^
2981:^
2952:^
2933:^
2918:^
2891:^
2874:^
2859:^
2814:^
2797:^
2758:^
2743:^
2728:^
2707:^
2656:^
2635:^
2614:^
2549:^
2530:^
2509:^
2485:^
2463:jū
2441:Fu
2373:.
2371:fu
2350:fu
2341:.
2339:fu
2327:fu
2313:Fu
2302:fu
2298:fu
2294:fu
2290:fu
2279:fu
2274:fu
2265:fu
2251:fu
2241:fu
2226:fu
2209:紙賦
2201:Fu
2187:,
2176:餅賦
2168:Fu
2160:fu
2155:束皙
2134:Fu
2130:fu
2117:Fu
2105:fu
2097:fu
2073:Fu
2069:fu
2055:Go
2042:Fu
2021:Fu
2013:fu
1988:Fu
1980:fu
1968:c.
1966:;
1956:Fu
1904:fu
1900:fu
1887:fu
1883:fu
1866:Fu
1853:fu
1845:fu
1841:fu
1836:文賦
1828:fu
1824:fu
1811:Fu
1796:fu
1791:駢賦
1783:fu
1779:fu
1771:fu
1751:fu
1746:律賦
1738:fu
1734:fu
1726:fu
1705:Fu
1700:fu
1690:fu
1685:fu
1664:Fu
1660:fu
1656:Fu
1643:Fu
1635:fu
1627:fu
1623:fu
1612:Fu
1608:fu
1604:Fu
1600:fu
1587:Fu
1583:fu
1569:fu
1565:fu
1561:fu
1557:fu
1553:fu
1549:fu
1534:fu
1510:c.
1506:Fu
1446:fu
1409:Fu
1405:fu
1384:Fu
1380:fu
1364:fu
1360:fu
1349:Fu
1345:fu
1332:Fu
1316:fu
1308:fu
1304:fu
1291:Fu
1262:Fu
1258:fu
1254:fu
1250:fu
1238:fu
1224:Fu
1168:fu
1164:fu
1160:fu
1148:fu
1144:fu
1140:fu
1127:fu
1123:fu
1119:fu
1111:fu
1107:fu
1103:fu
1098:fu
1089:c.
1085:Fu
949::
947:fu
943:Fu
938:Fu
921:Fu
917:fu
904:Fu
894:Fu
881:Fu
869:fu
860:c.
808:fu
795:枚乘
789:七發
781:fu
777:fu
769:fu
757:;
755:大賦
747:fu
737:fu
733:Fu
715:Fu
707:Fu
669:fu
656:Fu
648:fu
644:fu
626:fu
622:fu
596:Fu
581:fu
565:fu
550:c.
542:fu
519:fu
511:fu
507:fu
503:fu
492:,
473:fu
469:fu
465:Fu
457:fu
446:fu
442:fu
432:,
418:fu
405:Fu
370:Fu
273:hù
232:fu
218:fu
197:fu
176:fǔ
163:Wu
129:fu
115:fù
50:Fu
4346::
4131:)
4127:(
3886:)
3857:(
3812:)
3808:(
3781:e
3774:t
3767:v
3477:e
3470:t
3463:v
3433:.
3419::
3406:.
3392::
3379:.
3365::
3352:.
3330:.
3316::
3297:.
3283::
3267:.
3248:.
3222:.
3187:.
2465:.
2423:ā
2419:ē
2356:(
1864:"
1703:"
1222:"
1135:諷
941:"
856:,
685:)
618:)
614:(
607:)
603:(
561:)
557:(
548:(
484:)
480:(
384:賦
373:(
84:赋
68:賦
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