694:
885:
927:
1112:
1020:
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1765:
1496:
1066:
1155:
1808:
159:
650:
1243:
622:
236:
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838:
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1288:
978:
638:
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610:
570:
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1204:
1543:
31:
1587:
1417:
202:
3511:
546:
Dusts have a very large surface area compared to their mass. Since burning can only occur at the surface of a solid or liquid, where it can react with oxygen, this causes dusts to be much more flammable than bulk materials. For example, a 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) sphere of a combustible material with
426:
Determining the minimum explosive concentration or maximum explosive concentration of dusts in air is difficult, and consulting different sources can lead to quite different results. Typical explosive ranges in air are from few dozens grams/m for the minimum limit, to few kg/m for the maximum limit.
353:
operations downstream of the AM build, excess powder liberated from porosities in the support structures can be exposed to sparks from the cutting interface. Efforts are underway not only to build this knowledgebase within the industry but also to share it with local fire departments, who do periodic
149:
through purpose-built ducting to the external atmosphere. Secondary dust explosions are the result of dust accumulation inside a building being disturbed and ignited by the primary explosion, resulting in a much more dangerous uncontrolled explosion that can affect the entire structure. Historically,
559:
When this mixture of fuel and air is ignited, especially in a confined space such as a warehouse or silo, a significant increase in pressure is created, often more than sufficient to demolish the structure. Even materials that are traditionally thought of as nonflammable (such as aluminum), or slow
555:
particles) it would have a surface area of 120 square metres (1,300 sq ft). This greatly-increased surface area allows the material to burn much faster, and the extremely small mass of each particle allows them to catch on fire with much less energy than the bulk material, as there is no
530:
907:
Destroyed the largest grain mill in the world and leveled five other mills, effectively reducing the milling capacity of
Minneapolis by one-third to one-half. Prompted mills throughout the country to install better ventilation systems to prevent dust build-up.
435:
Typically, normal atmospheric oxygen can be sufficient to support a dust explosion if the other necessary conditions are also present. High-oxygen or pure oxygen environments are considered to be especially hazardous, as are strong oxidizing gases such as
693:
217:
1263:
New Year's weekend explosion at what was then the world's biggest flour mill. The blast occurred in a series of 500-foot-long, 10-story-tall concrete-and-steel bulk flour storage bins. Repairs took a year to complete.
701:
Much research has been carried out in Europe and elsewhere to understand how to control these dangers, but dust explosions still occur. The alternatives for making processes and plants safer depend on the industry.
547:
a density of 1 g/cm would be about 12.4 centimetres (4.9 in) in diameter, and have a surface area of 0.048 square metres (0.52 sq ft). However, if it were broken up into spherical dust particles 50
534:
361:
emitted during processing – especially rolling, unrolling, calendaring/slitting, and sheet-cutting – are also known to pose an explosion hazard. Enclosed paper mill areas subject to such dangers commonly maintain
717:
explosion, which can then engulf an entire mine pit. As a precaution, incombustible stone dust may be spread along mine roadways, or stored in trays hanging from the roof, to dilute the coal dust stirred up by a
537:
536:
532:
531:
538:
105:
exploit this principle by rapidly saturating an area with an easily combustible material and then igniting it to produce explosive force. These weapons are the most powerful non-nuclear weapons in existence.
737:, which are incombustible gases which can displace oxygen. The same method is also used in large storage tanks where flammable vapors can accumulate. However, use of oxygen-free gases brings a risk of
472:
There are many sources of ignition, and a naked flame need not be the only one: over one half of the dust explosions in
Germany in 2005 were from non-flame sources. Common sources of ignition include:
145:
Dust explosions may be classified as being either "primary" or "secondary" in nature. Primary dust explosions may occur inside process equipment or similar enclosures, and are generally controlled by
3346:
535:
415:(LEL), there is insufficient dust to support the combustion at the rate required for an explosion. A combustible concentration at or below 25% of the LEL is considered safe. Similarly, if the
665:
A dust explosion can cause major damage to structures, equipment, and personnel from violent overpressure or shockwave effects. Flying objects and debris can cause further damage. Intense
861:
Destroyed the mill building and damaged surrounding buildings, and started a fire that killed others. The investigation into the explosion was published across Europe and the
Americas.
2332:"Corn Starch Dust Explosion at General Foods Ltd, Banbury, Oxfordshire – 18th November 1981". Great Britain: January 1983. Occupational Health & Safety Information Service, UK.
948:
This workday afternoon explosion destroyed a grain elevator and mill complex. The engineer of a passing railroad switch engine was blown from the cab and died. Windows of a passing
521:. Static charges can be generated by external sources, or can be internally generated by friction at the surfaces of particles themselves as they collide or move past one another.
