1723:, California, European Union, have established Emission Control Areas (ECA) that limit the maximum sulfur of fuels burned in their ports to limit pollution, reducing the percentage of sulfur and other particulates from 4.5% m/m to as little as 0.10% as of 2015 inside an ECA. As of 2013 3.5% continued to be permitted outside an ECA, but the International Maritime Organization has planned to lower the sulfur content requirement outside the ECAs to 0.5% m/m by 2020. This is where Marine Distillate Fuels and other alternatives to use of heavy bunker fuel come into play. They have similar properties to diesel #2, which is used as road diesel around the world. The most common grades used in shipping are DMA and DMB.
360:
because it was cheap and readily available. Most of these facilities have subsequently been closed and demolished, or have replaced their fuel supplies with a simpler one such as gas or No. 2 oil. The high sulfur content of No. 6 oil—up to 3% by weight in some extreme cases—had a corrosive effect on many heating systems (which were usually designed without adequate corrosion protection in mind), shortening their lifespans and increasing the polluting effects. This was particularly the case in furnaces that were regularly shut down and allowed to go cold, because the internal condensation produced
348:
much heavier and more viscous than No. 2 oil, kerosene, or gasoline. No. 6 oil must, in fact, be stored at around 38 °C (100 °F) heated to 65–120 °C (149–248 °F) before it can be easily pumped, and in cooler temperatures it can congeal into a tarry semisolid. The flash point of most blends of No. 6 oil is, incidentally, about 65 °C (149 °F). Attempting to pump high-viscosity oil at low temperatures was a frequent cause of damage to fuel lines, furnaces, and related equipment which were often designed for lighter fuels.
190:
206:
1676:. Its name is derived from coal bunkers, where the fuel was originally stored. In 2019, large ships consumed 213 million metric tons of bunker fuel. The Australian Customs and the Australian Tax Office defines a bunker fuel as the fuel that powers the engine of a ship or aircraft. Bunker A is No. 4 fuel oil, bunker B is No. 5, and bunker C is No. 6. Since No. 6 is the most common, "bunker fuel" is often used as a synonym for No. 6. No. 5 fuel oil is also called
1715:(ISO) has been the accepted standard for marine fuels (bunkers). The standard is listed under number 8217, with recent updates in 2010 and 2017. The latest edition of bunker fuel specification is ISO 8217: 2017. The standard divides fuels into residual and distillate fuels. The most common residual fuels in the shipping industry are RMG and RMK. The differences between the two are mainly the density and viscosity, with RMG generally being delivered at 380
33:
5468:
1947:" broadly relates to storage of petroleum products in tanks (among other, disparate meanings). The precise meaning can be further specialized depending on context. Perhaps the most common, more specialized usage refers to the practice and business of refueling ships. Bunkering operations are located at seaports, and they include the storage of bunker (ship) fuels and the provision of the fuel to vessels.
261:
1658:
809:/solar oil respectively — Russian practice doesn't differentiate between diesel fuel and heating oil). This is further separated in two grades, "naval mazut" being analogous to US grades 4 and 5, and "furnace mazut", a heaviest residual fraction of the crude, almost exactly corresponding to US Number 6 fuel oil and further graded by viscosity and sulfur content.
336:
production. The decline is the result of price competition with natural gas and environmental restrictions on emissions. For power plants, the costs of heating the oil, extra pollution control and additional maintenance required after burning it often outweigh the low cost of the fuel. Burning fuel oil, particularly residual fuel oil, produces uniformly higher
379:
When released into water, such as a river or ocean, residual oil tends to break up into patches or tarballs – mixtures of oil and particulate matter such as silt and floating organic matter – rather than form a single slick. An average of about 5-10% of the material will evaporate within hours of the
347:
The chief drawback to residual fuel oil is its high initial viscosity, particularly in the case of No. 6 oil, which requires a correctly engineered system for storage, pumping, and burning. Though it is still usually lighter than water (with a specific gravity usually ranging from 0.95 to 1.03) it is
2794:
Cruise companies create a picture of being a bright, clean and environmentally friendly tourism sector. But the opposite is true. One cruise ship emits as many air pollutants as five million cars going the same distance because these ships use heavy fuel that on land would have to be disposed of as
881:
are two indexes which describe the ignition quality of residual fuel oil, and CCAI is especially often calculated for marine fuels. Despite this, marine fuels are still quoted on the international bunker markets with their maximum viscosity (which is set by the ISO 8217 standard - see below) due to
359:
Most of the facilities which historically burned No. 6 or other residual oils were industrial plants and similar facilities constructed in the early or mid 20th century, or which had switched from coal to oil fuel during the same time period. In either case, residual oil was seen as a good prospect
400:
According to an ICCT study, countries located on major shipping lanes are particularly exposed, and can see shipping account for a high percentage of overall deaths from transport sector air pollution. In Taiwan, shipping accounts for 70% of all transport-attributable air pollution deaths in 2015,
331:
pollution generated by all buildings in the city. New York made the phase out of these fuel grades part of its environmental plan, PlaNYC, because of concerns for the health effects caused by fine particulates, and all buildings using fuel oil No. 6 had been converted to less polluting fuel by the
503:
is a residual-type industrial heating oil requiring preheating to 77–104 °C (171–219 °F) for proper atomization at the burners. It may be obtained from the heavy gas oil cut, or it may be a blend of residual oil with enough number 2 oil to adjust viscosity until it can be pumped without
953:
The first
British standard for fuel oil came in 1982. The latest standard is ISO 8217 issued in 2017. The ISO standard describe four qualities of distillate fuels and 10 qualities of residual fuels. Over the years the standards have become stricter on environmentally important parameters such as
388:
Because of the low quality of bunker fuel, when burnt it is especially harmful to the health of humans, causing serious illnesses and deaths. Prior to the IMO's 2020 sulfur cap, shipping industry air pollution was estimated to cause around 400,000 premature deaths each year, from lung cancer and
1981:
systems to remove the excess sulfur dioxide. The emissions from ships have generally been controlled by the following sulfur caps on any fuel oil used on board: 3.50% on and after 1 January 2012 and 0.50% on and after 1 January 2020. Further removal of sulfur translates to additional energy and
800:
is a residual fuel oil often derived from
Russian petroleum sources and is either blended with lighter petroleum fractions or burned directly in specialized boilers and furnaces. It is also used as a petrochemical feedstock. In the Russian practice, though, "mazut" is an umbrella term roughly
335:
Residual fuel's use in electrical generation has also decreased. In 1973, residual fuel oil produced 16.8% of the electricity in the US. By 1983, it had fallen to 6.2%, and as of 2005, electricity production from all forms of petroleum, including diesel and residual fuel, is only 3% of total
938:- Ultra-Low-Sulfur Marine Gas Oil - referred to as Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel (sulfur 0.0015% max) in the US and Auto Gas Oil (sulfur 0.001% max) in the EU. Maximum sulfur allowable in US territories and territorial waters (inland, marine, and automotive) and in the EU for inland use.
