1666:
1908:, and successfully demonstrated return in 2015, and successfully reused the same booster on a second suborbital flight in January 2016. By October 2016, Blue had reflown, and landed successfully, that same launch vehicle a total of five times. It must however be noted that the launch trajectories of both vehicles are very different, with New Shepard going straight up and down without achieving orbital flight, whereas Falcon 9 has to cancel substantial horizontal velocity and return from a significant distance downrange, while delivering the payload to orbit with the second stage.
1655:
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31:
66:
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returning from flight, such a first stage remains floating in the air (without touching the surface of the Earth). This will ensure that the first stage is retained for reuse. Increasing the size of the first stage increases aerodynamic losses. This results in a slight decrease in payload. This reduction in payload is compensated for by the reuse of the first stage.
1839:, as had been the standard procedure for all orbital launch vehicles flown prior to that time. Both were subsequently demonstrated on actual orbital nominal flights, although both also had an abort mode during launch that could conceivably allow the crew to land the spaceplane following an off-nominal launch.
1397:
There is also the concept of a launch vehicle with an inflatable, reusable first stage. The shape of this structure will be supported by excess internal pressure (using light gases). It is assumed that the bulk density of the first stage (without propellant) is less than the bulk density of air. Upon
1512:
was studied starting in 1964. It would have comprised three identical spaceplanes strapped together and arranged in two stages. During ascent the two outer spaceplanes, which formed the first stage, would detach and glide back individually to earth. It was canceled after the last study of the design
1032:
are considered to be retrofitted with such heat shields to salvage the expensive engines, possibly reducing the costs of launches significantly. Heat shields allow an orbiting spacecraft to land safely without expending very much fuel. They need not take the form of inflatable heat shields, they may
1423:
After the launcher lands, it may need to be refurbished to prepare it for its next flight. This process may be lengthy and expensive. The launcher may not be able to be recertified as human-rated after refurbishment, although SpaceX has flown reused Falcon 9 boosters for human missions. There is
1451:) could reach the fringes of space, reusable technology was too heavy. In addition, many early rockets were developed to deliver weapons, making reuse impossible by design. The problem of mass efficiency was overcome by using multiple expendable stages in a vertical launch
822:
are two other reusable spacecraft that were designed to be able to act as orbital insertion stages and have been produced, however the former only made one uncrewed test flight before the project was cancelled, and the latter is not yet operational, having completed
1315:
Vehicles that land horizontally on a runway require wings and undercarriage. These typically consume about 9-12% of the landing vehicle mass, which either reduces the payload or increases the size of the vehicle. Concepts such as
676:. The Ship completed its first successful reentry and returned for a controlled splashdown in the Indian Ocean. The test marked the first instance that could be considered meeting all requirements to be fully reusable.
933:(1980-1988, with just one uncrewed test flight in 1988). Both of these spaceships were also an integral part of the launch system (providing launch acceleration) as well as operating as medium-duration spaceships in
1124:
at sea or a touchdown at land. The latter may require an engine burn just before landing as parachutes alone cannot slow the craft down enough to prevent injury to astronauts. This can be seen in the Soyuz capsule.
667:
intended to be fully reusable that has been fully built and tested. The most recent test flight was on June 6, 2024, in which the vehicle completed a suborbital launch and landed both stages for the first time. The
1424:
eventually a limit on how many times a launcher can be refurbished before it has to be retired, but how often a launcher can be reused differs significantly between the various launch system designs.
762:
expendable rockets and can because of that be considered partially reusable systems if the aircraft is thought of as the first stage of the launch vehicle. An example of this configuration is the
1415:. This is unavoidable due to the supplementary systems, landing gear and/or surplus propellant needed to land a stage. The actual mass penalty depends on the vehicle and the return mode chosen.
3194:
As of 12 January 2024. A presentation slide at the company's all-hands meeting stated that fairing halves of the Falcon 9 and Heavy rockets had been recovered and reflown "more than 300 times".
4826:
3968:
5433:
4312:
1893:
in
February 2018, the two outer cores successfully returned to the launch site landing pads while the center core targeted the landing platform at sea but did not successfully land on it.
4889:
4224:
1497:
was proposed in the 1960s as a fully reusable successor to the Saturn V rocket, having the capacity of transporting up to 450–910 t (990,000–2,000,000 lb) to orbit. See also
5201:
4959:
6677:
6218:
4088:
890:
As with launch vehicles, all pure spacecraft during the early decades of human capacity to achieve spaceflight were designed to be single-use items. This was true both for
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422:
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capsules also reduce their fall speed with parachutes and deploy an airbag shortly before touchdown on the ground, in order to retrieve and reuse the vehicle.
4606:
1763:. On 20 November 2020, Rocket Lab successfully returned an Electron first stage from an orbital launch, the stage softly splashing down in the Pacific Ocean.
6054:
4989:
4510:
553:. However, in the 1990s, due to both programs' failure to meet expectations, reusable launch vehicle concepts were reduced to prototype testing. The rise of
3178:
An exact figure for reused SRBs is not possible because the boosters were broken up for parts at the end of recovery and not kept as complete sets of parts.
747:
are the only orbital rockets to reuse their boosters, although multiple other systems are in development. All aircraft-launched rockets reuse the aircraft.
375:
4796:
4274:""胖五"家族迎新 送新一代载人飞船试验船升空——长征五号B运载火箭首飞三大看点 (LM5 Family in focus: next generation crewed spacecraft and other highlight of the Long March 5B maiden flight)"
3122:
3080:
467:
may be launched on top of an expendable launch vehicle. Reusable launch vehicles do not need to make these parts for each launch, therefore reducing its
5141:
4110:
1665:
1915:
LV to be reusable, with first flight planned for no earlier than 2024. SpaceX has a new super-heavy launch vehicle under development for missions to
4920:
7641:
5914:
4818:
3532:
1932:
1928:
1165:
can employ a horizontal landing system. These vehicles land on earth much like a plane does, but they usually do not use propellant during landing.
645:
3958:
6655:
6245:
4304:
4877:
1911:
Both Blue Origin and SpaceX also have additional reusable launch vehicles under development. Blue is developing the first stage of the orbital
7206:
4220:
5471:
7383:
6235:
6170:
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5458:
3828:
2098:
380:
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is planned to land vertically, while the second is to be caught by arms after performing most of the typical steps of a retrograde landing.
2619:
684:
Partial reusable launch systems, in the form of multiple stage to orbit systems have been so far the only reusable configurations in use.
1385:
Retrograde landing typically requires about 10% of the total first stage propellant, reducing the payload that can be carried due to the
7295:
7001:
4054:
1139:
6255:
4472:
2025:
775:
697:
609:
6275:
5403:"Due to continued design improvements, this Falcon 9 carried its highest ever payload of 17.5 tons of useful load to a useful orbit"
5266:
3611:
415:
370:
4080:
4856:
4372:
4281:
7636:
7376:
5490:
5112:
4578:
4758:
6430:
4342:
1882:
527:
1028:, as developed by the US (Low Earth Orbit Flight Test Inflatable Decelerator - LOFTID) and China, single-use rockets like the
608:
The impact of reusability in launch vehicles has been foundational in the space flight industry. So much so that in 2024, the
7646:
7631:
6994:
6805:
6667:
6250:
5010:
1729:
SpaceX achieved the first vertical soft landing of a reusable orbital rocket stage on
December 21, 2015, after delivering 11
1658:
1585:
rocket, the
Energia II, was proposed. Its boosters and core would have had the capability of landing separately on a runway.
5238:
4644:
4702:
4618:
4449:
4197:
656:, began development work by early 2021, but has announced no date for testing and have not discussed the project publicly.
7356:
7322:
7134:
6070:
5865:
5855:
5777:
5294:
4173:
2163:
1877:. The first successful landing was done in December 2015, since then several additional rocket stages landed either at a
1201:
719:
will specifically reuse the first stage engines, while the tank is expended. The engines will splashdown on an inflatable
5039:
4139:
632:
Several companies are currently developing fully reusable launch vehicles as of March 2024. Each of them is working on a
7167:
6371:
5068:
2302:
1684:
contest was intended to develop private suborbital reusable vehicles. Many private companies competed, with the winner,
1517:
1038:
1037:. Heat shields are also proposed for use in combination with retrograde thrust to allow for full reusability as seen in
941:
824:
712:
that fed the RS-25 engines. This is an example of a reusable launch system which reuses specific components of rockets.
408:
6783:
6619:
6366:
6213:
5211:
5206:
3919:
3664:
945:
134:
99:
4735:
4549:
1835:
portion of the launch vehicle. In both cases, the main vehicle thrust structure and the large propellant tank were
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6624:
6297:
5637:
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1916:
1654:
598:
342:
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4502:
1726:(100 km or 62 mi), reaching 329,839 ft (100,535 m) before returning for a propulsive landing.
