403:(PnG) driving strategy consists of acceleration to a given speed ("pulse" or "burn"), followed by a period of coasting or gliding down to a lower speed, at which point the burn-coast sequence is repeated. This driving strategy has been found and experienced by drivers to save fuel for a long time, and some experiments also validated its fuel-saving ability. In the PnG operation, coasting is most efficient when the engine is not running, although some gains can be realized with the engine on (to maintain power to brakes, steering and ancillaries) and the vehicle in neutral. Most modern petrol vehicles cut off the fuel supply completely when coasting (over-running) in gear, although the moving engine adds considerable frictional drag and speed is lost more quickly than with the engine declutched from the drivetrain.
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cruising at an efficient speed uses much less than the maximum power of the engine, the optimum operating point for cruising at low power is typically at very low engine speed, around (or even slightly below) 1500 rpm for gasoline engines, and 1200 rpm for diesel engines. This explains the usefulness of very high "overdrive" gears for highway cruising. For instance, a small car might need only 10–15 horsepower (7.5–11.2 kW) to cruise at 60 mph (97 km/h). It is likely to be geared for 2500 rpm or so at that speed, yet for maximum efficiency the engine should be running at about 1500 rpm (gasoline) or 1200 rpm (diesel) to generate that power as efficiently as possible for that engine (although the actual figures will vary by engine and vehicle).
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constant speed. Computer calculations have predicted that in rare cases (at low speeds where the torque required for cruising at steady speed is low) it's possible to double (or even triple) fuel economy. More realistic simulations that account for other traffic suggest improvements of 20 percent are more likely. In other words, in the real world one is unlikely to see fuel efficiency double or triple. Such a failure is due to signals, stop signs, and considerations for other traffic; all of these factors interfering with the pulse and glide technique. But improvements in fuel economy of 20 percent or so are still feasible.
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always giving road users as much information about their intentions as possible, a driver can help other road users reduce their fuel usage (as well as increase their safety). Similarly, anticipation of road features such as traffic lights can reduce the need for excessive braking and acceleration. Drivers should also anticipate the behaviour of pedestrians or animals in the vicinity, so they can react to a developing situation involving them appropriately.
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44:. Many drivers have the potential to improve their fuel efficiency significantly. Simple things such as keeping tires properly inflated, having a vehicle well-maintained and avoiding idling can dramatically improve fuel efficiency. Careful use of acceleration and deceleration and especially limiting use of high speeds helps efficiency. The use of multiple such techniques is called "
132:. Some cars also use a half size spare tire, for weight/cost/space saving purposes. On a typical vehicle, every extra 55 pounds increases fuel consumption by 1 percent. Removing roof racks (and accessories) can increase fuel efficiency by up to 20 percent. Reducing on-board fuel to a lower value (50% to 75%) can also benefit fuel reduction in a town traffic setting (
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171:. At 60km/h, the global average speed, energy loss due to air drag in fossil fuel cars is approximately 5% of the total energy loss. Friction (33%), exhaust (29%), and cooling the engine (33%) account for the rest. Above 60km/h, wind resistance grows with approximately the square of speed, becoming the dominant factor at high speed.
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commercial vehicles not to disengage the clutch for a downgrade, and passenger vehicles to set the transmission to neutral. These regulations point on how drivers operate a vehicle. Not using the engine on longer, precipitous downgrade roads, or excessively using the brake might cause a failure due to overheating brakes.