788:
Classes E to H are residual oils for atomizing burners serving boilers or, with the exception of Class H, certain types of larger combustion engines. Classes F to H invariably require heating prior to use; Class E fuel may require preheating, depending on ambient conditions.
514:
is a high-viscosity residual oil requiring preheating to 104–127 °C (219–261 °F). Residual means the material remaining after the more valuable cuts of crude oil have boiled off. The residue may contain various undesirable impurities, including 2% water and 0.5%
1637:
The content of aluminum and silicon is limited because those metals are dangerous for the engine. Those elements are present because some components of the fuel are manufactured with Fluid
Catalytic Cracking process, which makes use of catalyst containing aluminum and
343:
Heavy fuel oils continue to be used in the boiler "lighting up" facility in many coal-fired power plants. This use is approximately analogous to using kindling to start a fire. Without performing this act it is difficult to begin the large-scale combustion process.
371:
insulation on the fuel feed lines. No. 6 oil is very persistent, and does not degrade rapidly. Its viscosity and stickiness also make remediation of underground contamination very difficult, since these properties reduce the effectiveness of methods such as
2082:
emissions from bunker fuels sold are not added to national GHG emissions. For small countries with large international ports, there is an important difference between the emissions in territorial waters and the total emissions of the fuel sold. At the 1997
1641:
The flash point of all fuels used in the engine room should be at least 60 °C. (DMX is used for things like emergency generators and not normally used in the engine room. Gaseous fuels such as LPG/LNG have special class rules applied to the fuel
1982:
capital costs and can impact fuel price and availability. If priced correctly the excess cheap yet dirty fuel would find its way into other markets, including displacing some onshore energy production in nations with low environmental protection .
2795:
hazardous waste."... "Heavy fuel oil can contain 3,500 times more sulfur than diesel that is used for land traffic vehicles. Ships do not have exhaust abatement technologies like particulate filters that are standard on passenger cars and lorries
950:, the oil must have a density which is sufficiently different from water. Older purifiers work with a fuel having a maximum of 991 kg/m3; with modern purifiers it is also possible to purify oil with a density of 1010 kg/m3.
838:- Roughly equivalent to no. 3 fuel oil, a blend of heavy gasoil that may contain very small amounts of black refinery feed stocks, but has a low viscosity up to 12 cSt so it need not be heated for use in internal combustion engines
396:
The hardest hit countries by air pollution from ships are China, Japan, the UK, Indonesia, and
Germany. In 2015, shipping air pollution killed an estimated 20,520 people in China, 4,019 people in Japan, and 3,192 people in the UK.
2949:
4794:
777:. Class D fuel is similar to Class A2 and is suitable for use in stationary applications, such as domestic, commercial, and industrial heating. The BS 2869 standard permits Class A2 and Class D fuel to contain up to 7% (V/V)
245:. In Europe, the use of diesel is generally restricted to cars (about 40%), SUVs (about 90%), and trucks and buses (over 99%). The market for home heating using fuel oil has decreased due to the widespread penetration of
2381:
1972:
As of 2018, some 300 million metric tons of fuel oil is used for ship bunkering. On
January 1, 2020, regulations set by the International Marine Organization (IMO) all marine shipping vessels will require the use of
287:
upon combustion. However, its undesirable properties make it very cheap. In fact, it is the cheapest liquid fuel available. Since it requires heating before use, residual fuel oil cannot be used in road vehicles,
355:
Class G heavy fuel oil behaves in similar fashion, requiring storage at 40 °C (104 °F), pumping at around 50 °C (122 °F) and finalizing for burning at around 90–120 °C (194–248 °F).
2238:
2588:
392:
Even after the introduction of cleaner fuel rules in 2020, shipping air pollution is still estimated to account for around 250,000 deaths each year, and around 6.4 million childhood asthma cases each year.
2087:
in Kyoto, Japan, countries agreed to exempt bunker fuels, and multilateral military operations, from national emissions totals after insistence from the U.S. climate change delegation for such exemptions.
292:
or small ships, as the heating equipment takes up valuable space and makes the vehicle heavier. Heating the oil is also a delicate procedure, which is impractical on small, fast moving vehicles. However,
1965:(often subsequently refined in makeshift facilities into lighter transportation fuels) by the unauthorized cutting of holes into transport pipelines, often by very crude and hazardous means and causing
3092:
2286:
Sofiev, Mikhail; Winebrake, James J.; Johansson, Lasse; Carr, Edward W.; Prank, Marje; Soares, Joana; Vira, Julius; Kouznetsov, Rostislav; Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka; Corbett, James J. (6 February 2018).
2729:
Schrooten, L; De
Vlieger, Ina; Int Panis, Luc; Styns, R. Torfs, K; Torfs, R (2008). "Inventory and forecasting of maritime emissions in the Belgian sea territory, an activity based emission model".
2211:
2781:
3049:
404:
As well as commercial shipping, cruise ships also emit large amounts of air pollution, damaging people's health. Up to 2019, it was reported that the ships of the single largest cruise company,
493:
is a commercial heating oil for burner installations not equipped with preheaters. It may be obtained from the heavy gas oil cut. This fuel is sometimes known by the Navy specification of
2626:
2939:
2898:
487:
was a distillate oil for burners requiring low-viscosity fuel. ASTM merged this grade into the number 2 specification, and the term has been rarely used since the mid-20th century.