7310:
7270:
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5802:
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1412:
1312:
A variant is an in-air-capture tow back system, advocated by a company called EMBENTION with its FALCon project.
728:
522:
may also be needed to slow it down further. Reusable parts may also need specialized recovery facilities such as
5348:
1927:
the booster stage and the integrated second-stage/large-spacecraft that are designed for use with
Starship. Its
977:
so that they become truly reusable long-duration spaceships; no
Starship operational flights have yet occurred.
612:
initiated a 50 year forward looking plan for the Cape that involved major infrastructure upgrades (including to
7172:
7129:
7124:
7032:
6893:
6393:
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1890:
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297:
129:
109:
6612:
4788:
4681:
1740:
The first reuse of a Falcon 9 first stage occurred on 30 March 2017. SpaceX now routinely recovers and reuses
5149:
5090:
1087:) stages to orbit configurations. For some or all stages the following landing system types can be employed.
758:. Existing examples are systems which employ winged horizontal jet-engine powered liftoff. Such aircraft can
7595:
7478:
7275:
7248:
7109:
6833:
6514:
6425:
6329:
6302:
6203:
6136:
5840:
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5820:
1827:
had a designed-in capability to return a part of the launch vehicle to the launch site via the mechanism of
1550:
1238:
1232:
1226:
992:
590:
495:
332:
94:
5320:
727:
booster reached orbit for the 22nd time. It is already the most renowned rocket engine to date, surpassing
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84:
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2000:
1878:
1793:
1614:
1370:
rocket is the first orbital rocket to vertically land its first stage on the ground. The first stage of
1172:
1076:
926:
906:
898:
intended to be left in space for a long time, as well as any object designed to return to Earth such as
842:
811:
783:
705:
538:
5050:(video). 68th annual meeting of the International Astronautical Congress in Adelaide, Australia: SpaceX
616:) to support a higher anticipated launch cadence and landing sites for the new generation of vehicles.
3869:"Dawn Aerospace unveils the Mk II Aurora suborbital space plane, capable of multiple same-day flights"
1162:
30:
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5625:
5517:
5434:"Rocket Lab Returns Previously Flown Electron to Production Line in Preparation for First Reflight"
3833:
3818:
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2782:
2485:
1870:
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1628:
1607:
1498:
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934:
836:
819:
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554:
464:
347:
337:
236:
6971:
1490:
underwent two revisions: once in 1952 and again in 1956. They would have landed using parachutes.
7552:
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6975:
6758:
6684:
6539:
6435:
6287:
6015:
5679:
5035:
4409:
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3450:
3314:
2275:
1824:
1789:
partially reusable orbital rocket, as it is intending to recover and reuse only the first stage.
1646:
programs, which were both cancelled in the early 2000s due to rising costs and technical issues.
1220:
1210:
1178:
1080:
930:
815:
803:
779:
669:
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significantly. However, these benefits are diminished by the cost of recovery and refurbishment.
460:
398:
193:
159:
149:
39:
5295:"SpaceX successfully debuts Falcon Heavy in demonstration launch from KSC – NASASpaceFlight.com"
2663:
1773:
As of May 2020, the only operational reusable orbital-class launch systems are the Falcon 9 and
1638:
NASA proposed reusable concepts to replace the
Shuttle technology, to be demonstrated under the
1777:, the latter of which is based upon the Falcon 9. SpaceX is also developing the fully reusable
952:
on these NASA-contracted transport routes. This was the beginning of design and operation of a
7610:
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1589:
1528:. This concept proved expensive and complex, therefore the design was scaled back to reusable
1483:
1452:
1433:
1288:
1019:
1008:
986:
899:
799:
751:
483:
227:
139:
6595:
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6629:
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6450:
6292:
5992:
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5695:
4401:
3492:
3319:
2904:
2577:
1855:
1800:
1582:
1300:
1206:
1186:
960:
754:
have been proposed and explored over time as reusable systems for liftoff, from balloons to
550:
261:
210:
5415:
4480:
810:
has achieved a reuse of the orbital insertion stage, by using the engines and fuel tank of
7536:
7443:
6888:
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6639:
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6502:
6408:
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5920:
5712:
5690:
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5402:
4055:"SpaceX Flies IFT-4, Achieves Super Heavy, Starship Controlled Splashdowns - AmericaSpace"
3784:
3748:
2445:
2270:
1920:
1811:
After 1980, but before the 2010s, two orbital launch vehicles developed the capability to
1778:
1734:
1386:
1371:
1345:
1273:
1256:
1054:
1034:
967:
641:
578:
545:. In the 1960s and 1970s, the first reusable launch vehicles were manufactured, named the
542:
309:
164:
5482:
1471:
1120:
These are landing systems that employ parachutes and bolstered hard landings, like in a
577:. Many launch vehicles are now expected to debut with reusability in the 2020s, such as
7605:
7403:
7305:
7079:
7074:
6935:
6922:
6815:
6746:
6736:
6721:
6699:
6689:
6585:
6575:
6524:
6445:
6113:
5739:
5734:
4848:
4364:
4273:
3843:
3838:
3789:
3621:
3579:
3085:
2330:
1936:
1681:
1502:
1482:
Perhaps the first reusable launch vehicles were the ones conceptualized and studied by
1317:
1283:
1261:
755:
716:
673:
664:
653:
613:
557:
companies in the 2000s and 2010s lead to a resurgence of their development, such as in
452:
304:
4607:
NASA-CR-195281, "Utilization of the external tanks of the space transportation system"
827:, as of June 2024, which achieved all of its mission objectives at the fourth flight.
723:, then be recovered. On 23 February 2024, one of the nine Merlin engines a powering a
7625:
7585:
7570:
7453:
7448:
7422:
7337:
7049:
6883:
6800:
6731:
6694:
6534:
6455:
6319:
6314:
6101:
5845:
5587:
5575:
4413:
3779:
3743:
3712:
3564:
3537:
3482:
3440:
3410:
3400:
3346:
3277:
3262:
2991:
2986:
2899:
2609:
2560:
2400:
2370:
2365:
2320:
2260:
2190:
2141:
2083:
2043:
1995:
1985:
1816:
1632:
1592:
1564:
1542:
launched and landed 27 times and was lost with all crew on the 28th landing attempt;
1533:
1460:
1325:
1269:
1252:
1144:
1115:
922:
902:
807:
709:
693:
546:
456:
251:
246:
241:
169:
144:
4334:
948:
was designed for reuse, and after 2017, NASA began to allow the reuse of the SpaceX
7241:
7114:
7084:
7064:
7041:
6940:
6875:
6544:
6529:
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6225:
5998:
5964:
5958:
5825:
5552:
5477:
3963:
3753:
3574:
3569:
3373:
3304:
3127:
2200:
1940:
1886:
1774:
1767:
1730:
1693:
1669:
1621:
1548:
launched and landed 9 times and was lost with all crew on the 10th launch attempt;
1529:
1363:
1244:
1129:
1004:
918:
895:
876:
846:
767:
744:
574:
558:
511:
482:, making them heavier than their expendable counterparts. Reused parts may need to
448:
280:
7368:
3920:"SpaceX's Starship rocket lifts off for inaugural test flight but explodes midair"
1889:
is similarly designed to reuse the three cores comprising its first stage. On its
4652:
3991:"STOKE Space Raises $ 65M Series A to Make Space Access Sustainable and Scalable"
1635:, attempted to build reusable privately developed rockets before going bankrupt.
7600:
7557:
7526:
7438:
7236:
7231:
7059:
6768:
6634:
6324:
6307:
6179:
6091:
6086:
5952:
5909:
5870:
5729:
5610:
5558:
4913:"SpaceX Recovered Falcon Heavy Nose Cone, Plans to Re-fly it This Year (Photos)"
4622:
3793:
3722:
3717:
2703:
2614:
2567:
2520:
2405:
2148:
1904:
1896:
1867:
1847:
1782:
1715:
1525:
1509:
1455:. USAF and NACA had been studying orbital reusable spaceplanes since 1958, e.g.
1437:
1379:
1375:
1341:
1192:
1064:
1050:
1025:
996:
914:
880:
657:
649:
594:
562:
531:
519:
487:
468:
444:
205:
122:
57:
4438:
4305:"Is China's inflatable space tech a $ 400 Million Cost savings for NASA's SLS?"