517:
However, it is often difficult to determine the exact source of ignition when investigating after an explosion. When a source cannot be found, ignition will often be attributed to
748:
Good housekeeping practices, such as eliminating build-up of combustible dust deposits that could be disturbed and lead to a secondary explosion, also help mitigate the problem.
542:
Video demonstration of a dust explosion, showing the size of an unignited dust cloud, size of the cloud ignited, a partially contained explosion, and a contained explosion
3141:
3334:
2090:
354:
fire-safety inspections of businesses in their districts and who can expect to answer alarms at shops or plants where AM is now part of the production mix.
2949:
533:
2639:
783:
Dust clouds are a common source of explosions, causing an estimated 2,000 explosions annually in Europe. The table lists notable incidents worldwide.
427:
For example, the LEL for sawdust has been determined to be between 40 and 50 grams/m. It depends on many factors including the type of material used.
2667:
2283:
1972:
3547:
3313:
649:
2173:
Report on the causes of, and circumstances attending, the explosion which occurred at
Easington Colliery, County Durham, on the 29th May, 1951.
1654:
2363:
1700:
240:
3358:
3352:
1176:
The series of coal dust explosions within a mine rocked the close-knit township and was audible as far as 30 kilometres (19 mi) away.
752:
1607:
Explosion in a grain storage facility at the Société d’Exploitation
Maritime Blayaise killed 11 people in nearby offices and injured one.
2428:
2008:
1649:
Multiple explosions occurred in what was then the world's largest grain elevator. Dust collection systems were not properly maintained.
621:
2854:
391:, thereby making the collective or combined surface area of all the particles very large in comparison to a dust of larger particles.
1523:
3229:
2536:
2517:
2337:
2239:
1959:
1269:
741:
of the workers. Workers who need illumination in enclosed spaces where a dust explosion is a high risk often use lamps designed for
2990:
2678:
2061:
815:
403:
dust will present a much greater hazard than coarse particles by virtue of the larger total surface area of all the particles.
2193:
2147:"Mount Kembla Colliery Disaster 31 July 1902 – Report of the Royal Commission, together with minutes of evidence and exhibits"
2128:"Dust explosion concentration – Physical meaning and use in risk assessment of powder minimum explosive concentration (MEC)"
637:
3340:
3297:
2969:
2632:
2240:"Buffalo, NY Grain Elevator Explosion, June 1913 | GenDisasters ... Genealogy in Tragedy, Disasters, Fires, Floods Page 1"
1103:
581:
3411:
3249:
1136:
560:
burning (such as wood), can produce a powerful explosion when finely divided, and can be ignited by even a small spark.
388:
220:
99:, given their spectacular appearance and ability to be safely contained under certain carefully controlled conditions.
3542:
3282:
3214:
3031:
2864:
1789:
2414:
3514:
2849:
2789:
1146:
725:
Some industries exclude oxygen from dust-raising processes, a precaution known as "inerting". Typically this uses
259:. In addition, many otherwise mundane organic materials can also be dispersed into a dangerous dust cloud, such as
597:
3364:
3199:
2859:
2571:
2481:
609:
337:(AM) in the 2010s, there is growing need for more information and experience with preventing dust explosions and
3537:
3502:
3308:
3224:
3204:
3181:
2944:
2709:
2625:
685:) to be created. This can cause more deaths than the original explosion as well as hindering rescue attempts.
2597:
2101:
677:. Where the dust is carbon based (such as in a coal mine), incomplete combustion may cause large amounts of
3151:
3116:
2964:
2914:
2042:"Will My AM Part Explode? Not if you're careful. Parts built from metallic powder require extra precautions"
1710:
1664:
1047:
484:
476:
244:
569:
3292:
3171:
3146:
3136:
2844:
2804:
1746:
876:
2389:
1983:
1131:
Originated in basement of elevator, during a cleanup period, and travelled up through the elevator shaft
3552:
3479:
3453:
3406:
3021:
2909:
2889:
2575:
2585:
2602:
122:
can build up, causing major structural damage and flying debris. The sudden release of energy from a "
3176:
3036:
2744:
2127:
1954:
Eckhoff, Rolf K. (1997). Dust
Explosions in the Process Industries (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann.
1224:
34% of the miners working that day were killed. This is the world's worst-ever coal-mining accident.
502:
58:
3219:
3126:
2046:
1920:
1279:
866:
311:
210:
102:
2612:
2592:
Protecting process plant, grain handling facilities, etc. from the risk of dust hazard explosions:
2219:
416:
158:
3006:
2934:
2899:
2894:
2749:
1011:
518:
420:
412:
400:
396:
177:
2348:
2264:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3318:
3209:
3191:
3081:
2919:
2829:
2814:
2532:
2513:
2333:
2291:
1955:
1928:
1895:
1833:
1356:
1235:
949:
919:
742:
710:
673:
in unprotected persons. In a tightly enclosed space, the sudden depletion of oxygen can cause
495:
381:
377:
35:
2482:"Bosley Wood flour mill explosion: Fourth body found in wreckage of building gutted by blast"
2014:
722:
to the point where it cannot burn. Mines may also be sprayed with water to inhibit ignition.
