Full BASIC - Knowledge (XXG)

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X3 in 1983 for ratification that year. This proved rather optimistic. The first draft was not released until January 1985 and the final draft in 1986 for ratification in January 1987. During this time, the standard grew so large that it was ultimately split into a core module and five optional add-ons, which included complex file handling, real-time computing support, fixed decimal math, optional editing commands and even a platform-independent graphics module.

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attempted". It goes on to describe, for instance, how there are no less than five different ways to describe a subroutine, three to define a string's maximum length and two ways to define an array. Referring to the issue of array bounds, it is noted that the committee agreed the adopted solution was "intolerable" and made plans to fix it "later".

647:, which holds its value separate from other variables with the same name in other locations in the composite program. As BASIC did not have the concept of scope, many programs relied on the global behaviour and used variables to pass information in and out of subroutines. To allow both concepts in the new language, Full BASIC added the 401:. True BASIC combined many of the features of the core standard but also made a number of changes of its own. Among the most notable was that line numbering was now optional. The language was not well received, with many reviews expressing the same concerns about feature bloat that had been raised about the Full BASIC standard. 430:

to indicate individual or ranges of lines to be edited or removed. Line numbers could range from 1 to 50,000, in contrast to Minimal which was 0 through 9999. This meant that valid Minimal programs using line 0 were invalid in Full. Logical lines were at least 132 characters long. Logical lines could

1535:

The ISO working group had initially planned to use ECMA's standard. Faced with the problem of two different candidate standards, in September 1987 it was directed to develop a single international standard unifying the two. This was accomplished by specifying that compliance to either standard could

344:

Initially, the X3.60 group was targeting a summer 1982 date for the first technical review copy, which would be sent to the ANSI X3 committee in the fall. During this period the proposed standard would be sent out, and comments from the public would be accepted. The final draft would be sent back to

332:

was added in later versions of the Dartmouth code so the same definition would have four slots, 0 to 3. During Minimal, there was continual debate about what the default base should be, and 0 was finally selected. Five years later, during the Full efforts, it was decided that arrays could define any

667:

Full BASIC introduced long variable names, finally breaking free of the single letter or letter-digit names of the past. It set the new limit at 31 characters. One minor downside to this change was that keywords had to have spaces between them, whereas most earlier versions allowed the spaces to be

1061:

Many dialects of BASIC had added their own methods of performing more useful string manipulation to avoid such complication. For Full BASIC, the committee selected a variation on the concept introduced by HP, "string slicing". This concept treats the string as an array of characters and can access

514:

On top of the relatively small set of 23 keywords and 11 functions from Minimal, Full added dozens of its own, for a total of 176 keywords (defining 161 separate concepts), 38 mathematical functions and 14 string functions if all extensions were included. A simple list of the keywords, laid out in

204:

In January 1974 a new group formed under the ANSI umbrella to define a single standard BASIC. The Dartmouth team formed a core part of the group. Dartmouth was working on a greatly expanded version of BASIC known as Structured BASIC (SBASIC) which became the basis for ANSI. At the time, few other

1467:

The system also allowed these blocks and objects to be connected to external code that would create these messages. One could, for instance, have code that waited on a device that periodically created text output, and then the appropriate handler would automatically be called when new text was

1527:

Independently of ANSI, the ECMA committee responsible for the BASIC standard split it in two: ECMA BASIC-1 and ECMA BASIC-2. BASIC-1 included some of the file manipulation system but lacked the exception handling, while BASIC-2 added the full suite of file commands, fixed decimal math and the

352:

There is no evidence that any of the participants actually built a conforming version after the release of the standard and any mention of ongoing effort promptly disappears. From 1987, the only mentions of the standard are that it exists and that True BASIC encompassed some of its features.

348:

The result was criticized during the public comment period. One reviewer noted it had grown so large that "the resulting language rivals any current programming language in complexity" and that "conforming to the entire standard would compare with the most substantial compiler projects ever

676:

because "FORS" is a valid variable name. As was the case in earlier BASICs, data types in Full were denoted by suffixes on the variable name. Minimal had avoided this issue by only having numeric variables, but Full included strings as well, denoted using the dollar-sign, for instance

293:

as every member began to add their own list of "must have" features. Some wanted the language to continue the tradition of being aimed at educational uses running on small machines and desired a simple language with only rudimentary file support and similar features. Others were

532:

loop, where all of the lines from the FOR to NEXT were logically considered to be a single block of code. Branching into or out of a FOR block would result in odd behaviour, typically implementation dependant but generally some form of error like "NEXT WITHOUT FOR".