1931:
took place in April 2023; however, both stages were lost during ascent. On the
7196:
7146:
6902:
6810:
6753:
6713:
6507:
6208:
5706:
5045:
4446:
IAC-17-D2.4.4, 68th
International Astronautical Congress, Adelaide, Australia.
3213:
3045:
3040:
2827:
2822:
2572:
2153:
1900:
1832:
1748:
1521:
1444:
1321:
1279:
1265:
1248:
1156:
1121:
1101:
971:
854:
771:
759:
499:
479:
292:
256:
182:
89:
4016:
3203:
Rocket Lab announced in 2024 that it will be reusing a recovered first stage.
1599:
prototype demonstrated rapid turnaround time and automatic computer control.
7226:
6912:
6763:
6480:
6361:
6282:
6265:
6080:
5787:
5656:
5353:
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2946:
2864:
2740:
2658:
2410:
1912:
1786:
1756:
1456:
1109:
1000:
913:(2005–2010). Exceptions to the general rule for space vehicles were the US
891:
720:
582:
515:
287:
200:
4531:
4819:"Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk spar over gravity of Blue Origin rocket landing"
4557:
4247:
1858:
of the booster stage of a launch vehicle. After 2010, SpaceX undertook a
1447:
proved unrealistic and although even the first practical rocket vehicles (
841:
Launch systems can be combined with reusable spaceplanes or capsules. The
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7417:
5792:
5700:
5668:
5615:
5546:
3365:
2909:
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1618:
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1060:
949:
910:
865:
861:
740:
724:
602:
570:
503:
491:
475:
35:
6986:
4789:"Blue Origin Makes Historic Reusable Rocket Landing in Epic Test Flight"
4221:"Cargo manifest for SpaceX's 11th resupply mission to the space station"
4188:"Space Probe, Perhaps with a Chunk of Asteroid, Returns to Earth Sunday"
3959:"Blue Origin has a secret project named "Jarvis" to compete with SpaceX"
929:(mid-1970s-2011, with 135 flights between 1981 and 2011) and the Soviet
905:
or the sample return canisters of space matter collection missions like
7458:
5650:
3361:
2951:
1578:. The project failed due to technical issues and was canceled in 1993.
1459:, but the first reusable stages did not fly until the advent of the US
507:
440:
5083:"Trouble-free as a Kalashnikov assault rifle: the Amur methane rocket"
3895:"Space Coast looks toward the future with port and factory expansions"
1935:
however, both the booster and the ship achieved a soft landing in the
64:
6726:
6590:
6075:
5807:
5771:
5765:
5674:
5011:"China to test rocket reusability with planned Long March 8 launcher"
3487:
3405:
3351:
2859:
2265:
2195:
2088:
2053:
1843:
1700:
1355:
1294:
1216:
1132:
to recover space vehicles, only later have the vehicles been reused.
1105:
850:
637:
523:
1661:
used horizontal landing after being launched from a carrier airplane
5417:
Elon Musk delivers SpaceX update, talks
Starship progress and more!
4673:
1899:
developed similar technologies for bringing back and landing their
708:
that acted as an orbital insertion stage, but it did not reuse the
624:
Reusable launch systems may be either fully or partially reusable.
7580:
7400:
5662:
5377:"Musk offers more technical details on BFR system - SpaceNews.com"
5082:
4248:"Inflatable Decelerator Will Hitch a Ride on the JPSS-2 Satellite"
3606:
3522:
3117:
3075:
3035:
2981:
2941:
2817:
2777:
2735:
2693:
2653:
2480:
2440:
2360:
1664:
1653:
1603:
1470:
701:
4503:"Wernher von Braun's Fantastic Vision: Ferry Rocket | WIRED"
1382:
suborbital rocket also lands vertically back at the launch site.
4437:
Sippel, M; Stappert, S; Bussler, L; Dumont, E (September 2017),
4251:
3445:
3356:
3267:
2048:
1990:
1923:
is designed to support RTLS, vertical-landing and full reuse of
1863:
1828:
1719:
1643:
1639:
1596:
1575:
1337:
1306:
1196:
869:
7372:
6990:
6152:
5891:
5528:
5486:
6607:
6148:
4439:"Systematic Assessment of Reusable First-Stage Return Options"
3651:
1751:
announced plans to recover and reuse the first stage of their
1448:
884:
4395:
4170:"Mission Accomplished For Japan's Asteroid Explorer Hayabusa"
4081:"Balloon launcher Zero2Infinity Sets Its Sights to the Stars"
875:
Contemporary reusable orbital vehicles include the X-37, the
660:
is also developing a rocket which is planned to be reusable.
4956:"Rocket Lab Announces Reusability Plans For Electron Rocket"
1792:
5 October 2020, Roscosmos signed a development contract for
1128:
Though such systems have been in use since the beginning of
879:, the Dragon 2, the Indian RLV-TD and the upcoming European
439:
has parts that can be recovered and reflown, while carrying
3469:
10,400 kg (excluding service module and abort system)
1799:
In
December 2020, ESA signed contracts to start developing
4982:"Rocket Lab launches Electron in test of booster recovery"
1033:
simply take the form of heat-resistant tiles that prevent
806:, particularly with the second and third stages. Only the
5349:"Blue Origin successfully tests New Shepard abort system"
4579:"Forgotten 1960s 'Thunderbirds' projects brought to life"
966:
As of 2021, SpaceX is currently building and testing the
486:
and navigate through it, so they are often equipped with
1722:(VTVL) sub-orbital rocket to reach space by passing the
1624:
boosters. The last recovery attempt took place in 2009.
1595:
VTOL SSTO proposal progressed to the testing phase. The
864:
launch system has carried reusable vehicles such as the
790:. Both vehicles are planned to recover the first stage.
644:, which has been in development since 2016 and has made
3668:
872:, transporting two reusable vehicles at the same time.
530:. Some concepts rely on ground infrastructures such as
5472:
Illustration of a Space
Shuttle at takeoff and Orbiter
5267:"SpaceX Lands 6th Rocket, Moves Closer to Reusability"
4015:
Volosín, Trevor Sesnic, Juan I. Morales (2023-02-04).
1520:
in 1968, with the vision of creating a fully reusable
849:, Dawn Mk-II Aurora, and the under-development Indian
5202:"The Forgotten Soviet Space Shuttle Could Fly Itself"
1885:
at sea, some distance away from the launch site. The
1358:
are examples of a retrograde system. The boosters of
5321:"Blue Origin reflies New Shepard suborbital vehicle"
5113:"ESA plans demonstration of a reusable rocket stage"
4759:"SpaceX moving quickly towards fly-back first stage"
4397:
The Concept of an Inflatable Reusable Launch Vehicle
4111:"ESA plans demonstration of a reusable rocket stage"
731:
no. 2019's record of 19 flights on its 20th flight.
7545:
7487:
7431:
7410:
7189:
7155:
7100:
7040:
7031:
7024:
6921:
6874:
6826:
6712:
6648:
6553:
6473:
6464:
6352:
6186:
6063:
6031:
5985:
5934:
5902:
5748:
5722:
5597:
5568:
5539:
4674:"Б.И.Губанов. Триумф и трагедия "Энергии" глава 41"
1707:. These subsequently led to the development of the
1067:employ retrograde burns for re-entry, and landing.
1020:
Atmospheric entry § Thermal protection systems
5237:Newcomb, Alyssa; Dooley, Erin (21 December 2015).
4757:
1602:In mid-1990s, British research evolved an earlier
1581:In the late 1980s a fully reusable version of the
648:in April 2023 and 3 more flights as of June 2024.
3918:Strickland, Jackie Wattles, Ashley (2023-04-20).
3824:SpaceX reusable launch system development program
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
1513:in 1967 due to a lack of funds for development.
474:Reusable launch vehicles may contain additional
1742:their first stages, as well as reusing fairings
1692:twice in a two-week period with their reusable
1320:offer some reduction in wing mass, as does the
1181:- acted as an orbital insertion stage, however
1106:Airbag § Spacecraft airbag landing systems
970:spaceship to be capable of surviving multiple
7384:
7002:
6164:
5498:
5239:"SpaceX Historic Rocket Landing Is a Success"
4882:] launches first recycled rocket – video"
1803:, a prototype reusable first stage launcher.
1185:could also be used as a second stage for the
853:are examples for a reusable space vehicle (a
534:to accelerate the launch vehicle beforehand.
455:parts aimed for reuse. Smaller parts such as
416:
8:
4039:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3942:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1796:a new launcher with a reusable first stage.