423:(UEL), there is insufficient oxidant to permit combustion to continue at the necessary rate.
3416:
2754:
2176:
2041:
1181:
235:
1042:
The blast was felt for miles around and completely leveled the plant owned by the company.
998:
The blast was felt for miles around and completely leveled the plant owned by the company.
150:
fatalities from dust explosions have largely been the result of secondary dust explosions.
69:. In cases when fuel plays the role of a combustible material, the explosion is known as a
3458:
3111:
3046:
2985:
2954:
2929:
2879:
2874:
2688:
2648:
1620:
1447:
678:
370:
315:
227:
1921. These cable drums were blown 50 feet (15 m) from their foundations following a
745:, as they have no risk of producing an open spark due to their sealed waterproof design.
3277:
3254:
3239:
3101:
3041:
3011:
2980:
2924:
2884:
2819:
2809:
1867:
1380:
843:
730:
387:
To support rapid combustion, the dust must consist of very small particles with a high
292:
146:
131:
115:
88:
80:
444:. Also, particulate suspensions of compounds with a high oxidative potential, such as
3531:
3484:
3474:
3272:
3244:
3161:
2779:
2769:
2739:
2683:
2486:
1724:
1678:
1634:
1338:
1293:
1247:
1242:
1117:
1057:
1025:
983:
931:
926:
890:
480:
276:
251:
Many common materials which are known to burn can generate a dust explosion, such as
57:
within an enclosed location. Dust explosions can occur where any dispersed powdered
3401:
3287:
3166:
3156:
3091:
3056:
3016:
2975:
2939:
2729:
2724:
2694:
2065:
1684:
738:
674:
666:
628:
373:
330:
135:
119:
96:
50:
17:
2507:
3121:
3076:
3066:
2959:
2904:
2869:
2764:
1832:-like colored powder was released at an outdoor music and color festival at the
1386:
1252:
1031:
706:
457:
342:
334:
323:
206:
2607:
2453:
464:, can increase risk of an explosion if combustible materials are also present.
3381:
3234:
2734:
2719:
2699:
2145:
Murray, Charles Edward
Robertson; Wilberforce, Daniel; Ritchie, David (1903),
1900:
1873:
1799:
1534:
682:
461:
363:
280:
123:
92:
46:
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1932:
3303:
3131:
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3026:
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2714:
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969:
965:
719:
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358:
350:
346:
300:
252:
228:
224:
139:
127:
76:
62:
30:
216:
201:
697:
This
American poster during World War I warned about grain dust explosions
130:, either in open air or in a confined space. If the spread of flame is at
3396:
3106:
3061:
2784:
2774:
2673:
2458:
1853:
1555:
1195:
829:
726:
490:
449:
445:
441:
437:
304:
296:
2175:, Cmd 8646, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, pp. 9, 39–40,
774:
Deflagration venting through a dust retention and flame-arresting device
314:
destroyed a mill in
Minnesota on May 2, 1878, killing 14 workers at the
1756:
1548:
1366:
825:
453:
319:
256:
183:
2580:
2272:. Buffalo, NY: Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society. p. 14.
2598:
Hazard
Monitoring Equipment – Selection, Installation and Maintenance
2364:"En un emotivo acto presentaron el documental "Elevador 5 – 35 años""
2180:
1849:
1813:
1592:
1487:
1422:
1071:
288:
284:
268:
66:
2284:"1 Dead, 2 Lost as Blast in Buffalo Rips World's Biggest Flour Mill"
318:
and another four in adjacent buildings. A similar problem occurs in
192:
The area is confined – a building can be an enclosure
87:, and other industrial environments. They are also commonly used by
61:
is present in high-enough concentrations in the atmosphere or other
3437:
3391:
2617:
1770:
1730:
1578:
1501:
1324:
1191:
936:
896:
849:
734:
692:
588:
552:
548:
528:
338:
272:
264:
260:
234:
215:
200:
157:
29:
2546:
Price, David J. (1921). "A Disastrous Explosion of Starch Dust".
384:
are two common means of producing safe, controlled fire effects.
3386:
1829:
1507:
1408:
508:
399:
with particles less than about 500 micrometres in diameter, but
392:
171:
84:
2621:
2429:"Самые масштабные аварии на шахтах за годы независимой Украины"
2390:"47 Die, 179 Injured in Blast at Linen Mill in Northeast China"
2146:
54:
952:
passenger train were broken, but no passengers were injured.