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Much of the time, automobile engines operate at only a fraction of their maximal efficiency, resulting in lower fuel efficiency (or what is the same thing, higher specific fuel consumption (SFC)). Charts that show the SFC for every feasible combination of torque (or Brake Mean
Effective Pressure) and
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Coasting with a vehicle not in gear is prohibited by law in most U.S. states, mostly if on downhill. An example is Maine
Revised Statutes Title 29-A, Chapter 19, §2064 "An operator, when traveling on a downgrade, may not coast with the gears of the vehicle in neutral". Some regulations differ between
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Using air conditioning requires the generation of up to 5 hp (3.7 kW) of extra power to maintain a given speed. A/C systems cycle on and off, or vary their output, as required by the occupants so they rarely run at full power continuously. Switching off the A/C and rolling down the windows
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The need to brake is sometimes caused by unpredictable events. At higher speeds, there is less time to allow vehicles to slow down by coasting. Kinetic energy is higher, so more energy is lost in braking. At medium speeds, the driver has more time to choose whether to accelerate, coast or decelerate
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losses of the engine. Specifically, for driving at an average of 60 kilometres per hour (37 mph), approximately 33% of the energy goes into exhaust and 29% is used to cool the engine; engine friction takes another 11%. The remaining 21% is split between rolling friction of tires (11%), air drag
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Drafting or slipstreaming is a technique whereby a smaller vehicle drives (or coasts) close behind a vehicle ahead of it so that it is shielded from wind. Aside from being illegal in many jurisdictions, it is often dangerous. Real-world tests of a car ten feet behind a semi-truck showed a reduction
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of the moving vehicle. This efficiently obtained kinetic energy is then used in the glide phase to overcome rolling resistance and aerodynamic drag. In other words, going between periods of efficient acceleration and gliding gives an overall efficiency that is usually higher than when cruising at a
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Maintaining an efficient speed is an important factor in fuel efficiency. Optimal efficiency can be expected while cruising at a steady speed and with the transmission in the highest gear (see Choice of gear, below). The optimal speed varies with the type of vehicle, although it is usually reported
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on-board diagnostics and most models will have knock sensors that will automatically adjust the timing if and when pinging is detected, so low octane fuel can be used in an engine designed for high octane, with some reduction in efficiency and performance. If the engine is designed for high octane
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The pulse-and-glide strategy is proven to be an efficient control design both in both car-following and free-driving scenarios, with up to 20% fuel saving. In the PnG strategy, the control of the engine and the transmission determines the fuel-saving performance, and it is obtained by solving an
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A driver may improve their fuel efficiency by anticipating the movement of other vehicles or sudden changes to the situation the driver is currently in. For example, a driver who stops quickly, or turns without signaling, reduces the options another driver has for maximizing their performance. By
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The main issue with safety and hypermiling is the lack of temperature in the brake system. This is extremely relevant in older vehicles in the winter. Disc brake systems gain efficiency with higher temps. Emergency braking with freezing brakes at highway speeds results in a number of issues from
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However it is also likely that an operator skilled in maximising efficiency through anticipation of other road users and traffic signals will be more aware of their surroundings and consequently safer. Efficient drivers minimise their use of brakes and tend to leave larger gaps in front of them.
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Road capacity affects speed and therefore fuel efficiency as well. Studies have shown speeds just above 45 mph (72 km/h) allow greatest throughput when roads are congested. Individual drivers can improve their fuel efficiency and that of others by avoiding roads and times where traffic
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too low a gear will move the engine into a high-rpm, low-torque region in which the efficiency drops off rapidly, and thus best efficiency is achieved near the higher gear. In a gasoline engine, efficiency typically drops off more rapidly than in a diesel because of throttling losses. Because
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feature which engages when the vehicle stops, avoiding waste. Maximizing use of auto-stop on these vehicles is critical because idling causes a severe drop in instantaneous fuel-mileage efficiency to zero miles per gallon, and this lowers the average (or accumulated) fuel-mileage efficiency.
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While approaching a red signal, drivers may choose to "time a traffic light" by easing off the throttle before the signal. By allowing their vehicle to slow down early and coast, they will give time for the light to turn green before they arrive, preventing energy loss from having to stop.
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Coasting is another technique for increasing fuel efficiency. Shifting gears and/or restarting the engine increase the time required for an avoidance maneuver that involves acceleration. Therefore, some believe the reduction of control associated with coasting is an unacceptable risk.
160:
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This control strategy can also be used in vehicle platoon (The platooning of automated vehicles has the potential of significantly enhancing the fuel efficiency of road transportation), and this control method performs much better than conventional linear quadratic controllers.
159:
239:). However, accelerating to a greater than necessary speed without paying attention to what is ahead may require braking and then after that, additional acceleration. One study from 2001 recommended accelerating briskly, but smoothly before shifting in manual cars.
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In the US, the speed at which fuel efficiency is maximized often lies below the speed limit, typically 35 to 50 mph (56 to 80 km/h); however, traffic flow is often faster than this. The speed differential between cars raises the risk of collision.