2550:
2389:
4306:
1719:
or less, and RMK at 700 centistokes or less. Ships with more advanced engines can process heavier, more viscous, and thus cheaper, fuel. Governing bodies around the world,
2234:
315:. Locomotives, however, have become powered by diesel or electric power; steamships are not as common as they were previously due to their higher operating costs (most
4301:
1634:
Maximum sulfur content in the open ocean is 0.5% since
January 2020. Maximum sulfur content in designated areas is 0.1% since 1 January 2015. Before then it was 1.00%.
421:
Although the following trends generally hold true, different organizations may have different numerical specifications for the six fuel grades. The boiling point and
2592:
2357:"A global snapshot of the air pollution-related health impacts of transportation sector emissions in 2010 and 2015 | International Council on Clean Transportation"
3806:
3184:
1712:
2651:
2564:
2971:
477:
refers to the original use of this fraction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries—the gas oil cut was used as an enriching agent for carbureted water gas
3080:
2207:
4028:
2773:
2867:
2064:
have been controlled. The switch of auxiliary engines from heavy fuel oil to diesel oil at berth can result in large emission reductions, especially for
3057:
946:
is also an important parameter for fuel oils since marine fuels are purified before use to remove water and dirt from the oil. Since the purifiers use
5103:
5023:
4814:
4809:
4655:
2235:"Mayor de Blasio and DEP Announce That All 5,300 Buildings Have Discontinued Use of Most Polluting Heating Oil, Leading to Significantly Cleaner Air"
4821:
2084:
801:
synonymous with the fuel oil in general, that covers most of the types mentioned above, except US grades 1 and 2/3, for which separate terms exist (
3175:
1950:
Alternatively "bunkering" may apply to the shipboard logistics of loading fuel and distributing it among available bunkers (on-board fuel tanks).
2618:
5354:
2894:
2675:
Schrooten, L; De
Vlieger, Ina; Int Panis, Luc; Chiffi, Cosimo; Pastori, Enrico (2009). "Emissions of maritime transport: a reference system".
3716:
5423:
5224:
4747:
4130:
3721:
3691:
2542:
5068:
4398:
4195:
874:
3129:
2837:
5492:
3519:
2101: – Edible oil derived from coconut: an important fuel for ships in regions such as the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and Vanuatu
429:
also increases with number, and the heaviest oil must be heated for it to flow. Price usually decreases as the fuel number increases.
327:. In 2011 New York City estimated that the 1% of its buildings that burned fuel oils No. 4 and No. 6 were responsible for 86% of the
4595:
3619:
2428:
5159:
4331:
4175:
2051:
2475:
1929:
emissions - due to HFO's high sulfur content - result in an eco balance significantly worse than that for individual mobility.
5254:
5249:
4956:
2924:
2815:
2382:"Luxury cruise giant emits 10 times more air pollution (SOx) than all of Europe's cars – study | Transport & Environment"
2260:
380:
release, primarily the lighter hydrocarbon fractions. The remainder will then often sink to the bottom of the water column.
435:
is a volatile distillate oil intended for vaporizing pot-type burners and high-performance/clean diesel engines. It is the
5048:
4378:
4311:
3891:
3539:
3148:
1966:
1954:
1708:
system, before the oil can be pumped from a bunker tank. Bunkers are rarely labeled this way in modern maritime practice.
405:
2658:
5502:
5393:
4871:
3168:
3050:"Power sector's thirst for fuel oil after IMO low sulfur cap shifts bunker demand - Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide"
2571:
2499:
930:
473:
limit describing the ignition quality of the fuel. Both are typically obtained from the light gas oil cut. The name
5053:
4961:
4911:
4670:
4003:
3998:
2119:
319:
use steam plants, as "boil-off" gas emitted from the cargo can be used as a fuel source); and most boilers now use
254:
882:
the fact that marine engines are designed to use different viscosities of fuel. The unit of viscosity used is the
844:- Roughly equivalent no. 4 fuel oil, a blend of gasoil and heavy fuel oil, with less gasoil than marine diesel oil
5319:
5264:
5043:
5028:
5008:
4286:
3706:
3202:
3088:
3084:
878:
2356:
275:
that it has to be heated with a special heating system before use and it may contain relatively high amounts of
126:
of approximately 42 °C (108 °F), or oils burned in cotton- or wool-wick burners. In a stricter sense,
5367:
5274:
5063:
5038:
4250:
4245:
2124:
1978:
1727:
emissions resulting from the use of international bunker fuels are currently included in national inventories.
2871:
1974:
4921:
4463:
4453:
4448:
4023:
4008:
3948:
3382:
3377:
3337:
3081:"National Security and Climate Change: Behind the U.S. Pursuit of Military Exemptions to the Kyoto Protocol"
2110:
782:
774:
635:
170:
52:
2030:, Netherlands. Where a convenient seaport does not exist, inland transport may be achieved with the use of
5471:
5239:
5229:
4358:
3776:
3357:
3161:
3138:
2165:
189:
2015:
886:(cSt) and the fuels most frequently quoted are listed below in order of cost, the least expensive first.
130:
refers only to the heaviest commercial fuels that crude oil can yield, that is, those fuels heavier than
5497:
4660:
4523:
4170:
3544:
3392:
3362:
3255:
3245:
3206:
3198:
2516:
5418:
5324:
5058:
5033:
4876:
4717:
4155:
3958:
3831:
3614:
2738:
2684:
2299:
2007:
1962:
242:
5259:
4998:
3001:"Global impacts of recent IMO regulations on marine fuel oil refining processes and ship emissions"
2944:
238:
68:
2999:
Chu Van, Thuy; Ramirez, Jerome; Rainey, Thomas; Ristovski, Zoran; Brown, Richard J. (1 May 2019).
5204:
5139:
3479:
3031:
2754:
2708:
2035:
323:
or natural gas. Some industrial boilers still use it and so do some old buildings, including in
401:
followed by
Morocco at 51%, Malaysia and Japan both at 41%, Vietnam at 39%, and the UK at 38%.
4033:
3023:
2918:
2700:
2424:
2335:
2317:
2174:
1925:, a tourism sector that is associated with a clean and friendly image. In stark contrast, the
947:
833:
135:
352:
4767:
4508:
3836:
3126:
3015:
2845:
2746:
2692:
2325:
2307:
929:- Low-sulfur (<0.1%) Marine Gas Oil - The fuel is to be used in EU Ports and Anchorages.