669:
from a fireball can ignite the surroundings, or cause severe
1973:"OSHA Fact Sheet: Hazard Alert: Combustible Dust Explosions"
751:
Best engineering control measures which can be found in the
307:) can form explosive suspensions in air, if finely divided.
3347:
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
2509:
Dust Explosion Prevention and Protection: A Practical Guide
2454:"Bosley explosion: Four missing in Wood Flour Mills blast"
166:
There are five necessary conditions for a dust explosion:
162:
Diagram showing the five requirements for a dust explosion
655:
Aftermath of explosion, with unburned flour on the ground
366:
to reduce the chance of airborne paper dust explosions.
27:
Rapid combustion of fine particles suspended in the air
2322:. New London, Connecticut. 24 April 1980. p. 26.
2608:
HSE (UK) advice on safe handling of combustible dust
2035:
2033:
2031:
3467:
3446:
3374:
3327:
3263:
3190:
2999:
2837:
2655:
809:
2151:Historical and Cultural Collections – Publications
3142:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
2572:Combustible dust explosion investigation products
329:Since the advent of industrial production–scale
176:The dust is dispersed in the air within certain
138:", although looser usage calls both phenomena "
2633:
2153:, New South Wales Legislative Assembly: xxxvi
1095:Large terminal grain elevator in Kansas City
556:heat loss to conduction within the material.
134:speed, the phenomenon is sometimes called a "
8:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
755:(NFPA) Combustible Dust Standards include:
564:Demonstration of an open-air dust explosion
2950:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
2640:
2626:
2618:
1921:"Russia unveils the 'father of all bombs'"
785:
3335:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
2529:Dust Explosions in the Process Industries
2415:"Взрыв на шахте «Суходольская-Восточная»"
2313:
2311:
349:or other fusion methods. For example, in
75:Dust explosions are a frequent hazard in
2668:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
2085:
2083:
2062:"Detonation Films – Why Coffee Creamer?"
3314:Listing and approval use and compliance
2531:(2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann.
1911:
562:
2581:Combustible Dust Policy Institute-ATEX
1655:West Pharmaceutical Services explosion
3359:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
2512:. Institution of Chemical Engineers.
2349:Explosion dans un silo d'une malterie
1950:
1948:
7:
3510:
3353:National Fire Protection Association
2603:Seminars for Combustible Dust Safety
2586:OSHA case studies of dust explosions
2554:(1–6). National Miller Publications.
2442:OSHA report on the Debruce explosion
2194:"List of NFPA Codes & Standards"
1090:, which was near the grain elevator
753:National Fire Protection Association
357:Although not strictly a dust, paper
2218:Hought, Julian (28 February 2011).
1441:Ingeniero White Silo Nº 5 explosion
643:Fireball and superheated gases rise
2855:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
2040:Simpson, Timothy W. (2017-08-17),
2010:The 1878 Washburn A Mill Explosion
1312:Galveston grain elevator explosion
913:Husted Mill and Elevator Disaster
25:
3230:Fire alarm notification appliance
2171:Roberts, H C W (September 1952),
1270:Westwego grain elevator explosion
1086:Blast also destroyed the steamer
768:Deflagration pressure containment
498:from machinery or other equipment
3509:
3498:
3497:
2828:
1860:
1841:Bosley wood flour mill explosion
1806:
1763:
1717:
1671:
1627:
1585:
1541:
1494:
1479:Harbin textile factory explosion
1454:
1415:
1373:
1357:Bird's Custard factory explosion
1331:
1286:
1241:
1202:
1153:
1110:
1064:
1018:
976:
925:
883:
836:
648:
636:
620:
608:
596:
580:
568:
345:sometimes left over after laser
312:gigantic explosion of flour dust
114:If rapid combustion occurs in a
2991:Vehicle fire suppression system
2679:Combustibility and flammability
2566:Incidents in France and the US:
1003:Douglas Starch Works explosion
816:Tradeston Flour Mills explosion
762:Oxidant concentration reduction
551:in diameter (about the size of
239:Aftermath of 2008 explosion at
34:Lab demonstration with burning
3548:Occupational safety and health
2480:Pilling, Kim (July 27, 2015).
501:hot surfaces (e.g. overheated
479:(e.g. an improperly installed
322:and other places dedicated to
186:(typically atmospheric oxygen)
1:
3341:Institution of Fire Engineers
3298:Fire Safety Evaluation System
2970:Personal protective equipment
2548:American Miller and Processor
1524:Sukhodilska–Skhidna coal mine
1229:Pillsbury Explosion and Fire
65:gaseous medium, such as pure
3412:GHS precautionary statements
3250:Manual fire alarm activation
1919:Harding, Luke (2007-09-11).