1766:China is researching the reusability of the
1436:in the first half of the twentieth century,
4940:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4140:"Pinch of comet dust lands safely on Earth"
1411:Reusable stages weigh more than equivalent
663:As of June 2024, Starship is the only
7391:
7377:
7369:
7351:
7037:
7028:
7009:
6995:
6987:
6470:
6171:
6157:
6149:
5899:
5888:
5536:
5525:
5505:
5491:
5483:
4911:April 2019, Mike Wall 12 (12 April 2019).
4125:"Everything you need to know about Themis"
3686:
3227:
1950:
1478:used vertical takeoff and vertical landing
1366:land using one of their nine engines. The
1059:Reusable launch system stages such as the
944:from one of the suppliers resupplying the
937:. This began to change in the mid-2010s.
857:) as well as a part of its launch system.
537:Since at least in the early 20th century,
506:mechanics to aid in its recovery, such as
423:
409:
221:
187:
44:
1862:to acquire the ability to bring back and
541:reusable launch vehicles have existed in
5915:Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft
4703:"Recovery of an Ariane 5 booster at sea"
3533:Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft
1202:Space Shuttle's studied fly-back booster
29:
27:Vehicles that can go to space and return
6656:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
4375:from the original on September 20, 2020
3860:
3171:
1443:Early ideas of a single-stage reusable
56:
7207:Differential technological development
6678:Psychological and sociological effects
5451:Reusable space transportation systems.
5060:
4933:
4032:
3935:
1613:From the late 1990s to the 2000s, the
1610:design, which remains in development.
1352:McDonnell Douglas DC-X (Delta Clipper)
770:uses for liftoff a carrier plane, its
5474:(Visual Dictionary - QAInternational)
4272:Xinhua Editorial Board (5 May 2020).
3829:List of private spaceflight companies
18:Fully-reusable orbital launch vehicle
7:
5293:Gebhardt, Chris (February 5, 2018).
4892:from the original on 9 February 2021
4394:Pidvysotskyi, Valentyn (July 2021),
4345:from the original on 27 October 2020
4150:from the original on 21 January 2018
3648:List of reusable suborbital vehicles
2217:~33,000 kg (all cores reusable)
1881:adjacent to the launch site or on a
798:So far, most launch systems achieve
7596:Liquid Fly-back Booster Derivatives
7296:Future-oriented technology analysis
5093:from the original on 6 October 2020
1720:Vertical Take-off, Vertical Landing
1703:started a flight test program with
1606:design into the far more promising
1140:Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters
672:booster touched down softly in the
6387:Weather and environment monitoring
4829:from the original on 13 April 2020
4284:from the original on 7 August 2020
4227:from the original on 9 August 2018
4091:from the original on 13 April 2020
1672:side boosters landing during 2018
1161:Single or main stages, as well as
776:Scaled Composites White Knight Two
610:Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
25:
5265:Sparks, Daniel (17 August 2016).
5200:Handwerk, Brian (12 April 2016).
5047:Becoming a Multiplanetary Species
4817:Berger, Eric (24 November 2015).
4583:BAE Systems | United Kingdom
4017:"Full Reusability By Stoke Space"
3971:from the original on 30 July 2021
1854:a set of technologies to support
1755:launch vehicle, intending to use
802:with at least partially expended
680:Partially reusable launch systems
7350:
6970:
6960:
6959:
4962:from the original on 21 May 2021
4315:from the original on 10 May 2020
3893:Davenport, Justin (2024-05-09).
3778:
3742:
3711:
3655:
3605:
3563:
3521:
3481:
3439:
3399:
3345:
3303:
3261:
3116:
3074:
3034:
2980:
2940:
2898:
2858:
2816:
2776:
2734:
2692:
2652:
2638:5,000 kg (stage 2 expended)
2608:
2566:
2559:
2519:
2479:
2439:
2399:
2359:
2319:
2259:
2189:
2147:
2140:
2082:
2042:
1984:
1947:List of reusable launch vehicles
1440:became a technical possibility.
975:reentries through the atmosphere
528:autonomous spaceport drone ships
392:
7642:Reusable spaceflight technology
6431:Space launch market competition
5375:Foust, Jeff (15 October 2017).
5319:Foust, Jeff (22 January 2016).
5172:"Space Shuttle Abort Evolution"
5123:from the original on 2020-12-16
5044:Elon Musk (29 September 2017).
5017:from the original on 2021-10-01
4992:from the original on 2021-10-01
4923:from the original on 2021-02-09
4859:from the original on 2020-09-20
4799:from the original on 2021-02-09
4770:from the original on 2013-04-16
4713:from the original on 2021-10-01
4684:from the original on 2020-11-08
4621:. Ntrs.nasa.gov. Archived from
4589:from the original on 2021-01-18
4513:from the original on 2020-11-12
4455:from the original on 2020-04-13
4420:from the original on 2021-08-18
4138:Muir, Hazel (15 January 2006).
4079:Reyes, Tim (October 17, 2014).
2640:7,000 kg (fully expended)
2582:First stage (includes fairing)
1291:- another U.S. research project
6668:Health threat from cosmic rays
5401:Elon Musk (26 February 2024).
5347:Foust, Jeff (5 October 2016).
4196:. 13 June 2010. Archived from
1659:Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne
1560:launched and landed 33 times.
1554:launched and landed 39 times;
1393:Landing using aerostatic force
38:first-stage booster after its
1:
7323:Technology in science fiction
5013:. SpaceNews.com. 2018-04-30.
4958:. Rocket Lab. 6 August 2019.
4756:Lindsey, Clark (2013-03-28).
4246:Marder, Jenny (3 July 2019).
3957:Berger, Eric (27 July 2021).
3216:was landed but not recovered.
1075:Reusable systems can come in
942:space transport cargo capsule
628:Fully reusable launch vehicle
605:, and the Dawn Mk-II Aurora.
7168:Laser communication in space
4878:"SpaceX successful [
3557:Active, reusability unknown
3212:The center booster used for
1617:studied the recovery of the
1567:called for an air-breathing
1518:Space Shuttle design process
766:. For suborbital flight the
498:. By modifying their shape,
6784:Self-replicating spacecraft
6620:International Space Station
6049:Ya Guidao Gainian Feixingqi
5212:National Geographic Society
4619:"STS External Tank Station"
4473:"von Braun concept vehicle"
3224:List of reusable spacecraft
2291:250,000 kg (expended)
1733:commercial satellites into
1532:boosters and an expendable
1297:- an ongoing Indian project
1175:- as part of the main stage
946:International Space Station
923:Vozvraschaemyi Apparat (VA)
778:. Rocket Lab is working on
750:Other than that a range of
463:can also be reused, though
365:List of space organizations
7673:
7328:Technology readiness level
7264:Technological unemployment
6298:Space Liability Convention
5449:Heribert Kuczera, et al.:
4888:. Reuters. 31 March 2017.
4520:– via www.wired.com.
3104:18,000 kg (expended)
3008:68,000 kg (expended)
2928:33,500 kg (expended)
2764:21,300 kg (expended)
2722:13,400 kg (expended)
2596:15,000 kg (expended)
2335:First stage engine module
2289:150,000 kg (reusable)
2219:63,800 kg (expended)
2114:22,800 kg (expended)
1711:reusable rocket launcher.
1486:from 1948 until 1956. The
1335:
1235:- a former Russian project
1154:
1113:
1099:
1048:
1017:
990:
984:
834:
752:non-rocket liftoff systems
7346:
7311:Technological singularity
7271:Technological convergence
6954:
6661:Space adaptation syndrome
6131:
5898:
5887:
5535:
5524:
4795:. Space.Com. 2015-11-24.
4303:Bill D'Zio (7 May 2020).