119:
Drivers can increase fuel efficiency by minimizing transported mass, i.e. the number of people or the amount of cargo, tools, and equipment carried in the vehicle. Removing common unnecessary accessories such as roof racks, brush guards, wind deflectors (or
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Generally, fuel efficiency is maximized when acceleration and braking are minimized. So a fuel-efficient strategy is to anticipate what is happening ahead, and drive in such a way so as to minimize acceleration and braking, and maximize coasting time.
1348:
Jansen. Philip "Driver
Influence on the Fuel Consumption of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle: Research on the Fuel Economy Benefits of the Burn and Coast Driving Technique" (Master of Science Thesis) Delft University of Technology, Netherlands. July 26,
512:
Enthusiasts known as hypermilers develop and practice driving techniques to increase fuel efficiency and reduce consumption. Hypermilers have broken records of fuel efficiency, for example, achieving 109 miles per gallon in a
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to be between 35 and 50 mph (56 and 80 km/h). For instance, a 2004 Chevrolet Impala had an optimum at 42 mph (68 km/h), and was within 15 percent of that from 29 to 57 mph (47 to 92 km/h).
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in a carburetor-equipped car (1970's or earlier) or the fuel injection computer in modern vehicles will add more fuel to the fuel-air mixture until normal operating temperature is reached, decreasing fuel efficiency.
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optimal control problem (OCP). Due to a discrete gear ratio, strong nonlinear engine fuel characteristics, and different dynamics in the pulse/glide mode, the OCP is a switching nonlinear mixed-integer problem.
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1288:
51:
Simple fuel-efficiency techniques can result in reduction in fuel consumption without resorting to radical fuel-saving techniques that can be unlawful and dangerous, such as tailgating larger vehicles.
1315:. Fuel-Saving Servo-Loop Control for an Adaptive Cruise Control System of Road Vehicles With Step-Gear Transmission. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.66, Issue 3, pp.2033-2043, 2017.
124:", when designed for downforce and not enhanced flow separation), running boards, and push bars, as well as using narrower and lower profile tires will improve fuel efficiency by reducing weight,
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When coasting with the engine running and manual transmission in neutral, or clutch depressed, there will still be some fuel consumption due to the engine needing to maintain idle engine speed.
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typically get their best fuel efficiency below this model-dependent threshold speed. The car will automatically switch between either battery powered mode or engine power with battery recharge.
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for the engine—rather there is a specific amount of power needed to maintain the chosen speed. A manual transmission lets the driver choose between several points along the powerband. For a
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may prevent this loss of energy, though it will increase drag, so that cost savings may be less than is generally anticipated. Using the passenger heating system slows the rise to
1339:. Stabilizing Periodic Control of Automated Vehicle Platoon With Minimized Fuel Consumption. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol.3, Issue 1, pp.259-271, 2016.
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and charging system can be shut off for the glide by simply manipulating the accelerator. However, based on simulation, more gains in economy are obtained in non-hybrid vehicles.
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Research has shown that mandated speed limits can be modified to improve energy efficiency anywhere from 2 to 18 percent, depending on compliance with lower speed limits.
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because of tire deformation. The loss for a car is approximately 1.0 percent for every 2 psi (0.1 bar; 10 kPa) drop in pressure of all four tires. Improper
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Turning the engine off instead of idling does save fuel. Traffic lights are predictable, and it is often possible to anticipate when a light will turn green. A support is the
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While up to 95% of the efficiency limits at city speeds are intrinsic to the construction of the vehicle, wide variety of techniques contribute to energy-efficient driving.
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is based on this principle; it raises the price of road access at times of higher usage, to prevent cars from entering traffic and lowering speeds below efficient levels.
1303:. Fuel-Optimal Cruising Strategy for Road Vehicles With Step-Gear Mechanical Transmission. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol.99, pp.1-12, 2015.
1257:. Strategies to minimize the fuel consumption of passenger cars during car-following scenarios. Journal of Automobile Engineering, vol.226, Issue 3, pp.419-429, 2012.