1137:Mount Mulligan mine disaster
389:surface area to volume ratio
221:Mount Mulligan mine disaster
3283:Fire protection engineering
3215:Explosive gas leak detector
3032:Electromagnetic door holder
2865:External water spray system
2370:(in Spanish). 13 March 2020
2318:"Explosion suits settled".
2091:"Dust explosion protection"
1790:Formosa Fun Coast explosion
1400:Metz malt factory explosion
411:Below a certain value, the
189:There is an ignition source
3569:
3459:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
2850:Automatic fire suppression
2790:K-factor (fire protection)
2506:Barton, John, ed. (2002).
1612:Debruce elevator explosion
1182:Benxihu Colliery explosion
1147:Mount Mulligan, Queensland
957:Milwaukee Works explosion
631:has nothing to ignite here
341:from the traces of excess
3493:
3365:Underwriters Laboratories
3200:Aspirating smoke detector
2860:Detonation flame arrester
2826:
2527:Eckhoff, Rolf K. (1997).
2263:Henry H., Baxter (1980).
1840:
1788:
1745:
1699:
1653:
1611:
1569:
1522:
1478:
1440:
1399:
1355:
1311:
1268:
1180:
1135:
1094:
1046:
1002:
956:
865:
814:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
689:Protection and mitigation
603:Cloud of flour is ignited
3309:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
3225:Fire alarm control panel
3205:Carbon monoxide detector
3182:Standpipe (firefighting)
2945:Gaseous fire suppression
2710:Enthalpy of vaporization
1701:Imperial Sugar explosion
771:Deflagration suppression
615:Fireball spreads rapidly
364:very high air humidities
3152:Pressurisation ductwork
3117:Firewall (construction)
2965:Passive fire protection
2915:Fire suppression system
2613:Combustible Dust, CCOHS
1711:Port Wentworth, Georgia
1665:Kinston, North Carolina
1048:Port Colborne explosion
485:Van de Graaff generator
483:, which can act like a
477:electrostatic discharge
245:Port Wentworth, Georgia
3328:Industry organizations
3293:Fire-resistance rating
3172:Smoke exhaust ductwork
3147:Penetration (firestop)
3137:Packing (firestopping)
2845:Active fire protection
2805:Spontaneous combustion
2100:. 2005. Archived from
1747:2014 Kunshan explosion
877:Minneapolis, Minnesota
698:
543:
335:additive manufacturing
248:
232:
213:
163:
38:
3480:Template:Firefighting
3454:Arthur B. Guise Medal
3407:GHS hazard statements
2910:Fire sprinkler system
2890:Fire-retardant fabric
2576:Chemical Safety Board
1819:colored starch powder
1570:Blaye grain explosion
1104:Kansas City, Missouri
696:
541:
421:upper explosive limit
413:lower explosive limit
238:
219:
204:
161:
33:
3264:Professions, trades,
3177:Smokeproof enclosure
3037:Electromagnetic lock
2745:Flammability diagram
2656:Fundamental concepts
2244:www.gendisasters.com
2068:on November 12, 2020
989:Feed grinding plant
765:Deflagration venting
419:increases above the
59:combustible material
3220:Fire alarm call box
3127:Heat and smoke vent
2047:Modern Machine Shop
1280:Westwego, Louisiana
867:Great Mill Disaster
468:Sources of ignition
211:Great Mill Disaster
178:flammability limits
154:Conditions required
103:Thermobaric weapons
71:fuel-air explosion.
3543:Chemical processes
3192:Fire alarm systems
3007:Annulus (firestop)
2935:Flashback arrestor
2900:Fire-safe polymers
2895:Fire retardant gel
2750:Flammability limit
2288:The New York Times
1142:September 19, 1921
1099:September 13, 1919
1012:Cedar Rapids, Iowa
699:
575:Experimental setup
544:
519:static electricity
249:
233:
214:
164:
39:
18:Fuel-air explosion
3525:
3524:
3433:Safety data sheet
3428:List of S-phrases
3423:List of R-phrases
3319:Sprinkler fitting
3210:Circuit integrity
3082:Fire extinguisher
2920:Firefighting foam
2815:Thermal radiation
2394:Los Angeles Times
2132:PowderProcess.net
2007:Nathanson, Iric.
1896:Air to fuel ratio
1887:
1886:
1834:Formosa Fun Coast
1362:November 18, 1981
1316:December 27, 1977
1275:December 22, 1977
1236:Buffalo, New York
1216:coal dust and gas
950:Nickel Plate Road
920:Buffalo, New York
779:Notable incidents
743:underwater divers
711:methane explosion
539:
496:electrical arcing
417:fuel to air ratio
382:non-dairy creamer
378:lycopodium powder
209:rendering of the
53:suspended in the
36:lycopodium powder
16:(Redirected from
3560:
3513:
3512:
3501:
3500:
3417:Life Safety Code
3022:Compartmentation
2832:
2755:Flammable liquid
2642:
2635:
2628:
2619:
2555:
2542:
2523:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2450:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2417:. 25 March 2016.