3475:Active, relaunch planned
3149:
3146:
3143:
3126:
3114:
3102:14,000 kg (reusable)
3013:
3010:
3007:
2990:
2978:
2926:23,500 kg (reusable)
2846:21,500 kg(expended)
2844:17,400 kg (reusable)
2762:18,300 kg (reusable)
2594:13,000 kg (reusable)
2353:Active, recovery planned
2297:Active, recovery planned
2296:
2293:
2288:
2269:
2257:
2249:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2199:
2187:
2183:Active, relaunch planned
2130:
2119:
2116:
2112:17,500 kg (reusable)
2111:
2092:
2080:
2019:
2016:
2013:
1994:
1982:
1813:return to the launch site
1627:The commercial ventures,
1241:- a U.S. research project
1024:With possible inflatable
825:four orbital test flights
729:Space Shuttle Main Engine
7173:Orbital propellant depot
7130:Plasma propulsion engine
7125:Nuclear pulse propulsion
6394:Communications satellite
5067:: CS1 maint: location (
2720:8,300 kg (reusable)
2636:3,000 kg (reusable)
1718:rocket became the first
1714:On 23 November 2015 the
1572:National Aerospace Plane
1432:With the development of
860:More contemporarily the
794:Orbital insertion stages
764:Orbital Sciences Pegasus
688:Specific component reuse
7637:Reusable launch systems
7276:Technological evolution
7249:Exploratory engineering
7110:Beam-powered propulsion
7092:Reusable launch vehicle
6898:reusable launch systems
6515:Extravehicular activity
6426:Commercial use of space
6330:Militarisation of space
6303:Registration Convention
6219:Accidents and incidents
5841:Reusable Booster System
5831:Liquid Fly-back Booster
5514:Reusable launch systems
5453:Springer, Berlin 2011,
5142:"Return to Launch Site"
2177:325 kg (expended)
1239:Reusable Booster System
1227:Liquid Fly-back Booster
993:Air brake (aeronautics)
950:Dragon cargo spacecraft
496:flight control surfaces
437:reusable launch vehicle
95:Timeline of spaceflight
7286:Technology forecasting
7281:Technological paradigm
7254:Proactionary principle
7055:Non-rocket spacelaunch
6946:Mission control center
6908:Non-rocket spacelaunch
6342:Billionaire space race
6044:Goodyear Meteor Junior
5578:(orbiter and boosters)
4732:"France in Space #387"
2326:United Launch Alliance
1785:is developing its own
1677:
1662:
1495:General Dynamics Nexus
1488:Von Braun Ferry Rocket
1479:
1476:McDonnell Douglas DC-X
1278:Dawn Mk-II Aurora - a
1268:under development for
1096:Parachutes and airbags
954:reusable space vehicle
646:an initial test flight
399:Spaceflight portal
315:Non-rocket spacelaunch
85:History of spaceflight
69:
42:
7647:Space launch vehicles
7632:Spacecraft propulsion
7212:Disruptive innovation
7018:Emerging technologies
6796:Spacecraft propulsion
6246:European Space Agency
5971:Space Shuttle orbiter
4501:Portree, David S. F.
4406:10.31224/osf.io/xbf8z
3273:Space Shuttle orbiter
3050:First stage, fairing
2415:First stage, fairing
1933:fourth launch attempt
1815:(RTLS). Both the US
1807:Return to launch site
1705:experimental vehicles
1674:demonstration mission
1668:
1657:
1615:European Space Agency
1474:
1332:Vertical (retrograde)
1282:under development by
1213:launch system concept
1207:Energia II ("Uragan")
1173:Space Shuttle orbiter
1145:SpaceX Dragon capsule
927:Space Shuttle orbiter
843:Space Shuttle orbiter
784:European Space Agency
706:Space Shuttle orbiter
698:Solid Rocket Boosters
539:single-stage-to-orbit
514:. In the atmosphere,
68:
33:
7259:Technological change
7202:Collingridge dilemma
6421:Satellite navigation
5057:– via YouTube.
4059:www.americaspace.com
3995:www.businesswire.com
3839:Mars Descent Vehicle
3669:adding missing items
2252:(Falcon 9 and Heavy)
2133:(Falcon 9 and Heavy)
1929:first launch attempt
1917:interplanetary space
1873:launch vehicle: the
484:enter the atmosphere
451:are the most common
443:from the surface to
7316:Technology scouting
7291:Accelerating change
7163:Interstellar travel
6806:Electric propulsion
6493:Life-support system
6377:Imagery and mapping
6337:Private spaceflight
5942:Buran-class orbiter
5783:Energia II (Uragan)
5478:Lunar Lander Module
5299:NASASpaceFlight.com
5207:National Geographic
5181:. 26 September 2011
4849:"SpaceX on Twitter"
4649:www.astronautix.com
4554:www.astronautix.com
4477:www.astronautix.com
4365:"SpaceX on Twitter"
4223:. Spaceflight Now.
4113:. 15 December 2020.
3899:NASASpaceFlight.com
3844:Mars Ascent Vehicle
3834:Takeoff and landing
3819:Reusable spacecraft
3456:Space Launch System
2783:Deep Blue Aerospace
2486:Deep Blue Aerospace
1960:Reusable Component
1860:development program
1852:privately developed
1842:In the 2000s, both
1629:Rocketplane Kistler
1151:Horizontal (winged)
1030:Space Launch System
837:Reusable spacecraft
831:Reusable spacecraft
820:Starship spacecraft
804:multistaged rockets
555:private spaceflight
465:reusable spacecraft
237:Apollo Lunar Module
7333:Technology roadmap
6759:Robotic spacecraft
6685:Space and survival
6540:Space colonization
6436:Space architecture
6288:Outer Space Treaty
5680:Rocket Lab Neutron
5089:. 5 October 2020.
4021:Everyday Astronaut
3667:; you can help by
1829:horizontal-landing
1678:
1663:
1563:In 1986 President
1480:
1229:- a German concept
1223:spacecraft version
940:In the 2010s, the
883:(successor to the
634:two-stage-to-orbit
194:Robotic spacecraft
70:
43:
7657:Rocket propulsion
7619:
7618:
7366:
7365:
7185:
7184:
7181:
7180:
6984:
6983:
6931:Flight controller
6708:
6707:
6466:Human spaceflight
6441:Space exploration
6367:Earth observation
6146:
6145:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6010:Orel (spacecraft)
5883:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5691:Starship (SpaceX)
5459:978-3-540-89180-2
5218:on April 15, 2016
4309:westeastspace.com
4176:on June 16, 2010.
3809:
3808:
3685:
3684:
3645:
3644:
3168:
3167:
2526:Perigee Aerospace
1819:—with one of its
1761:mid-air retrieval
1686:Scaled Composites
1590:McDonnell Douglas
1588:In the 1990s the
1516:NASA started the
1484:Wernher von Braun
1453:multistage rocket
1434:rocket propulsion
1413:expendable stages
1350:Systems like the
1209:- an alternative
1163:fly-back boosters
1045:Retrograde thrust
1009:Orbital injection
987:Atmospheric entry
800:orbital insertion
433:
432:
327:Spaceflight types
271:
270:
228:Crewed spacecraft
220:
219:
135:Earth observation
16:(Redirected from
7664:
7393:
7386:
7379:
7370:
7354:
7353:
7301:Horizon scanning
7217:Ephemeralization
7135:Helicon thruster
7120:Laser propulsion
7038:
7029:
7011:
7004:
6997:
6988:
6974:
6963:
6962:
6673:Space psychology
6498:Animals in space
6471:
6451:Space technology
6293:Rescue Agreement
6173:
6166:
6159:
6150:
5993:Boeing Starliner
5900:
5889:
5696:Stoke Space Nova
5645:8R (first stage)
5642:6X (first stage)
5537:
5526:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5484:
5438:
5437:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5214:. Archived from
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5176:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5152:on 15 April 2015
5148:. Archived from
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5066:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4939:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4761:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4734:. Archived from
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4651:. Archived from
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4615:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4556:. Archived from
4546:
4540:
4539:
4536:history.nasa.gov
4528:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4479:. Archived from
4469:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4454:
4443:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4219:Clark, Stephen.
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4172:. Archived from
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4038:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3941:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3865:
3805:Fully reusable.
3783:
3782:
3772:Fully reusable.
3747:
3746:
3736:Fully reusable.
3716:
3715:
3687:
3680:
3677:
3659:
3658:
3652:
3610:
3609:
3568:
3567:
3526:
3525:
3486:
3485:
3444:
3443:
3404:
3403:
3369:
3350:
3349:
3308:
3307:
3291:110,000 kg
3266:
3265:
3228:
3217:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3179:
3176:
3144:100,000 kg
3121:
3120:
3079:
3078:
3039:
3038:
2985:
2984:
2945:
2944:
2905:Relativity Space
2903:
2902:
2863:
2862:
2821:
2820:
2781:
2780:
2739:
2738:
2697:
2696:
2657:
2656:
2613:
2612:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2524:
2523:
2484:
2483:
2444:
2443:
2404:
2403:
2364:
2363:
2324:
2323:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2194:
2193:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2087:
2086:
2047:
2046:
1989:
1988:
1951:
1943:, respectively.