478:
308:
205:
762:
Class C1 and C2 fuels are kerosene-type fuels. C1 is for use in flue less appliances (e.g.
5377:
5098:
5003:
4757:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4160:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
3133:
2503:
2141:
954:
sulfur content. The latest standard also banned the adding of used lubricating oil (ULO).
770:
76:
32:
911:- Low-sulfur (<1.0%) intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 180 centistokes
905:- Low-sulfur (<1.0%) intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 centistokes
2742:
2688:
2303:
4665:
4413:
4225:
4088:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
3412:
3402:
2330:
2287:
2076:
2065:
2011:
1724:
1652:
785:, FAME), provided the FAME content meets the requirements of the BS EN 14214 standard.
337:
284:
268:
72:
5486:
5453:
5428:
5413:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5174:
5119:
5088:
5078:
4941:
4931:
4901:
4896:
4846:
4826:
4804:
4789:
4742:
4707:
4650:
4645:
4635:
4513:
4458:
4433:
4428:
4408:
4281:
3821:
3397:
3260:
3230:
3035:
2264:
2185:
2057:
899:- Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 180 centistokes (<3.5% sulfur)
893:- Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 centistokes (<3.5% sulfur)
763:
470:
373:
361:
324:
166:
2758:
2696:
2467:
5314:
5284:
5144:
4488:
4483:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4255:
4200:
4150:
4083:
4038:
4013:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3881:
3846:
3756:
3751:
3579:
3387:
3153:
2750:
2712:
2072:
2061:
367:
Environmental cleanups at such facilities are frequently complicated by the use of
260:
194:
56:
2807:
2162: – Substance introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact
850:- Pure or nearly pure residual oil, roughly equivalent to no. 5 and no. 6 fuel oil
519:. This fuel may be known as residual fuel oil (RFO), by the Navy specification of
3000:
5289:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4560:
4477:
3449:
2910:
2135:
2104:
2098:
2056:
Emissions from bunker fuel burning in ships contribute to climate change and to
2039:
1926:
1922:
1798:
1657:
1504:
1202:
1128:
806:
516:
466:
462:
444:
389:
cardiovascular disease, as well as 14 million childhood asthma cases each year.
320:
316:
294:
246:
234:
226:
174:
150:
142:
123:
122:). However, it does not usually include other liquid oils, such as those with a
111:
103:
92:
88:
2312:
2288:"Cleaner fuels for ships provide public health benefits with climate tradeoffs"
1704:); the high viscosity requires heating, usually by a recirculated low pressure
766:). C2 is for vaporizing or atomizing burners in appliances connected to flues.
241:
in case the supply of natural gas is interrupted or as the main fuel for small
5279:
5184:
4891:
4866:
4630:
4585:
4321:
3978:
3791:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3634:
3609:
3484:
3240:
3019:
1991:
1673:
1547:
1153:
883:
661:
422:
250:
119:
64:
37:
3027:
2639:
a development which will prompt a switch to "a much more diverse fuel pallet"
2321:
2060:
levels in many port cities, especially where the emissions from industry and
439:
refinery cut that boils off immediately after the heavy naphtha cut used for
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5408:
5398:
5359:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5179:
5169:
5154:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5073:
5018:
5013:
4993:
4971:
4951:
4906:
4886:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4799:
4762:
4752:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4712:
4697:
4692:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4590:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4555:
4550:
4498:
4493:
4473:
4443:
4418:
4403:
4373:
4326:
4316:
4296:
4291:
4276:
4271:
4185:
3906:
3901:
3796:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
2180:
2159:
2027:
2023:
1999:
1944:
1716:
778:
426:
408:, emitted ten times more sulfur dioxide than all of Europe's cars combined.
312:
276:
230:
178:
60:
41:
2704:
2339:
2208:"Mayor Bloomberg Presents an Update to PlaNYC: a Greener, Greater New York"
2138: – Liquid petroleum product used as a fuel oil for furnaces or boilers
2496:
5083:
4861:
4565:
4393:
4230:
4220:
4205:
4180:
4165:
4140:
4135:
4018:
3993:
3988:
3973:
3963:
3953:
3918:
3913:
3896:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3841:
3826:
3816:
3811:
3801:
3786:
3781:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3711:
3696:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3629:
3624:
3604:
3599:
3589:
3584:
3574:
3569:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3524:
3514:
3407:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
2153:
2147:
2129:
2003:
1776:
1771:
818:
802:
608:
452:
448:
440:
436:
368:
305:
162:
154:
131:
957:
Some parameters of marine fuel oils according to ISO 8217 (3. ed 2005):
866:
Marine diesel oil contains some heavy fuel oil, unlike regular diesels.
17:
5372:
5164:
5149:
4946:
4936:
4926:
4702:
4518:
4468:
4363:
4351:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3417:
3372:
3367:
3352:
3347:
3342:
1995:
1958:
943:
272:
198:
158:
84:
2774:"The world's largest cruise ship and its supersized pollution problem"
504:
preheating. This fuel is sometimes known by the Navy specification of
5234:
5219:
5214:
5209:
4881:
4856:
4784:
4640:
4625:
4605:
4600:
4545:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4423:
4388:
4235:
3886:
3701:
3265:
2895:"Bunkering is Dangerous: Procedure for Bunkering Operation on a Ship"
301:
280:
146:
115:
107:
4722:
5269:
5244:
4966:
4851:
4503:
4368:
4240:
4215:
4210:
4190:
3564:
3534:
3529:
3250:
3235:
3225:
3220:
2619:"Rolls-Royce Revives Age of Sail to Beat Fuel-Cost Surge: Freight"
2605:
SOx and particulate matter emission controls apply to all fuel oil
2031:
2019:
1705:
1656:
797:
259:
214:
204:
188:
31:
828:- Roughly equivalent to no. 2 fuel oil, made from distillate only
300:
Use of residual fuel oil was more common in the past. It powered
4916:
4779:
4772:
4438:
4383:
3983:
3594:
2870:. Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA). Archived from
328:
289:
218:
3157:
2453:
Perry, Robert H., Chilton, Cecil H. and
Kirkpatrick, Sidney D.