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:. March 17, 1987
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2340:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2315:
2306:
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2303:
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2280:
2274:
2273:
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2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2215:
2202:
2201:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2095:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2064:. Archived from
2058:
2052:
2051:
2037:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2013:. Archived from
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1982:. Archived from
1977:
1969:
1963:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1916:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1846:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1796:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1753:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1707:
1706:February 7, 2008
1681:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1661:
1660:January 29, 2003
1637:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1617:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1575:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1531:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1484:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1405:
1404:October 18, 1982
1383:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1363:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1317:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1276:
1246:
1245:
1232:January 2, 1972
1212:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1188:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1143:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1100:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1054:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1008:
986:
982:
980:
979:
962:
930:
929:
893:
889:
887:
886:
873:
846:
842:
840:
839:
822:
801:Source material
786:
652:
640:
624:
612:
600:
584:
572:
540:
126:" can produce a
21:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3538:Dust explosions
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3489:
3463:
3442:
3370:
3323:
3265:
3259:
3186:
3112:Firestop pillow
3047:Emergency light
3000:Building design
2995:
2986:Tank blanketing
2955:Inerting system
2930:Flame retardant
2880:Fire protection
2875:Fire prevention
2833:
2824:
2689:Dangerous goods
2651:
2649:Fire protection
2646:
2563:
2558:
2545:
2539:
2526:
2520:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2490:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2465:
2463:
2462:. July 17, 2015
2452:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2436:
2431:. 2 March 2017.
2427:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2408:
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2343:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2300:
2298:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2266:Grain Elevators
2262:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2205:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2156:
2154:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2039:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2018:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1953:
1946:
1937:
1935:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1892:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1844:
1828:Explosion when
1807:
1805:
1804:
1794:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1705:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1621:Wichita, Kansas
1615:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1448:Ingeniero White
1416:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1361:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1315:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1240:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1186:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1052:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1006:
977:
975:
974:
960:
924:
884:
882:
881:
871:
837:
835:
834:
820:
781:
713:can initiate a
691:
679:carbon monoxide
663:
656:
653:
644:
641:
632:
625:
616:
613:
604:
601:
592:
585:
576:
573:
529:
527:
470:
433:
409:
371:special effects
316:Washburn A Mill
293:Powdered metals
199:
197:Sources of dust
156:
147:pressure relief
112:
97:pyrotechnicians
89:special effects
81:grain elevators
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3566:
3564:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
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3523:
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3507:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
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3471:
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3404:
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3344:
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3331:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3278:Fire insurance
3275:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3255:Smoke detector
3252:
3247:
3242:
3240:Flame detector
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3102:Fire sprinkler
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3042:Emergency exit
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3012:Area of refuge
3009:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2981:Spark arrestor
2978:
2973:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2925:Flame arrester
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2885:Fire retardant
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2820:Water pressure
2817:
2812:
2810:Structure fire
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2705:Dust explosion
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2562:
2561:External links
2559:
2557:
2556:
2543:
2537:
2524:
2518:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2472:
2445:
2434:
2420:
2406:
2381:
2355:
2341:
2325:
2307:
2290:. 1972-01-03.
2275:
2255:
2231:
2220:"Dust to Dust"
2203:
2185:
2163:
2137:
2119:
2110:
2107:on 2006-12-10.