1883:landing platform
1856:vertical landing
1823:—and the Soviet
1536:. Space Shuttle
1526:fly-back booster
1301:Reaction Engines
1179:Buran spaceplane
961:Boeing Starliner
816:Buran spaceplane
704:engines and the
425:
418:
411:
397:
396:
395:
222:
211:Cargo spacecraft
188:
45:
21:
7672:
7671:
7667:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7662:
7661:
7622:
7621:
7620:
7615:
7541:
7483:
7427:
7406:
7397:
7367:
7362:
7342:
7177:
7151:
7096:
7020:
7015:
6985:
6980:
6950:
6917:
6889:Escape velocity
6870:
6822:
6789:Space telescope
6742:Reentry capsule
6704:
6644:
6549:
6520:Overview effect
6503:Bioastronautics
6460:
6348:
6182:
6177:
6147:
6142:
6119:
6059:
6027:
5981:
5930:
5894:
5875:
5744:
5718:
5593:
5564:
5531:
5520:
5511:
5468:
5446:
5441:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5385:
5383:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5359:
5357:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5331:
5329:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5303:
5301:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5277:
5275:
5272:Los Motley Fool
5264:
5263:
5259:
5249:
5247:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5221:
5219:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5184:
5182:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5155:
5153:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5126:
5124:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5094:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5043:
5040:Wayback Machine
5033:
5029:
5020:
5018:
5009:
5008:
5004:
4995:
4993:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4965:
4963:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4895:
4893:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4862:
4860:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4830:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4802:
4800:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4773:
4771:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4741:
4739:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4716:
4714:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4687:
4685:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4658:
4656:
4645:"Copper Canyon"
4643:
4642:
4638:
4628:
4626:
4625:on 7 April 2015
4617:
4616:
4612:
4605:
4601:
4592:
4590:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4563:
4561:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4516:
4514:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4486:
4484:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4423:
4421:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4378:
4376:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4348:
4346:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4318:
4316:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4230:
4228:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4201:
4200:on 16 June 2010
4186:
4185:
4181:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4153:
4151:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4127:. 26 June 2023.
4123:
4122:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4064:
4062:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4000:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3974:
3972:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3903:
3901:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3878:
3876:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3814:
3785:Virgin Galactic
3777:
3749:Virgin Galactic
3741:
3710:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3656:
3650:
3635:14,000 kg
3604:
3562:
3520:
3509:13,000 kg
3480:
3438:
3427:12,519 kg
3398:
3367:
3344:
3339:Retired (1988)
3333:92,000 kg
3302:
3297:Retired (2011)
3260:
3237:Launch Vehicle
3226:
3221:
3220:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3115:
3103:
3073:
3062:30,600 kg
3033:
2979:
2939:
2927:
2897:
2886:10,500 kg
2857:
2845:
2815:
2804:20,000 kg
2775:
2763:
2733:
2721:
2691:
2680:12,000 kg
2651:
2639:
2637:
2624:Fully reusable
2607:
2595:
2565:
2558:
2518:
2478:
2446:Galactic Energy
2438:
2427:45,000 kg
2398:
2387:17,000 kg
2358:
2347:27,200 kg
2318:
2290:
2258:
2251:
2218:
2188:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2113:
2081:
2076:Retired (2010)
2070:25,400 kg
2041:
2020:Retired (2011)
2014:27,500 kg
1983:
1972:Payload to LEO
1949:
1921:SpaceX Starship
1864:vertically land
1809:
1781:launch system.
1735:low Earth orbit
1688:, reaching the
1652:
1524:using a crewed
1469:
1430:
1421:
1409:
1404:
1395:
1387:rocket equation
1348:
1346:Thrust reversal
1336:Main articles:
1334:
1274:Virgin Galactic
1257:Virgin Galactic
1195:- a project of
1189:launch vehicle.
1159:
1153:
1118:
1112:
1100:Main articles:
1098:
1093:
1073:
1071:Landing systems
1057:
1055:Thrust reversal
1049:Main articles:
1047:
1035:heat conduction
1022:
1016:
1011:
989:
983:
909:(1999–2006) or
839:
833:
796:
756:space elevators
737:
690:
682:
630:
622:
543:science fiction
429:
393:
391:
386:
385:
366:
358:
357:
328:
320:
319:
310:Escape velocity
305:launch vehicles
283:
273:
272:
267:
266:
230:
216:
215:
196:
185:
175:
174:
125:
115:
114:
80:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7670:
7668:
7660:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7624:
7623:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7560:
7555:
7549:
7547:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7523:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7491:
7489:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7435:
7433:
7432:In development
7429:
7428:
7426:
7425:
7420:
7414:
7412:
7408:
7407:
7404:launch systems
7398:
7396:
7395:
7388:
7381:
7373:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7347:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7319:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7267:
7266:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7193:
7191:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7159:
7157:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7106:
7104:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7094:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7080:Space fountain
7077:
7075:Space elevator
7072:
7067:
7062:
7052:
7046:
7044:
7035:
7026:
7022:
7021:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7006:
6999:
6991:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6967:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6936:Ground station
6933:
6927:
6925:
6923:Ground segment
6919:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6891:
6886:
6880:
6878:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6856:Interplanetary
6853:
6852:
6851:
6849:Geosynchronous
6846:
6836:
6830:
6828:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6816:Gravity assist
6813:
6808:
6803:
6793:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6756:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6747:Service module
6744:
6739:
6737:Orbital module
6729:
6724:
6722:Launch vehicle
6718:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6700:Space sexology
6697:
6692:
6690:Space medicine
6687:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6670:
6665:
6664:
6663:
6652:
6650:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6605:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6593:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6557:
6555:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6525:Weightlessness
6522:
6517:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6477:
6475:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6446:Space research
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6384:
6382:Reconnaissance
6379:
6374:
6364:
6358:
6356:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6251:European Union
6248:
6243:
6238:
6228:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6196:
6190:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6153:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6114:SpaceShipThree
6111:
6105:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6078:
6073:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6046:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6001:
5996:
5989:
5987:
5986:In development
5983:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5973:
5968:
5962:
5956:
5950:
5944:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5904:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5758:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5740:Saturn-Shuttle
5737:
5732:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5710:
5704:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5677:
5672:
5666:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5643:
5635:
5629:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5601:
5599:
5598:In development
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5556:
5550:
5543:
5541:
5533:
5532:
5530:Launch systems
5529:
5522:
5521:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5487:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5467:
5466:External links
5464:
5463:
5462:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5425:
5408:
5393:
5367:
5339:
5311:
5285:
5257:
5229:
5192:
5163:
5133:
5104:
5085:(in Russian).
5074:
5027:
5002:
4988:. 2020-11-20.
4973:
4947:
4903:
4869:
4840:
4809:
4780:
4764:NewSpace Watch
4748:
4723:
4694:
4665:
4636:
4610:
4599:
4570:
4541:
4523:
4493:
4464:
4429:
4386:
4356:
4326:
4295:
4280:(in Chinese).