5403:
5093:
4145:
222:
2543:"Welcome to the 229 Million Metric Ton Global Bunker Market!"
2972:"Regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships"
1994:
making deliveries to suitably sized strategic ports such as
821:
field another type of classification is used for fuel oils:
455:. Former names include: coal oil, stove oil, and range oil.
2038:. The major physical supply chains of Europe are along the
533:
Fuel Oils for Agricultural, Domestic and Industrial Engines
213:
Oil has many uses; it heats homes and businesses and fuels
3008:
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
27:
Petroleum product burned to generate motive power or heat
2940:"Oil bunkering threatens Nigeria's economy, environment"
264:
Fuel oil truck making a delivery in North Carolina, 1945
253:. However, it is very common in some areas, such as the
2591:. International Maritime Organization. Archived from
2168: – techniques for efficient use of fuel by ships
3143:
2170:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2115:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2034:. Lighter fuel oils can also be transported through
181:
are much less volatile and distill out more slowly.
5386:
5112:
4264:
3213:
425:length of the fuel increases with fuel oil number.
297:and large ships are able to use residual fuel oil.
2938:Jon Gambrell and Associated Press (20 July 2013).
1672:is technically any type of fuel oil used aboard
1990:Fuel oil is transported worldwide by fleets of
2261:"U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
1713:International Organization for Standardization
3169:
2724:
2722:
2351:
2349:
1921:Heavy fuel oil is still the primary fuel for
523:, or by the Pacific Specification of PS-400.
173:process. Heavier petroleum-derived oils like
8:
2517:"IMO 2020 – cutting sulphur oxide emissions"
535:, specifies the following fuel oil classes:
71:(the heavier fractions). Fuel oils include
3176:
3162:
3154:
2132: – Liquid fuel derived from petroleum
2107: – Liquid fuel used in diesel engines
3144:International Bunker Industry Association
2421:Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry
2329:
2311:
1933:
3113:National Geographic magazine, April 2012
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
1729:
1249:
959:
537:
237:. It is often used as a backup fuel for
2497:https://www.iso.org/standard/64247.html
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2233:Office of the Mayor (9 February 2016).
2199:
2113: – including hardware and software
3139:How Oil Refining Works – HowStuffWorks
2916:
2241:from the original on 14 September 2017
2156: – Combustible hydrocarbon liquid
1688:; No. 5 or 6 are also commonly called
769:Class A2 fuel is suitable for mobile,
710:Medium fuel oil, MFO, 1000-second oil
229:is produced by diesel, but it is more
169:, and are removed at the start of the
2901:from the original on 31 December 2015
2589:"Sulfur oxides (SOx) – Regulation 14"
2423:(1983) Van Nostrand Reinhold Company
1961:, bunkering has come to refer to the
733:Heavy fuel oil, HFO, 3500-second oil
7:
3095:from the original on 23 January 2022
3079:Hermann, Burkely (20 January 2022).
2909:. Site seems to require enabling of
2784:from the original on 9 February 2019
2457:4th edition (1963) McGraw Hill p.9-6
2455:Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook
2214:from the original on 2 February 2017
687:Light fuel oil, LFO, 250-second oil
157:. Small molecules, such as those in
2818:from the original on 21 August 2018
465:. Trucks and some cars use similar
2844:. 14 December 2016. Archived from
2553:from the original on 24 July 2021.
2144: – Internal combustion engine
25:
2952:from the original on 9 March 2016
2629:from the original on 15 July 2013
2478:from the original on 3 March 2009
443:. This fuel is commonly known as
5467:
5466:
3127:National Park Service - Fuel Oil
2838:"Clean up the Shipping Industry"
2677:Science of the Total Environment
2541:Tolson, Adrian (25 March 2021).
2052:Environmental impact of shipping
747:56.000 mm/s at 100 °C
744:40.010 mm/s at 100 °C
724:40.000 mm/s at 100 °C
721:20.010 mm/s at 100 °C
701:20.000 mm/s at 100 °C
271:is less useful because it is so
141:Fuel oil consists of long-chain
2697:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.07.037
2085:Third Conference of the Parties
1953:Finally, in the context of the
698:8.201 mm/s at 100 °C
678:8.200 mm/s at 100 °C
106:that is burned in a furnace or
63:(crude oil). Such oils include
2751:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.071
1963:illegal diversion of crude oil
931:EU Sulfur directive 2005/33/EC
651:5.000 mm/s at 40 °C
648:2.000 mm/s at 40 °C
625:5.000 mm/s at 40 °C
622:2.000 mm/s at 40 °C
599:2.000 mm/s at 40 °C
596:1.000 mm/s at 40 °C
531:The British Standard BS 2869,
406:Carnival Corporation & plc
1:
2468:"Bunkerworld Account - Login"
2150: – Type of aviation fuel
1661:A sample of residual fuel oil
539:Fuel oil classes per BS 2869
3054:www.hellenicshippingnews.com
2617:Robert Wall (10 July 2013).
2386:www.transportenvironment.org
2188: – Petroleum substitute
1977:(0.5% Sulfur) or to install
1256:
966:
870:Standards and classification
862:- Another name for no. 6 HFO
856:- Another name for no. 5 HFO
854:NSFO (Navy special fuel oil)
813:Maritime fuel classification
340:emissions than natural gas.
91:(such as home heating oil),
67:(the lighter fractions) and
2772:Vidal, John (21 May 2016).
1934:§ Environmental issues
842:IFO (Intermediate fuel oil)
773:that are required to use a
5519:
2923:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2313:10.1038/s41467-017-02774-9
2210:. NYC.gov. 22 March 2010.
2120:Fuel price risk management
2049:
1931:
1650:
1252:
255:Northeastern United States
5493:IARC Group 2B carcinogens
5462:
3195:
3089:National Security Archive
3020:10.1016/j.trd.2019.04.001
2893:MOHIT (19 October 2010).