2079:
2053:
2027:
1999:
1964:
1944:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1868:United Kingdom
1856:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1759:
1754:
1752:August 2, 2014
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1554:coal dust and
1552:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1490:
1485:
1483:March 17, 1987
1480:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1381:United Kingdom
1369:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1327:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1198:
1189:
1187:April 26, 1942
1184:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1060:
1055:
1053:August 9, 1919
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
972:
963:
958:
954:
953:
946:
943:
940:
934:
922:
917:
916:June 24, 1913
914:
910:
909:
905:
903:
900:
894:
879:
874:
869:
863:
862:
859:
856:
853:
847:
844:United Kingdom
832:
823:
818:
812:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
780:
777:
776:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
731:carbon dioxide
690:
687:
662:
659:
658:
657:
654:
647:
645:
642:
635:
633:
626:
619:
617:
614:
607:
605:
602:
595:
593:
587:Finely-ground
586:
579:
577:
574:
567:
565:
526:
523:
515:
514:
511:
506:
499:
493:
488:
469:
466:
432:
429:
408:
405:
395:is defined as
241:Imperial Sugar
198:
195:
194:
193:
190:
187:
180:
174:
170:A combustible
155:
152:
116:confined space
111:
108:
51:fine particles
43:dust explosion
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3565:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3518:
3517:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3486:
3485:Template:HVAC
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3475:Template:Fire
3473:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3273:Duct cleaning
3271:
3270:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:Heat detector
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:Smoke control
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:Heat transfer
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:Friction loss
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:Fire triangle
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:Conflagration
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2593:
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2579:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2538:0-7506-3270-4
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2519:0-85295-410-7
2515:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2489:
2488:
2487:Mirror Online
2483:
2476:
2473:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2449:
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2443:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2424:
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2416:
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2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2338:0-11-883673-0
2335:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2256:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2221:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2117:NFPA 69 8.3.1
2114:
2111:
2103:
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2063:
2057:
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2049:
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2017:on 2014-04-08
2016:
2012:
2011:
2003:
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1989:on 2020-11-01
1985:
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1974:
1968:
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1960:0-7506-3270-4
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1845:July 17, 2015
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1795:June 27, 2015
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1444:13 March 1985
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1199:
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1026:United States
1015:
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1005:
1001:
997:
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891:United States
880:
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831:
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813:
787:
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773:
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728:
723:
721:
716:
712:
708:
703:
695:
688:
686:
684:
681:(the miners'
680:
676:
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639:
634:
630:
623:
618:
611:
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583:
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563:
561:
557:
554:
550:
524:
522:
520:
513:self-ignition
512:
510:
507:
504:
500:
497:
494:
492:
489:
486:
482:
481:conveyor belt
478:
475:
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467:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
430:
428:
424:
422:
418:
414:
407:Concentration
406:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
372:
367:
365:
360:
355:
352:
348:
344:
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336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:powdered milk
274:
270:
266:
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258:
254:
246:
242:
237:
230:
226:
222:
218:
212:
208:
203:
196:
191:
188:
185:
181:
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175:
173:
169:
168:
167:
160:
153:
151:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:overpressures
117:
109:
107:
104:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:is the rapid
44:
37:
32:
19:
3553:Particulates
3515:
3503:
3402:Flame spread
3288:Fireproofing
3266:and services
3167:Smoke damper
3157:Safety glass
3092:Fire hydrant
3057:Fire curtain
3017:Booster pump
2976:Relief valve
2940:Fusible link
2730:Fire loading
2725:Fire control
2704:
2695:Deflagration
2591:
2590:
2565:
2564:
2551:
2547:
2528:
2508:
2491:. Retrieved
2485:
2475:
2464:. Retrieved
2457:
2448:
2437:
2423:
2409:
2398:. Retrieved
2393:
2384:
2372:. Retrieved
2367:
2358:
2344:
2328:
2319:
2299:. Retrieved
2287:
2278:
2265:
2258:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:
2234:
2223:. Retrieved
2197:
2188:
2172:
2166:
2155:, retrieved
2150:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2102:the original
2097:
2070:. Retrieved
2066:the original
2056:
2045:
2019:. Retrieved
2015:the original
2009:
2002:
1991:. Retrieved
1984:the original
1979:
1967:
1936:. Retrieved
1925:The Guardian
1924:
1914:
1776:metal powder
1685:polyethylene
1530:June 9, 1992
1087:
1007:May 22, 1919
961:May 20, 1919
821:July 9, 1872
782:
750:
747:
739:asphyxiation
724:
709:industry, a
704:
700:
675:asphyxiation
667:radiant heat
664:
629:radiant heat
591:is dispersed
558:
545:
516:
471:
458:perchlorates
434:
425:
410:
386:
374:pyrotechnics
368:
356:
343:metal powder
331:metal powder
328:
309:
250:
182:There is an
165:
144:
136:deflagration
113:
101:
74:
70:
42:
40:
3122:Grease duct
3077:Fire escape
3067:Fire damper
2960:Intumescent
2905:Fire safety
2870:Fire bucket
2765:Flash point
2374:17 November
2352:(in French)
1574:August 1997
1428:barley dust
1387:corn starch
1253:wheat flour
1213:(now China)
1032:corn starch
872:May 2, 1878
804:Fatalities
707:coal mining
462:dichromates
324:woodworking
207:stereograph
118:, enormous
110:Terminology
3532:Categories
3419:(NFPA 101)
3382:CE marking
3235:Fire drill
2838:Technology
2735:Fire point
2720:Fire class
2700:Detonation
2493:2015-12-02
2466:2015-12-02
2400:2015-07-02
2301:2022-02-28
2249:2022-02-28
2225:2015-07-02
2021:2014-04-08
1993:2018-01-23
1938:2019-01-19
1907:References
1901:Power tool
1874:wood flour
1800:New Taipei
1640:grain dust
1598:grain dust
1535:Sukhodilsk
1467:grain dust
1344:grain dust
1299:grain dust
683:after-damp
671:skin burns
231:explosion.