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measured slight differences in efficiency due to octane number even when knock is not an issue. All vehicles in the United States built since 1996 are equipped with
1291:. Mechanism of vehicular periodic operation for optimal fuel economy in free-driving scenarios. IET Intelligent Transport Systems, vol.9, Issue 3, pp.306-313, 2014.
265:, used by hybrid/electric vehicles, recovers about 50% of the car's energy in each braking event, leading to perhaps 20% reduction in energy costs of city driving.
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Fuel efficiency varies with the vehicle. Fuel efficiency during acceleration generally improves as RPM increases until a point somewhere near peak torque (
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or policies to prevent or discourage drivers from entering traffic that is approaching the point where speeds are slowed below 45 mph (72 km/h).
304:
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325:, turning the engine off and on automatically during a stop. Some traffic lights have timers on them, which assist the driver in using this tactic.
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Battery-electric vehicles use around 20kWh of energy for 100km of travel (equivalent to 3 miles/kWh), about 4 times less than a fossil fuel car.
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Example energy flows for a late-model (pre-2009) midsize passenger car: (a) urban driving; (b) highway driving. Source: U.S. Department of Energy
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which might be used later on. Using stored energy (via coasting) for these purposes is more efficient than dissipating it in friction braking.
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Should an unforeseen event occur such drivers will usually have more braking force available than a driver that brakes heavily through habit.
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Simple model for energy vs vehicle speed. Air resistance is the main cause expended energy per distance when driving at high steady speeds.
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Some hybrids must keep the engine running whenever the vehicle is in motion and the transmission engaged, although they still have an
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Vehicle
Inertia Impact on Fuel Consumption of Conventional and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Acceleration and Coast Driving Strategy
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1327:. Fuel-Saving Cruising Strategies for Parallel HEVs. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol.65, Issue 6, pp.4676-4686, 2015.
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Using high octane gasoline fuel in a vehicle that does not need it is generally considered an unnecessary expense, although Toyota
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976:
Panis, L. Int; Beckx, C.; Broekx, S.; de
Vlieger, I.; Schrooten, L.; Degraeuwe, B.; Pelkmans, L. (January 2011). "PM, NOx and CO
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Drafting increases risk of collision when there is a separation of fewer than three seconds from the preceding vehicle.
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then higher octane fuel will result in higher efficiency and performance under certain load and mixture conditions.
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which must always be overcome by the vehicle during travel. If coasting uphill, stored energy is also expended by
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of over 90 percent for the wind force (aerodynamic drag) with a in efficiency is reported to be 39 percent.
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Chuck
Squatriglia, "Hypermilers push the limits of fuel efficiency" in Wired (Internet magazine) 6 October 2008
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517:. In non-hybrid vehicles these techniques are also beneficial, with fuel efficiencies of up to 59 mpg
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During the pulse (acceleration) phase of pulse and glide, the efficiency is near maximal due to the high
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Due to stop and go traffic, driving during rush hours is fuel inefficient and produces more toxic fumes.
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429:, battery capacity, battery level, load, depending on acceleration, wind drag and its factor of speed.
805:. 'Gerdes isn't just a hypermiler. He's the hypermiler. He's the man who coined the term "hypermiler"'
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Some hybrid vehicles are well-suited to performing pulse and glide. In a series-parallel hybrid (see
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Engine efficiency varies with speed and torque. For driving at a steady speed one cannot choose any
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949:"Continuation Study to Evaluate the Impacts of the SR91 Value-Priced Express Lanes Final Report"
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Pulse and glide ratio of combustion engine in hybrid vehicles points on it by gear ratio in its
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slows to below 45 mph (72 km/h). Communities can improve fuel efficiency by adopting
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997:
924:"Italian Tesla drivers set distance record after driving Model S 670 miles on a single charge"
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maps. Using such a map, one can find the efficiency of the engine at various combinations of
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techniques are used by drivers who wish to reduce their fuel consumption, and thus maximize
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79:(5%), and braking (5%). Since no miles are gained while idling, or when the engine is in
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686:(Report). Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. 2006
593:"Using on-board logging devices to study the long-term impact of an eco-driving course"
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1016:"Do lower speed limits on motorways reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emissions?"
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Tires and passenger vehicle fuel economy: informing consumers, improving performance
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185:, may go up to 1,080 kilometres (670 mi) at 39 km/h (24 mph).