310:. A third group was primarily interested in business applications, especially European users where BASIC had become a primary business language, and they demanded the system include extensive file handling and decimal math that did not suffer from rounding problems. 611:

and did not declare a return type as that was part of the name - string function names ended with the dollar sign. The return value was provided by setting a variable to the same name as the function, for instance, a function named "DOIT" would contain a line like

523:

The major difference between Full and Minimal was the addition of block-oriented structured programming constructs. In Minimal, and most BASIC interpreters, the program logically consisted of independent lines of code and one could start execution at any point by

1523:

The ECMA and ANSI standards were not developed jointly but in parallel, though with overlapping committee membership. Conversely, the ISO working group for BASIC did not develop a standard of their own, instead planning to adopt either the ECMA or ANSI standard.

482:

for instance. There were numerous minor changes to these commands. For instance, at edit time keywords can be typed in upper or lower case, or any mixture. As was the case in the past, they were normally displayed in uppercase, while a new convention was to use

707:

would set all numeric variables to have 8 digits of accuracy and two decimal places. Such a declaration must be placed before any mathematics code in the rest of the program. Furthermore, any single variable could be individually defined using something like

1180:, which will continue execution after 30 seconds even if the user enters nothing, and will put the time it took, possibly the 30 seconds, into the variable T. For systems lacking a clock (which was not uncommon at the time), T would always return -1. 544:

ed into a loop. Checking for such code is difficult in an interpreter which normally examines the program line-by-line; checking for branches into a block from other code in the program would normally require whole-program parsing like a compiler.

396:

It became clear to the Dartmouth participants in the ANSI group that the effort had no hope of being completed in any reasonable time period. They left the effort and started a new company to bring their version of the language to market as

1078:

to produce "HELLO". One significant difference between Full's approach and previous ones like HP is that it used a different syntax for the slicing, whereas the earlier systems used array syntax. For instance, in HP, the equivalent line is

1313:

statement, the latter of which would cause an exception if debugging had previously turned on. Debugging status was limited to a particular program, so it could be turned on in one program and off in a subprogram, for instance.

320:, the original designers of BASIC and members of the ANSI group, were critical of the process. In a 1982 article, Kurtz wrote about how even seemingly small issues had turned into major controversies. He used the example of the 6128: 4785: 921:

would produce an array of values in A, where A(0) was 72, the decimal ASCII value for "H". This made string manipulation fairly difficult, for instance, to extract the "HELLO" from "HELLO, WORLD!", one would have to:

502:

for this role, although there appears to be no reason not to use the single quote as it is not otherwise used - strings do not allow single-quote delimiters for instance. A more controversial change was that the

73:

language so it could be correctly implemented on different platforms. After its release in late 1977, attention turned to Full BASIC which would be based on the more powerful Structured BASIC being developed at

723:

defines two arrays, the single-dimension A and two-dimension (matrix) B. In Full BASIC, the lower bound of any array was normally 1, so in this case, the variable A has five "slots", numbered 1 though 5. Using

431:

be extended across several physical lines using the "continuation character", the ampersand. Unfortunately, the ampersand was also selected as the string concatenation operator, which complicated the parser.

78:. The complexity of the system and the many additions promoted by members of the standards committee led to the effort bogging down and the first draft standard was not ready until 1986, four years late. 205:

dialects supported its many new features. The group decided that a complete standard based on SBASIC would take some time to agree on, so the ANSI BASIC effort was split into two milestones. The first,

1495:

Although many real-time programs can be modelled as a system simply responding to external events, it is also common for the program itself to periodically post these events. For this, Full added the

185:, which offered the same features of the earlier mainframe systems in a rack-mount system that could be configured in a complete form for around $ 100,000 (equivalent to $ 876,172 in 2023). Their 225:"X3J2's first few years were spent (in hindsight, some might say 'wasted') on standardizing what amounts to the original 1964 Dartmouth Basic... Minimal Basic was more a toy than an actual language." 357:

by this point, the new ANSI standard was seen as the non-standard solution. Much of the original success of BASIC on the micro platforms was that it allowed programs to be typed in from printed

2587: 1198:

using number signs, asterisks and percent signs to mark decimal places. The format string could be placed in a string variable and then referred to, or an optional separate line containing a

1452:

keyword. These looked like subroutines (and pictures) but had a number of additional keywords that controlled their invocation. For instance, one could define code that would respond to an