2177: – Petroleum product
962:
161:, naphtha, gasoline, and
2125:Gas oil separation plant
1975:very low sulfur fuel oil
1897:No. 6 residual fuel oil
1871:No. 5 residual fuel oil
1849:No. 4 residual fuel oil
1340:Viscosity at 50 °C
1227:Calculated Cetane Index
1014:Viscosity at 40 °C
963:Marine distillate fuels
553:Max. kinematic viscosity
550:Min. kinematic viscosity
233:and more expensive than
2731:Atmospheric Environment
2502:1 December 2017 at the
2111:Fuel-management systems
783:fatty acid methyl ester
209:HAZMAT class 3 fuel oil
171:fractional distillation
102:generally includes any
2166:Marine fuel management
1880:Navy special fuel oil
1855:Intermediate fuel oil
1662:
1299:Density at 15 °C
1253:Marine residual fuels
991:Density at 15 °C
412:General classification
265:
210:
202:
165:, have relatively low
118:to generate power (as
45:
2979:www.dan-bunkering.com
2292:Nature Communications
2050:Further information:
1678:Navy Special Fuel Oil
1660:
860:MFO (Marine fuel oil)
771:off-road applications
461:is a distillate home
263:
243:electrical generators
208:
192:
35:
3132:10 June 2007 at the
2237:. City of New York.
2046:Environmental issues
2008:United Arab Emirates
1979:exhaust gas scrubber
1860:Distillate/Residual
1711:Since the 1980s the
1463:Aluminium + Silicon
1105:Aluminium + Silicon
848:HFO (Heavy fuel oil)
826:MGO (Marine gas oil)
634:low-sulfur gas oil,
239:peaking power plants
225:. A small amount of
40:taking on fuel, or "
2945:The Washington Post
2743:2008AtmEn..42..667S
2689:2009ScTEn.408..318S
2664:on 26 January 2012.
2595:on 23 December 2014
2577:on 26 January 2012.
2472:www.bunkerworld.com
2304:2018NatCo...9..406S
2181:OW Bunker test case
1732:
1731:Table of fuel oils
1591:Pour point, Winter
1179:Pour point, Winter
917:- Marine diesel oil
753:1.000 % (m/m)
730:1.000 % (m/m)
707:1.000 % (m/m)
684:1.000 % (m/m)
657:0.100 % (m/m)
631:0.001 % (m/m)
605:0.100 % (m/m)
582:0.040 % (m/m)
559:Max. sulfur content
540:
5503:Petroleum products
3189:by standard number
2897:. Marine Insight.
2267:on 1 November 2004
1829:Marine diesel oil
1826:No. 3 diesel fuel
1768:No. 1 diesel fuel
1730:
1663:
538:
266:
211:
203:
193:A fuel station in
110:to generate heat (
55:obtained from the
51:is any of various
46:
5480:
5479:
3203:ISO romanizations
2874:on 7 January 2015
2848:on 21 August 2018
2814:. 31 March 2017.
2547:Ship & Bunker
2175:Petroleum naphtha
2018:, Panama; Sakha,
1919:
1918:
1909:Furnace fuel oil
1883:Furnace fuel oil
1846:No. 4 distillate
1823:No. 3 distillate
1794:No. 2 distillate
1765:No. 1 distillate
1631:
1630:
1248:
1247:
948:centrifugal force
834:Marine diesel oil
760:
759:
512:Number 6 fuel oil
501:Number 5 fuel oil
491:Number 4 fuel oil
485:Number 3 fuel oil
459:Number 2 fuel oil
433:Number 1 fuel oil
309:steam locomotives
269:Residual fuel oil
114:), or used in an
16:(Redirected from
5510:
5470:
5469:
3190:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3155:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3056:. Archived from
3046:
3040:
3039:
3005:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2657:. Archived from
2656:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2570:. Archived from
2569:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2513:
2507:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2464:
2458:
2451:
2432:
2417:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2388:. Archived from
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2315:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2263:. Archived from
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2204:
2171:
2116:
1906:Marine fuel oil
1733:
1698:furnace fuel oil
1250:
960:
775:sulfur-free fuel
664:, 35-second oil
654:> 55 °C
628:> 55 °C
611:, 28-second oil
556:Min. flash point
541:
351:For comparison,
21:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5458:
5382:
5108:
4260:
3209:
3191:
3188:
3182:
3134:Wayback Machine
3123:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2915:
2904:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2812:Cruise Law News
2806:
2805:
2801:
2787:
2785:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2632:
2630:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2598:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2504:Wayback Machine
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2452:
2435:
2419:Kent, James A.
2418:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2392:on 13 July 2021
2380:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2169:
2142:Hot-bulb engine
2114:
2094:
2080:
2069:
2054:
2048:
1988:
1941:
1936:
1900:Heavy fuel oil
1894:No. 6 fuel oil
1874:Heavy fuel oil
1868:No. 5 fuel oil
1843:No. 4 fuel oil
1820:No. 3 fuel oil
1809:Marine gas oil
1791:No. 2 fuel oil
1762:No. 1 fuel oil
1655:
1649:
923:- Marine gasoil
872:
815:
795:
529:
419:
414:
386:
279:, particularly
187:
179:lubricating oil
145:, particularly
95:, and others.
77:marine fuel oil
75:(bunker fuel),
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5516:
5514:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5485:
5484:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:NOAA Oil Types
3146:
3141:
3136:
3122:
3121:External links
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3060:on 16 May 2018
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2012:Balboa, Panama
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1690:heavy fuel oil
1653:Heavy fuel oil
1651:Main article:
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283:, which forms
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167:boiling points
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3207:IEC standards
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3199:ISO standards
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3085:Briefing Book
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2813:
2809:
2808:"bunker fuel"
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2800:
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2653:
2652:"DMA and DMB"
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2594:
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2584:
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2565:"RMG and RMK"
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2440:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2429:0-442-20164-8
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2200:
2193:
2187:
2186:Pyrolysis oil
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2081:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2059:
2058:air pollution
2053:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:Chain length
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:water vessels
1671:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
989:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
961:
958:
955:
951:
949:
945:
937:
934:
932:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
888:
887:
885:
880:
876:
869:
867:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
835:
830:
827:
824:
823:
822:
820:
812:
810:
808:
804:
799:
792:
790:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
765:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
736:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
713:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
690:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
667:
663:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
640:
637:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
614:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
588:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
565:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
542:
536:
534:
526:
524:
522:
518:
513:
509:
507:
502:
498:
496:
492:
488:
486:
482:
480:
476:
472:
471:cetane number
468:
464:
460:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
428:
424:
417:United States
416:
411:
409:
407:
402:
398:
394:
390:
383:
381:
377:
375:
374:air stripping
370:
365:
363:
362:sulfuric acid
357:
354:
349:
345:
341:
339:
333:
332:end of 2015.