4264:
4238:
4211:
4179:
4161:
4130:
4116:
4102:
4085:Universe Today
4071:
4046:
4007:
3982:
3949:
3910:
3885:
3875:. 28 July 2020
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3790:SpaceShipThree
3787:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3751:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3720:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3683:
3682:
3662:
3660:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3622:Long March 10A
3619:
3614:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3593:9,000 kg
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3580:Vulcan Centaur
3577:
3572:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3490:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3387:5,000 kg
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3359:
3354:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3205:
3196:
3180:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3125:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3086:Long March 10A
3083:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2661:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2507:2,000 kg
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2467:5,000 kg
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2428:
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2422:
2419:
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2408:
2395:
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2385:
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2379:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2331:Vulcan Centaur
2328:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2281:
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2255:
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2240:
2237:
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2215:
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2209:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1937:Gulf of Mexico
1866:a part of the
1808:
1805:
1682:Ansari X Prize
1651:
1648:
1503:Douglas SASSTO
1468:
1465:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1333:
1330:
1318:lifting bodies
1310:
1309:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1284:Dawn Aerospace
1276:
1262:SpaceShipThree
1259:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1214:
1204:
1199:
1190:
1176:
1168:Examples are:
1155:Main article:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1079:or multiple (
1072:
1069:
1046:
1043:
1015:
1012:
985:Main article:
982:
979:
903:space capsules
900:human-carrying
835:Main article:
832:
829:
795:
792:
786:is working on
736:
735:Liftoff stages
733:
717:Vulcan Centaur
689:
686:
681:
678:
674:Gulf of Mexico
665:launch vehicle
654:Project Jarvis
629:
626:
621:
620:Configurations
618:
614:Port Canaveral
457:rocket engines
453:launch vehicle
431:
430:
428:
427:
420:
413:
405:
402:
401:
388:
387:
384:
383:
378:
373:
371:Space agencies
367:
364:
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:
350:
345:
343:Interplanetary
340:
335:
329:
326:
325:
322:
321:
318:
317:
312:
307:
295:
290:
284:
279:
278:
275:
274:
269:
268:
265:
264:
259:
254:
252:Space stations
249:
244:
242:Space capsules
239:
234:
231:
226:
225:
218:
217:
214:
213:
208:
203:
197:
192:
191:
186:
181:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
130:Communications
126:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
107:
105:Lunar missions
102:
97:
92:
87:
81:
76:
75:
72:
71:
61:
60:
54:
53:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7669:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7629:
7627:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7586:Hyperion SSTO
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
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7508:
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7498:
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7490:
7486:
7480:
7477:
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7472:
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7467:
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7462:
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7457:
7455:
7452:
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7442:
7440:
7437:
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7434:
7430:
7424:
7421:
7419:
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7413:
7409:
7405:
7402:
7394:
7389:
7387:
7382:
7380:
7375:
7374:
7371:
7359:
7358:
7349:
7348:
7345:
7339:
7338:Transhumanism
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7257:
7255:
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7250:
7247:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7223:
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7218:
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7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
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7200:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7188:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7154:
7148:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7103:
7099:
7093:
7090:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7050:Fusion rocket
7048:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7033:Space science
7030:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7012:
7007:
7005:
7000:
6998:
6993:
6992:
6989:
6977:
6973:
6968:
6966:
6957:
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6953:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6924:
6920:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6884:Direct ascent
6882:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6873:
6867:
6866:Intergalactic
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6825:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6801:Rocket engine
6799:
6798:
6797:
6794:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6732:Space capsule
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6695:Space nursing
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:Health issues
6647:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6603:Space Shuttle
6601:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6535:Space tourism
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6457:
6456:Space weather
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6338:
6335:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6320:Space command
6318:
6317:
6316:
6315:Space warfare
6313:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6277:
6276:United States
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6194:Astrodynamics
6192:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6174:
6169:
6167:
6162:
6160:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6138:
6134:
6133:
6130:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6023:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5954:
5951:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5890:
5886:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5778:Chang Cheng-1
5776:
5773:
5770:
5768:(first stage)
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5714:
5711:
5709:(first stage)
5708:
5705:
5703:(first stage)
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:(first stage)
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:(first stage)
5670:
5667:
5665:(first stage)
5664:
5661:
5659:(first stage)
5658:
5655:
5653:(first stage)
5652:
5649:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5634:(first stage)
5633:
5630:
5628:(first stage)
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:(first stage)
5606:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5576:Space Shuttle
5574:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5560:
5557:
5555:(core stages)
5554:
5551:
5549:(first stage)
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5508:
5503:
5501:
5496:
5494:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5435:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5412:
5409:
5404:
5397:
5394:
5382:
5381:SpaceNews.com
5378:
5371:
5368:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5343:
5340:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5315:
5312:
5300:
5296:
5289:
5286:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5261:
5258:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5233:
5230:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5196:
5193:
5180:
5179:ntrs.nasa.gov
5173:
5167:
5164:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5070:
5064:
5063:cite AV media
5049:
5048:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5028:
5016:
5012:
5006:
5003:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4961:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4907:
4904:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4881:
4873:
4870:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4810:
4798:
4794:
4793:Calla Cofield
4790:
4784:
4781:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4752:
4749:
4738:on 2009-01-25
4737:
4733:
4727:
4724:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4655:on 2020-09-20
4654:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4603:
4600:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4571:
4560:on 2020-11-09
4559:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4524:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4497:
4494:
4483:on 2020-11-12
4482:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4430:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4390:
4387:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4344:
4340:
4339:embention.com
4336:
4330:
4327:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4296:
4283:
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4275:
4268:
4265:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4239:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4212:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4149:
4145:
4144:New Scientist
4141:
4134:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4072:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4008:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3911:
3900:
3896:
3889:
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3874:
3870:
3864:
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3855:
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3835:
3832:
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3800:
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3765:
3762:
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3732:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3696:First Launch
3695:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3679:
3670:
3666:
3663:This list is
3661:
3654:
3653:
3647:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
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3598:
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3576:
3573:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:Long March 2F
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
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3491:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:Space Shuttle
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:First Launch
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3223:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3155:Second Stage
3154:
3153:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2996:Side booster
2995:
2993:
2988:
2987:Space Pioneer
2983:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2855:
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2848:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2557:
2556:
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2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:Space Pioneer
2362:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2246:
2244:Fairing half
2243:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2205:Side booster
2204:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2125:Fairing half
2124:
2123:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:Space Shuttle
1992:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1975:First Launch
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:Space Shuttle
1814:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
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1732:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1633:Rotary Rocket
1630:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1593:Delta Clipper
1591:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1565:Ronald Reagan
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1534:external tank
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1461:Space Shuttle
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1425:
1419:Refurbishment
1418:
1416:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:and those by
1353:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1326:Space Shuttle
1324:shape of the
1323:
1319:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1270:space tourism
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:space tourism
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1116:Water landing
1111:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
981:Entry systems
980:
978:
976:
973:
969:
964:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