651:

keyword that could be added to a function or subroutine and made any variables within in local. As BASIC programs generally placed subroutines at the end of the program's source code, the

643:

and might change the value of that variable. As the variable is global, it retains the modified value when it returns to the original code. A key concept of structured programming is the

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On top of these changes to the block structures, Full also added keywords for defining procedures, functions and program blocks. Programs as a whole were now opened with the optional

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available. Because the actual data from such devices tends to be multi-part, not something simple like a string or number, the real-time library also added the ability to define

446:, which copied a range of lines into a new file and deleted them from the original program, allowing them to be extracted to a subprogram. These could then be invoked using the 5998: 4297: 365:

applications and the need for BASIC as a distribution system had faded. On the large-systems side, the original use as a teaching language was being increasingly replaced by

1261:, and all of these commands had numerous options and modes. Much of this stemmed from the different types of physical devices that were still common in the late 1970s, 5993: 4292: 1389:

command turned on clipping to the current viewport such that items drawn outside its boundaries would not be visible; this took a string value instead of a boolean,

209:, would produce a standard that included only the most basic features that would be required of any implementation. Even long-supported features from Dartmouth like 5495: 692:

which indicates that math should be carried out using the system's default floating point implementation, whatever that may be. It can be returned to BCD mode with

242:

or a similar BASIC were entering the market. In spite of this, none of the participants were microcomputer vendors or suppliers. Instead, the participants remained

201:

was different from either the HP or Dartmouth dialects. By the early 1970s where were three major dialects and dozens of minor variations being used in the market.

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were reserved words which simplified the parser, while in BASIC-2 they followed the ANSI pattern and could be used within user-created subroutines and functions.

494:

statement for in-line comments and this was universally supported in other dialects. Many dialects also added a short-form, most commonly using the single-quote,

393:

did not have a full implementation of Pascal. Luehrmann, was critical of the effort, suggesting a more general course that would be applicable to more students.

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command which would print out line numbers as the program executed. It could also redirect the printing of the line numbers to another device or file using

458:

followed by a list of parameters, in which case it was expected to return a value in a variable with the same name as the program (see "Structure", below).

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or multiply the contents of an array by a scalar if the B parameter is not an array. The system also adds several array-only functions, which includes

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would be left out. The draft standard for Minimal BASIC was released in January 1976, the final draft in July 1977, and it was ratified that December.

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The standards process was so slow that even the author of Structured BASIC eventually gave up on it. Stephen Garland was asked to prepare a series of

639:. This is not adequate for the construction of large modular programs, as one section of code may have been written using common variable names like 4812: 3166: 728:

above this declaration would add another slot at index 0. Full also added a new system to directly specify the lower and upper bounds using the

5802: 5345: 696:. This is in addition to the fixed-point math option, if installed. Numeric and string variables otherwise worked like those in other BASICs. 3707: 2832: 39: 699:

A new addition was the fixed-point math extension, which allowed variables to have specified accuracy. This was turned on using the command

6103: 5414: 5215: 4738: 4121: 3712: 3682: 1083:. As this is the same syntax as array accesses, HP (and similar) generally did not allow string arrays, whereas this was allowed in Full. 6373: 5488: 5059: 4389: 4186: 548:

In Full, several existing keywords were extended, and others added, to provide additional block structures. Notable was the multi-line

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Early versions of Dartmouth BASIC did not include string variables or manipulation, the only strings in a program were constants like

1273:, etc. The list of options and their interactions and limitations covers many pages in the standard. For instance, it is possible to 672:

can be parsed as "FORS", which can not possibly be a variable in a two-letter variety of BASIC. In Full, this would have to be typed

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statement. Implementations were supposed to check for such statements and disallow them, for instance, finding cases where to code

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users that wanted to support loadable modular programs and other expansive programming features to compete with languages like

369:, as the external problems BASIC aimed to address, like interactivity and online editing, were now available in most systems. 6248: 5481: 5245: 5240: 4947: 3047: 2880: 2730: 2607: 6008: 5538: 5039: 4369: 4302: 3882: 3530: 3052: 382: 263: 194: 2890: 850:

Dartmouth BASIC had introduced matrix operations relatively early in its evolution, and these were part of Full. These

839:

function returned the angle between the origin and a given X,Y point. BASIC normally calculated angles in radians, but

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The list of primary built-in functions remained similar to previous versions of BASIC, including common examples like

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This approach should be contrasted with the solution selected by DEC, the use of functions that return new strings,

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and using the existing print separator semicolon instead of colon, for instance in MS BASIC the same line would be