140:explosions
124:detonation
93:filmmakers
77:coal mines
47:combustion
3375:Standards
3304:Fire test
3132:Occupancy
3097:Fire pump
3087:Fire hose
3072:Fire door
3052:Exit sign
3027:Crash bar
2800:Pyrolysis
2795:Pool fire
2760:Flashover
2715:Explosive
2663:Backdraft
2574:from the
2296:0362-4331
2181:1842/5365
2098:bartec.de
2072:March 20,
1933:0261-3077
1616:June 1998
1462:Argentina
1321:Galveston
1210:Manchukuo
1167:coal dust
1161:Australia
970:Wisconsin
966:Milwaukee
807:Injuries
795:Location
720:shockwave
715:coal dust
525:Mechanism
450:chlorates
446:peroxides
359:particles
351:machining
347:sintering
301:magnesium
295:(such as
253:coal dust
229:coal dust
225:Australia
128:shockwave
91:artists,
63:oxidizing
3504:Category
3468:See also
3397:EN 16034
3107:Firestop
3062:Fire cut
2785:Jet fire
2775:Gas leak
2691:(HAZMAT)
2674:Boilover
2459:BBC News
2368:La Nueva
2198:NFPA.org
1980:osha.gov
1890:See also
1854:Cheshire
1556:firedamp
1526:accident
1196:Liaoning
830:Scotland
798:Country
727:nitrogen
627:Intense
503:bearings
491:friction
454:nitrates
442:fluorine
438:chlorine
320:sawmills
305:titanium
297:aluminum
132:subsonic
3516:Commons
3349:(NCEES)
2670:(BLEVE)
2320:The Day
1757:Kunshan
1549:Ukraine
1367:Banbury
826:Glasgow
759:Wetting
705:In the
661:Effects
431:Oxidant
397:powders
333:–based
257:sawdust
184:oxidant
3447:Awards
3361:(SFPE)
3355:(NFPA)
3337:(FEMA)
3300:(FSES)
2535:
2516:
2336:
2294:
2157:19 May
1958:
1931:
1865:
1850:Bosley
1814:Taiwan
1811:
1768:
1722:
1676:
1632:
1593:France
1590:
1546:
1499:
1488:Harbin
1459:
1423:France
1420:
1378:
1336:
1291:
1207:
1158:
1115:
1088:Quebec
1077:grain
1072:Canada
1069:
1023:
981:
888:
841:
810:Notes
789:Event
460:, and
303:, and
289:pollen
287:, and
285:coffee
269:starch
95:, and
67:oxygen
3438:UL 94
3392:EN 54
3343:(IFE)
2972:(PPE)
2270:(PDF)
2105:(PDF)
2094:(PDF)
1987:(PDF)
1976:(PDF)
1771:China
1731:sugar
1579:Blaye
1502:China
1325:Texas
1219:1,549
1192:Benxi
939:dust
937:grain
897:grain
850:grain
792:Date
735:argon
733:, or
589:flour
553:flour
401:finer
339:fires
281:cocoa
273:sugar
265:flour
261:grain
205:1878
85:silos
3387:EN 3
3367:(UL)
2533:ISBN
2514:ISBN
2376:2021
2334:ISBN
2292:ISSN
2159:2019
2074:2011
1956:ISBN
1929:ISSN
1830:Holi
1733:dust
1687:dust
1510:dust
1508:flax
1409:Metz
899:dust
852:dust
509:fire
440:and
393:Dust
380:and
255:and
247:, US
172:dust
83:and
2177:hdl
1825:498
1782:114
1779:146
1516:177
1128:10
1125:14
1083:16
1080:10
1039:30
1036:43
945:80
942:33
369:In
243:in
223:in
142:".
55:air
49:of
3534::
2552:49
2550:.
2484:.
2456:.
2392:.
2366:.
2310:^
2286:.
2242:.
2206:^
2196:.
2149:,
2130:.
2096:.
2082:^
2044:,
2030:^
1978:.
1947:^
1927:.
1923:.
1852:,
1836:.
1822:15
1739:42
1736:14
1693:38
1646:10
1601:11
1563:37
1560:63
1513:58
1470:22
1431:12
1347:20
1323:,
1305:13
1302:36
1260:8
1257:3
1194:,
1171:75
995:4
992:3
968:,
902:18
858:16
855:18
828:,
729:,
549:μm
456:,
452:,
448:,
376:,
326:.
310:A
299:,
291:.
283:,
279:,
275:,
271:,
267:,
263:,
79:,
41:A
2641:e
2634:t
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2541:.
2522:.
2496:.
2469:.
2403:.
2378:.
2304:.
2252:.
2228:.
2200:.
2179::
2134:.
2076:.
2050:.
2024:.
1996:.
1962:.
1941:.
1881:4
1878:4
1690:6
1643:7
1604:1
1434:1
1393:9
505:)
487:)
20:)
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