838:
830:
828:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
808:Space Shuttle
805:
801:
793:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
734:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
715:
711:
710:External Tank
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:Space Shuttle
692:The historic
687:
685:
679:
677:
675:
671:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
627:
625:
619:
617:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:Space Shuttle
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
502:can leverage
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:Rocket stages
446:
442:
438:
426:
421:
419:
414:
412:
407:
406:
404:
403:
400:
390:
389:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
362:
361:
354:
353:Intergalactic
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
324:
323:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
282:
277:
276:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
247:Space Shuttle
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
232:
229:
224:
223:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
195:
190:
189:
184:
179:
178:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
124:
119:
118:
111:
110:Mars missions
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
82:
79:
74:
73:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:
41:
40:first landing
37:
32:
19:
7652:Space access
7355:
7242:Robot ethics
7115:Ion thruster
7091:
7085:Space tether
7065:Orbital ring
6897:
6876:Space launch
6861:Interstellar
6827:Destinations
6596:Apollo–Soyuz
6545:Space diving
6530:Space toilet
6354:Applications
6271:Soviet Union
6231:Space policy
6226:Space launch
6135:* indicates
5999:Dream Chaser
5965:SpaceShipTwo
5959:SpaceShipOne
5814:
5553:Falcon Heavy
5450:
5444:Bibliography
5428:
5411:
5396:
5386:February 23,
5384:. Retrieved
5380:
5370:
5358:. Retrieved
5352:
5342:
5330:. Retrieved
5324:
5314:
5304:February 23,
5302:. Retrieved
5298:
5288:
5276:. Retrieved
5270:
5260:
5248:. Retrieved
5242:
5232:
5220:. Retrieved
5216:the original
5205:
5195:
5183:. Retrieved
5178:
5166:
5154:. Retrieved
5150:the original
5145:
5136:
5125:. Retrieved
5116:
5107:
5095:. Retrieved
5077:
5052:. Retrieved
5046:
5036:Ghostarchive
5034:Archived at
5030:
5019:. Retrieved
5005:
4994:. Retrieved
4985:
4976:
4964:. Retrieved
4950:
4925:. Retrieved
4916:
4906:
4894:. Retrieved
4886:The Guardian
4885:
4879:
4872:
4861:. Retrieved
4852:
4843:
4831:. Retrieved
4823:Ars Technica
4822:
4812:
4801:. Retrieved
4792:
4783:
4772:. Retrieved
4763:
4751:
4740:. Retrieved
4736:the original
4726:
4715:. Retrieved
4706:
4697:
4686:. Retrieved
4678:www.buran.ru
4677:
4668:
4657:. Retrieved
4653:the original
4648:
4639:
4627:. Retrieved
4623:the original
4613:
4602:
4591:. Retrieved
4582:
4573:
4562:. Retrieved
4558:the original
4553:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4515:. Retrieved
4506:
4496:
4485:. Retrieved
4481:the original
4476:
4467:
4457:, retrieved
4445:
4432:
4422:, retrieved
4396:
4389:
4377:. Retrieved
4368:
4359:
4347:. Retrieved
4338:
4329:
4317:. Retrieved
4308:
4298:
4286:. Retrieved
4277:
4267:
4255:. Retrieved
4241:
4229:. Retrieved
4214:
4202:. Retrieved
4198:the original
4191:
4182:
4174:the original
4164:
4152:. Retrieved
4143:
4133:
4119:
4105:
4093:. Retrieved
4084:
4074:
4063:. Retrieved
4061:. 2024-06-06
4058:
4049:
4024:. Retrieved
4020:
4010:
3999:. Retrieved
3997:. 2021-12-15
3994:
3985:
3973:. Retrieved
3964:Ars Technica
3962:
3952:
3927:. Retrieved
3923:
3913:
3902:. Retrieved
3898:
3888:
3877:. Retrieved
3872:
3863:
3849:Lunar Lander
3754:SpaceShipTwo
3673:
3575:Dream Chaser
3570:Sierra Space
3374:Falcon Heavy
3249:Launch Mass
3208:
3199:
3174:
3132:First Stage
3128:Long March 9
3090:First Stage
3019:Center core
2968:900 kg
2956:First stage
2914:First stage
2874:First stage
2832:First stage
2792:First stage
2750:First stage
2708:First stage
2668:First stage
2547:170 kg
2535:First stage
2531:Blue Whale 1
2495:First stage
2455:First stage
2375:First stage
2303:Second stage
2230:Center core
2201:Falcon Heavy
2058:First stage
2026:Side booster
1941:Indian Ocean
1924:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1891:first flight
1887:Falcon Heavy
1841:
1812:
1810:
1798:
1791:
1775:Falcon Heavy
1772:
1768:Long March 8
1765:
1746:
1739:
1731:Orbcomm OG-2
1728:
1713:
1698:
1694:SpaceShipOne
1679:
1670:Falcon Heavy
1650:21st century
1637:
1626:
1622:solid rocket
1612:
1601:
1587:
1580:
1562:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1530:solid rocket
1515:
1507:
1492:
1481:
1467:20th century
1442:
1438:space travel
1431:
1422:
1410:
1407:Extra weight
1396:
1384:
1364:Falcon Heavy
1349:
1314:
1311:
1245:SpaceShipTwo
1167:
1160:
1134:
1130:astronautics
1127:
1119:
1074:
1058:
1026:heat shields
1023:
1005:Gravity turn
965:
958:
953:
939:
919:Soviet Union
896:space probes
889:
877:Dream Chaser
874:
859:
847:SpaceShipTwo
840:
797:
768:SpaceShipTwo
749:
745:Falcon Heavy
739:As of 2024,
738:
691:
683:
662:
631:
623:
607:
575:Falcon Heavy
559:SpaceShipOne
536:
532:mass drivers
520:retrorockets
494:, and other
488:heat shields
473:
436:
434:
376:Space forces
348:Interstellar
281:Space launch
123:Applications
100:Space probes
34:Recovery of
7601:BAC Mustard
7566:Capricornio
7558:Ariane 5 ME
7527:Black Arrow
7439:Ariane Next
7306:Moore's law
7237:Neuroethics
7232:Cyberethics
7060:Mass driver
6834:Sub-orbital
6769:Space probe
6635:New Shepard
6613:Shuttle–Mir
6372:Archaeology
6325:Space force
6308:Moon Treaty
6180:Spaceflight
6092:Silver Dart
6024:upper stage
5953:Gemini SC-2
5910:Boeing X-37
5871:VentureStar
5803:Hyperbola-2
5730:Kankoh-maru
5663:Orbex Prime
5632:Hyperbola-3
5611:Ariane Next
5590:* (booster)
5584:* (booster)
5559:New Shepard
5278:27 February
5117:Space Daily
4833:25 November
4707:www.esa.int
4278:Xinhua News
3794:VSS Imagine
3723:New Shepard
3718:Blue Origin
3310:NPO-Energia
3246:Relaunched
3234:Spacecraft
2992:Tianlong-3H
2704:Hyperbola-3
2615:Stoke Space
2406:Blue Origin
2276:First stage
2164:First stage
2099:First stage
1969:Relaunched
1905:New Shepard
1897:Blue Origin
1879:landing pad
1875:first stage
1848:Blue Origin
1821:abort modes
1783:Blue Origin
1724:Kármán line
1716:New Shepard
1690:Kármán line
1510:BAC Mustard
1402:Constraints
1380:New Shepard
1376:Blue Origin
1342:Retrorocket
1193:Venturestar
1065:New Shepard
1051:Retrorocket
1014:Heat shield
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640:is testing
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469:launch cost
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7102:Propulsion
6903:Launch pad
6894:Expendable
6844:Geocentric
6811:Solar sail
6754:Spaceplane
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6486:commercial
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5856:Tianjiao-1
5851:Sea Dragon
5774:(boosters)
5707:Tianlong-3
5638:Long March
5518:spacecraft
5332:1 November
5127:2020-12-19
5054:2017-12-31
5021:2020-10-04
4996:2020-11-20
4966:7 December
4927:2019-04-29
4863:2015-12-22
4803:2015-11-25
4774:2013-03-29
4742:2021-03-03
4717:2021-03-03
4688:2020-11-14
4659:2018-06-08
4593:2021-02-07
4564:2020-11-15
4517:2020-11-15
4487:2020-11-15
4459:2017-12-26
4424:2021-08-18
4379:January 7,
4349:29 October
4319:29 October
4288:29 October
4257:30 October
4154:20 January
4065:2024-06-10
4026:2023-02-05
4001:2023-02-05
3929:2023-04-29
3904:2024-05-15
3879:2022-08-19
3873:TechCrunch
3856:References
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3699:Recovered
3665:incomplete
3243:Recovered
3214:Arabsat-6A
3041:Orienspace
2823:Orienspace
2664:Kinetica-2
2573:Rocket Lab
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2154:Rocket Lab
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516:parachutes
480:propellant
298:Expendable
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6283:Space law
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6032:Proposals
6018:(capsule)
6012:(capsule)
6006:(capsule)
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5949:(capsule)
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5788:Falcon 1e
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5657:New Glenn
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5354:SpaceNews
5326:SpaceNews
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5222:4 October
5185:4 October
5156:4 October
5097:6 October
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4414:243032818
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3240:Launched
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2947:PLD Space
2865:Roscosmos
2828:Gravity-2
2741:LandSpace
2659:CAS Space
2411:New Glenn
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1787:New Glenn
1699:In 2012,
1551:Discovery
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1110:Parachute
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583:New Glenn
492:grid fins
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288:Spaceport
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6625:Shenzhou
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6022:Starship
6004:Mengzhou
5926:Shenlong
5921:Dragon 2
5793:Falcon 5
5749:Canceled
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5669:Pallas-1
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5547:Falcon 9
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5015:Archived
4990:Archived
4960:Archived
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4921:Archived
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4890:Archived
4857:Archived
4827:Archived
4797:Archived
4768:Archived
4711:Archived
4682:Archived
4587:Archived
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4282:Archived
4225:Archived
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4089:Archived
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3969:Archived
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3812:See also
3693:Vehicle
3676:May 2024
3641:Planned
3617:Mengzhou
3599:Planned
3551:unknown
3548:unknown
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3150:Planned
3110:Planned
3068:Planned
3014:Planned
2974:Planned
2934:Planned
2910:Terran R
2892:Planned
2852:Planned
2810:Planned
2788:Nebula 2
2770:Planned
2746:Zhuque-3
2728:Planned
2686:Planned
2646:Planned
2602:Planned
2553:Planned
2513:Planned
2491:Nebula 1
2473:Planned
2451:Pallas-1
2433:Planned
2393:Planned
2271:Starship
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2159:Electron
2131:>300
2128:>486
2094:Falcon 9
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1939:and the
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1747:In 2019
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1539:Columbia
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7449:Haas 2b
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6839:Orbital
6640:Artemis
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5569:Retired
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6958:
6774:Lander
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5808:HOPE-X
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5761:Angara
5735:SASSTO
5713:Vulcan
5686:Skylon
5675:RLV-TD
5621:CORONA
5582:Petrel
5540:Active
5457:
4412:
4231:3 June
4095:9 July
3705:Notes
3488:Boeing
3411:Dragon
3406:SpaceX
3368:
3366:Falcon
3352:Boeing
2266:SpaceX
2196:SpaceX
2089:SpaceX
2054:Ares I
1919:. The
1844:SpaceX
1801:THEMIS
1701:SpaceX
1608:Skylon
1501:, and
1356:SpaceX
1344:, and
1304:Skylon
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1135:E.g.:
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814:. The
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700:, its
638:SpaceX
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7606:OTRAG
7581:HOTOL
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6779:Rover
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6241:China
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5821:HOTOL
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3512:2019
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3430:2010
3390:2010
3336:1988
3315:Buran
3294:1981
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3107:2027
3065:2027
3011:2026
2971:2026
2931:2026
2889:2026
2849:2025
2807:2025
2767:2025
2725:2025
2683:2025
2643:2025
2599:2025
2550:2024
2510:2024
2470:2024
2430:2024
2390:2024
2350:2024
2294:2023
2222:2018
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7423:Vega
7357:List
6941:Pass
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6108:X-33
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5976:X-15
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5588:Skua
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5280:2017
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3944:link
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3268:NASA
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3081:CALT
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2620:Nova
2109:307
2106:336
2103:379
2049:NASA
2036:N/A
2033:266
2030:270
2011:130
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2005:135
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1759:and
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3421:44
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2208:20
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