83:, efficiency increases when shutting off the engine when the car is stopped.
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There is sometimes a tradeoff between saving fuel and preventing crashes.
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Nakata, K.; Uchida, D.; Ota, A.; Utsumi, S.; et al. (2007-07-23).
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At higher speeds, wind resistance plays an increasing role in reducing
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Typical brake-specific fuel consumption map for a small turbo-diesel.
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627:"20 Ways to Improve Your Fuel Efficiency and Save Money at the Pump"
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29:
1278:. Ph.D thesis. Virginia Polytechnic Institute, September 4, 2009.
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1463:"This Guy Can Get 59 MPG in a Plain Old Accord. Beat That, Punk"
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Holmberg, Kenneth; Andersson, Peter; Erdemir, Ali (March 2012).
1494:
1396:
This Guy Can Get 59 MPG in a Plain Old Accord. Beat That, Punk.
1077:"WHAT'S NEXT; Dashboard Miser Teaches Drivers How to Save Fuel"
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emission reductions from speed management policies in Europe".
307:, but this energy is not dissipated since it becomes stored as
891:
Holmberg, Kenneth; Andersson, Peter; Erdemir, Ali (Mar 2012).
893:"Global energy consumption due to friction in passenger cars"
709:"Global energy consumption due to friction in passenger cars"
1417:. Mythbusters-wiki.discovery.com. 2008-10-30. Archived from
1048:
http://s3.amazonaws.com/mark_tranchant/images/tdi-bsfc.png
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99:
Underinflated tires wear out faster and lose energy to
1325:
S. Xu, S. Eben Li, H. Peng, B. Cheng, X. Zhang, Z. Pan
1441:"100 mpg? For 'hypermilers,' that sounds about right"
1022:. European Environment Agency (EEA). April 13, 2011.
647:
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypermiling
642:
640:
27:
Driving using techniques that reduce fuel consumption
1134:"Title 29-A, §2064: No coasting on grade in neutral"
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increased stopping distance to pulling to one side.
1211:"The Impact of RON on SI Engine Thermal Efficiency"
74:Most of the fuel energy loss in cars occurs in the
1337:S. Eben Li, R. Li, J. Wang, X. Hu, B. Cheng, K. Li
1101:
702:
700:
1175:"Engines at operating temperature use less fuel"
875:. PDF free download. David J.C. MacKay (2009):
660:"Advanced Technologies & Energy Efficiency"
1404:, January/February 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
1301:S. Xu, S. Eben Li, X. Zhang, B. Cheng, H. Peng
758:"Improving Aerodynamics to Boost Fuel Economy"
247:in order to maximize overall fuel efficiency.
1360:"AutoSpeed - Brake Specific Fuel Consumption"
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279:An alternative to acceleration or braking is
8:
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817:Five basic fuel-efficient driving techniques
1313:S. Eben Li, Q. Guo, L. Xin, B. Cheng, K. Li
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1255:https://doi.org/10.1177/0954407011420214
845:Sustainable Energy – without the hot air
789:"Ten fuel-saving tips from a hypermiler"
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433:Causes of pulse-and-glide energy saving
231:Acceleration and deceleration (braking)
1269:
1267:
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878:Sustainable energy without the hot air
151:Fuel economy at various driving speeds
1158:"Attend - SAE International - Attend"
457:and much of this energy is stored as
287:. Coasting dissipates stored energy (
214:Choice of gear (manual transmissions)
7:
848:. Cambridge: UIT. pp. 254–261.
1026:from the original on March 29, 2014
744:"Fuel-efficient driving techniques"
25:
1062:"Brake Specific Fuel Consumption"
922:Liptak, Andrew (August 6, 2017).
261:as heat, which is irrecoverable.
1289:S. Eben Li, X. Hu, K. Li, C. Ahn
633:from the original on 2016-08-16.
615:from the original on 2013-10-19.
553:Car speed and energy consumption
1469:from the original on 2007-04-15
529:(7.8 L/100 km) in an
440:Brake specific fuel consumption
237:brake specific fuel consumption
115:Mass and improving aerodynamics
1505:Hypermiling / Fuel saving tips
1461:Gaffney, Dennis (2007-01-01).