330:
326:
325:New York City
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:
303:
298:
296:
291:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
207:
200:
196:
191:
184:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
134:(petrol) and
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
5498:Liquid fuels
5325:27000 series
3968:
3109:
3097:. Retrieved
3074:
3062:. Retrieved
3058:the original
3053:
3044:
3011:
3007:
2994:
2982:. Retrieved
2978:
2966:
2954:. Retrieved
2943:
2933:
2903:. Retrieved
2888:
2876:. Retrieved
2872:the original
2862:
2850:. Retrieved
2846:the original
2841:
2832:
2820:. Retrieved
2811:
2802:
2793:
2786:. Retrieved
2778:the Guardian
2777:
2767:
2734:
2730:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2659:the original
2646:
2638:
2631:. Retrieved
2622:
2612:
2604:
2597:. Retrieved
2593:the original
2583:
2572:the original
2559:
2546:
2536:
2524:. Retrieved
2520:
2511:
2506:ISO8217:2017
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2471:
2462:
2454:
2420:
2394:. Retrieved
2390:the original
2385:
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2265:the original
2255:
2245:14 September
2243:. Retrieved
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2202:
2062:road traffic
2055:
2026:, Spain and
1989:
1971:
1955:oil industry
1952:
1949:
1942:
1923:cruise ships
1920:
1806:Rail diesel
1803:Road diesel
1720:
1710:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:navy special
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:bunker crude
1669:
1665:
1664:
956:
952:
941:
935:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
873:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
831:
825:
816:
796:
787:
768:
761:
532:
530:
520:
511:
510:
505:
500:
499:
494:
490:
489:
484:
483:
474:
467:diesel no. 2
458:
457:
445:diesel no. 1
432:
431:
423:carbon chain
420:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
378:
366:
358:
350:
346:
342:
334:
317:LNG carriers
299:
295:power plants
267:
212:
195:Zigui County
151:cycloalkanes
143:hydrocarbons
140:
127:
112:heating oils
99:
97:
89:heating oils
80:
57:distillation
48:
47:
29:
5113:20000–29999
4265:10000–19999
3014:: 123–134.
2868:"Bunkering"
2842:Stand.earth
2521:www.imo.org
2482:18 February
2361:theicct.org
2136:Heating oil
2105:Diesel fuel
2099:Coconut oil
2040:Rhine River
1992:oil tankers
1927:exhaust gas
1836:Distillate
1812:Distillate
1799:diesel fuel
1783:Distillate
1717:centistokes
1666:Bunker fuel
1647:Bunker fuel
1505:Flash point
1203:Cloud point
1129:Flash point
807:diesel fuel
750:66 °C
727:66 °C
704:66 °C
681:66 °C
645:Distillate
619:Distillate
602:38 °C
593:Distillate
579:43 °C
570:Distillate
517:mineral oil
479:manufacture
463:heating oil
321:heating oil
249:as well as
247:natural gas
235:natural gas
227:electricity
221:, and some
175:diesel fuel
124:flash point
120:motor fuels
104:liquid fuel
93:diesel fuel
81:furnace oil
65:distillates
5487:Categories
4892:16949 (TS)
4489:11941 (TR)
3187:standards
3099:9 February
2956:16 January
2905:16 January
2878:16 January
2431:pp.492-493
2298:(1): 406.
2194:References
1943:The term "
1932:See also:
1684:) or just
1548:Pour point
1154:Pour point
884:centistoke
662:red diesel
313:steamships
277:pollutants
251:heat pumps
87:(gasoil),
38:oil tanker
4847:15926 WIP
4211:9592/9593
4136:9000/9001
4024:8805/8806
3036:133571823
3028:1361-9209
2984:4 October
2852:21 August
2822:21 August
2788:21 August
2623:Bloomberg
2322:2041-1723
2271:21 August
2160:Lubricant
2036:pipelines
2028:Rotterdam
2024:Algeciras
2016:Cristobal
2000:Singapore
1945:bunkering
1939:Bunkering
1912:Residual
1903:Bunker C
1886:Residual
1877:Bunker B
1852:Bunker A
1642:systems.)
1550:, Summer
1258:Parameter
1156:, Summer
968:Parameter
779:biodiesel
741:Residual
718:Residual
695:Residual
672:Residual
660:Gas oil,
585:Paraffin
427:Viscosity
231:polluting
155:aromatics
98:The term
61:petroleum
53:fractions
42:bunkering
5472:Category
3197:List of
3130:Archived
3093:Archived
2950:Archived
2919:cite web
2899:Archived
2816:Archived
2782:Archived
2759:93958844
2705:19840885
2627:Archived
2551:Archived
2526:3 August
2500:Archived
2476:Archived
2396:30 April
2366:30 April
2340:29410475
2239:Archived
2218:22 April
2212:Archived
2154:Kerosene
2148:Jet fuel
2130:Gasoline
2092:See also
2004:Fujairah
1777:Jet fuel
1772:Kerosene
1638:silicon.
1425:% (m/m)
1294:RMK 700
1085:% (m/m)
819:maritime
803:kerosene
609:Kerosene
521:Bunker C
506:Bunker B
495:Bunker A
453:jet fuel
449:kerosene
441:gasoline
437:kerosene
369:asbestos
306:railroad
163:kerosene
132:gasoline
128:fuel oil
100:fuel oil
69:residues
49:Fuel oil
18:Fuel Oil
5373:29199-2
5245:23094-2
5240:23094-1
5230:23090-3
5099:19794-5
5094:19775-1
4882:16612-2
4872:16355-1
4561:13406-2
4519:12234-2
4287:10118-3
3087:# 784.
2911:cookies
2739:Bibcode
2713:8271813
2685:Bibcode
2633:11 July
2599:11 July
2331:5802819
2300:Bibcode
1996:Houston
1959:Nigeria
1422:Sulfur
1335:1010.0
1329:1010.0
1291:RMH 700
1288:RMK 380
1285:RMH 380
1282:RMG 380
1279:RMF 180
1276:RME 180
1082:Sulfur
944:density
897:IFO 180
891:IFO 380
817:In the
469:with a
353:BS 2869
302:boilers
273:viscous
199:Yangtze
197:on the
159:propane
147:alkanes
136:naphtha
85:gas oil
79:(MFO),
5387:30000+
4226:9797-1
4034:8820-5
3979:8501-1
3535:1073-2
3530:1073-1
3214:1–9999
3064:16 May
3034:
3026:
2757:
2711:
2703:
2427:
2338:
2328:
2320:
2032:barges
1998:, US;
1967:spills
1915:20-70
1889:12-70
1863:12-70
1815:10-20
1797:No. 2
1466:mg/kg
1384:% V/V
1381:Water
1376:700.0
1373:700.0
1370:380.0
1367:380.0
1364:380.0
1361:180.0
1358:180.0
1332:991.0
1326:991.0
1323:991.0
1320:991.0
1317:991.0
1314:980.0
1311:975.0
1308:960.0
1273:RMD 80
1270:RMB 30
1267:RMA 30
1108:mg/kg
1062:% V/V
1059:Water
1009:920.0
1006:900.0
1003:890.0
936:ULSMGO
909:LS 180
903:LS 380
793:Russia
562:Alias
475:gasoil
451:, and
311:, and
281:sulfur
215:trucks
153:, and
116:engine
108:boiler
83:(FO),
5454:80000
5449:56000
5444:55000
5439:50001
5434:45001
5429:42010
5424:40500
5419:39075
5414:38500
5409:37001
5404:32000
5399:31000
5394:30170
5378:29500
5368:29148
5364:29110
5360:28000
5355:27729
5350:27006
5345:27005
5340:27002
5335:27001
5330:27000
5320:26324
5315:26300
5310:26262
5305:26000
5300:25964
5295:25178
5290:24728
5285:24707
5280:24617
5275:24613
5270:24517
5265:23941
5260:23360
5255:23271
5250:23270
5235:23092
5225:23009
5220:23008
5215:23003
5210:23000
5205:22537
5200:22395
5195:22301
5190:22300
5185:22275
5180:22000
5175:21827
5170:21500
5165:21122
5160:21047
5155:21001
5150:21000
5145:20830
5140:20802
5135:20400
5130:20121
5125:20022
5120:20000
5104:19831
5089:19770
5084:19757
5079:19752
5074:19600
5069:19510
5064:19509
5059:19508
5054:19507
5049:19506
5044:19505
5039:19503
5034:19502
5029:19501
5024:19500
5019:19439
5014:19407
5009:19136
5004:19125
4999:19115
4994:19114
4977:19092
4972:19011
4967:19005
4962:18916
4957:18629
4952:18245
4947:18181
4942:18014
4937:18004
4932:17799
4927:17506
4922:17442
4917:17369
4912:17203
4907:17100
4902:17025
4897:17024
4887:16750
4877:16485
4867:16262
4862:16023
4857:15938
4852:15930
4842:15926
4837:15924
4832:15919
4827:15897
4822:15707
4810:15706
4805:15693
4800:15686
4795:15511
4790:15504
4785:15438
4780:15445
4763:15444
4758:15408
4753:15398
4748:15291
4743:15288
4738:15189
4733:15022
4728:14971
4723:14882
4718:14764
4713:14698
4708:14651
4703:14649
4698:14644
4693:14617
4641:14496
4636:14443
4631:14396
4626:14289
4621:14224
4616:14031
4611:14000
4606:13818
4601:13816
4596:13616
4591:13584
4586:13568
4581:13567
4576:13490
4571:13485
4566:13450
4556:13399
4551:13250
4546:13216
4529:13211
4524:12620
4514:12207
4509:12182
4504:12052
4499:12006
4494:11992
4484:11941
4474:11940
4469:11898
4464:11889
4459:11801
4454:11785
4449:11784
4444:11783
4439:11544
4434:11404
4429:11179
4424:11172
4419:11170
4414:11073
4409:10967
4404:10962
4399:10957
4394:10861
4389:10746
4384:10664
4379:10646
4374:10628
4369:10589
4364:10585
4359:10383
4327:10303
4322:10279
4317:10218
4312:10206
4307:10179
4302:10165
4297:10161
4292:10160
4282:10116
4277:10007
4272:10006
3032:S2CID
3004:(PDF)
2975:(PDF)
2755:S2CID
2709:S2CID
2662:(PDF)
2655:(PDF)
2575:(PDF)
2568:(PDF)
2020:Egypt
1786:9-16
1751:Alias
1748:Alias
1745:Alias
1742:Alias
1739:Alias
1706:steam
1696:) or
1355:80.0
1352:30.0
1349:30.0
1343:mm/s
1302:kg/m
1264:Limit
1039:mm/s
1032:14.0
1029:11.0
1017:mm/s
994:kg/m
974:Limit
927:LSMGO
832:MDO (
798:Mazut
764:lamps
544:Class
290:boats
219:ships
201:River
4352:-238
4256:9995
4251:9985
4246:9984
4241:9945
4236:9899
4231:9897
4221:9660
4216:9594
4206:9564
4201:9529
4196:9506
4191:9496
4186:9407
4181:9362
4176:9314
4171:9293
4166:9241
4161:9227
4156:9141
4151:9126
4146:9075
4141:9036
4131:8879
4084:-8-I
4039:8859
4029:8807
4019:8691
4014:8652
4009:8651
4004:8632
3999:8613
3994:8601
3989:8583
3984:8571
3974:8373
3969:8217
3964:8178
3959:8093
3954:8000
3949:7942
3944:7816
3939:7813
3934:7812
3929:7811
3924:7810
3919:7736
3914:7637
3902:7498
3897:7200
3892:7185
3887:7098
3882:7064
3877:7027
3872:7010
3867:7002
3862:7001
3857:6943
3852:6709
3847:6523
3842:6438
3837:6429
3832:6425
3827:6385
3822:6373
3817:6346
3812:6344
3807:6166
3802:5964
3797:5807
3792:5800
3787:5776
3782:5775
3777:5725
3772:5428
3767:5427
3762:5426
3757:5218
3752:4909
3747:4217
3742:4165
3737:4157
3732:4031
3727:3977
3722:3950
3717:3901
3712:3864
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