1439:Woodyard, Chris (2008-06-27).
1075:Eisenberg, Anne (2001-06-07).
909:10.1016/j.triboint.2011.11.022
725:10.1016/j.triboint.2011.11.022
521:(4.0 L/100 km) in a
309:gravitational potential energy
293:gravitational potential energy
257:Conventional brakes dissipate
143:Maintaining an efficient speed
1:
994:10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.05.005
787:Diken, Chris; Erica Francis.
760:. Edmunds.com. Archived from
283:, i.e. gliding along without
111:also reduce fuel efficiency.
1108:. Greystone Books. pp.
591:Beusen; et al. (2009).
192:A truck restricted to 55 mph
842:MacKay, David J.C. (2009).
558:Fuel economy in automobiles
355:for the engine. Either the
346:Minimizing ancillary losses
169:fuel economy in automobiles
62:Fuel economy in automobiles
1546:
1500:Lowest to Highest MPG Cars
1215:SAE Technical Paper Series
1104:David Suzuki's Green Guide
956:ceenve3.civeng.calpoly.edu
649:Merriam Webster dictionary
505:
416:internal combustion engine
385:
367:
272:
59:
609:10.1016/j.trd.2009.05.009
597:Transportation Research D
466:Drafting or slipstreaming
412:hybrid vehicle drivetrain
1490:Natural Resources Canada
1217:. Vol. 1. Sae.org.
543:Alternative fuel vehicle
388:Battery electric vehicle
38:Energy-efficient driving
897:Tribology International
801:The term was coined by
713:Tribology International
135:"VW Golf 8 online help"
1191:. Faqs.org. 1996-11-17
1100:Suzuki, David (2008).
193:
164:
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56:Cause of energy losses
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18:Fuel efficient driving
1138:legislature.maine.gov
353:operating temperature
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162:
150:
69:
33:
1223:10.4271/2007-01-2007
337:Anticipating traffic
263:Regenerative braking
107:and high engine oil
1530:Transport economics
1525:Energy conservation
799:on March 28, 2013.
269:Coasting or gliding
109:kinematic viscosity
1520:Driving techniques
1415:"Big Rig Drafting"
1081:The New York Times
822:2013-05-17 at the
568:Fuel saving device
301:rolling resistance
204:Congestion pricing
194:
165:
153:
130:rolling resistance
101:rolling resistance
72:
35:
1119:978-1-55365-293-9
965:on July 19, 2011.
662:. Fueleconomy.gov
323:Start-stop system
275:Gliding (vehicle)
16:(Redirected from
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1465:. Mother Jones.
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1394:Dennis Gaffney.
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1362:. Archived from
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958:. Archived from
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795:. Archived from
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746:. 30 April 2018.
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506:Main article:
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1471:. Retrieved
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988:(1): 32–37.
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903:: 221–234.
719:: 221–234.
508:Hypermiling
502:Hypermiling
95:Maintenance
46:hypermiling
1514:Categories
1473:2007-04-20
1447:2009-08-22
1425:2011-03-12
1370:2012-02-21
1228:2009-08-22
1195:2009-08-22
1143:2017-10-08
1086:2009-08-22
933:August 30,
869:22 October
768:2009-08-22
690:2023-12-01
666:2009-08-22
579:References
295:) against
285:propulsion
87:Techniques
1030:March 29,
1002:0967-070X
928:The Verge
864:986577242
531:Acura MDX
527:‑US
519:‑US
364:Fuel type
330:auto-stop
1467:Archived
1024:Archived
820:Archived
793:NBC News
631:Archived
613:Archived
537:See also
281:coasting
122:spoilers
548:Carpool
450:, etc.
414:), the
175:Hybrids
81:standby
1116:
1000:
862:
852:
475:Safety
455:torque
448:torque
380:OBD-II
128:, and
1161:(PDF)
963:(PDF)
952:(PDF)
684:(PDF)
515:Prius
357:choke
1349:2012
1114:ISBN
1032:2014
998:ISSN
935:2017
871:2023
860:OCLC
850:ISBN
299:and
291:and
1219:doi
990:doi
905:doi
721:doi
605:doi
444:rpm
376:has
139:).
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20:)
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