507:

keyword was now required for all assignments in order to make the parsing simpler, whereas in every other dialect

35: 5310: 5255: 5034: 5019: 4999: 4277: 3697: 3193: 2915: 307: 1889:"PASCAL Rules O.K.?: A Comparison of PASCAL and BASIC as Languages for Teaching Computer Programming to Novices" 6273: 5358: 5265: 5054: 5029: 4241: 4236: 3097: 632: 1377:, or GKS. This was offered as one of the optional modules in Full. This added dozens of special keywords like 788:

had been removed from Minimal and now re-added, and the alternative forms of comparison operators were added,

688:

system. As this was not universally supported in hardware, especially on minis and micros, it also added the

6383: 5913: 4912: 4454: 4444: 4439: 4014: 3999: 3939: 3373: 3368: 3328: 2688: 159: 5462: 5230: 5220: 4349: 3767: 3348: 3152: 3134: 1374: 511:

was optional. This included Minimal, so any Minimal code using this short-cut was incompatible with Full.

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notable among them, quickly introduced hosted BASIC services of their own, following the Dartmouth model.

110: 47: 31: 1682: 870:

erminate, among others. The addition of matrix math also requires modification of existing keywords like

6053: 5943: 5504: 4651: 4514: 4161: 3535: 3383: 3353: 3246: 3236: 3197: 3189: 3000: 2995: 2968: 1873: 214: 6321: 6288: 6153: 5722: 5409: 5315: 5049: 5024: 4867: 4708: 4146: 3949: 3822: 3605: 3005: 2920: 1325:

the following code was executed as a block and any exception within it would cause it to jump to the

1074:, but this method produces results that are themselves strings, not numeric values, and thus one can 851: 290: 210: 186: 51: 101:

had already come and gone. Watching the process drag on, the Dartmouth participants left to produce

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s that could then be read or written as an atomic unit. These were then read and written using the

1428:. The difference is that the output of a picture block can be modified with the modification using 1195: 776:

function returns the remainder of an integer division. The list of logical operators was expanded,

740:

could also be used to create arrays; the same dimensions as the last example could be created with

656: 2763:

Kurtz, Thomas E. (1994). "The programming language standards scene, ten years on Paper 8: Basic".

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which produced a circle of radius one, a smaller circle could be drawn and moved to the side with

536:

In Full, branching into a FOR...NEXT block is not allowed, nor is branching out without using the

189:

had a number of differences from Dartmouth, and these were soon copied by other mini vendors like

6228: 6208: 5195: 5130: 3470: 3061: 2856: 2654: 1916: 1908: 43: 1373:

Around the same time that Full was being designed, a parallel effort was underway to define the

616:. Functions could call other functions and themselves, meaning that the language was naturally 4024: 2798: 2673: 271: 218: 109:

standards like Microsoft's dominated the market and formed the basis for newer languages like

93:

revolution had occurred while the specification was being argued over, and by the early-1980s

75: 2751: 2717: 2621: 1854: 1645: 1385:

with syntax that did not match that of the other modules in the standard. For instance, the

889:. The new dimensions must have a total number of elements equal or smaller than the original 624:

keyword, but removed the requirement for the function name to start with "FN". For instance,

5878: 4758: 4499: 3827: 2935: 2870: 2772: 2646: 1900: 1265:, for instance, could only be accessed sequentially so the new standard offered options for 1202:

could be referred to by line number. Full also added new commands to set the printing area,

279: 255: 141: 6108: 5368: 5089: 4994: 4748: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4151: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 2885: 636: 402: 328:

made an array with three slots, 1, 2 and 3. In some cases, an index 0 is more natural, so

317: 239: 174: 133: 94: 70: 385:

instead. This was somewhat controversial given that many computers in wide use, like the

140:

and direct interaction with the user, known at the time as a "conversational interface".

2900: 2577: 4656: 4404: 4216: 4079: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 3403: 3393: 3102: 685: 644: 556:

was added to make decision trees, which formerly would have been implemented using the

313: 152: 6367: 6331: 6326: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6298: 6293: 6283: 6268: 6263: 6218: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6183: 6173: 6163: 6158: 6138: 6133: 6123: 6098: 6088: 6078: 6043: 6038: 6028: 6023: 6013: 5988: 5983: 5444: 5419: 5404: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5165: 5110: 5079: 5069: 4932: 4922: 4892: 4887: 4837: 4817: 4795: 4780: 4733: 4698: 4641: 4636: 4626: 4504: 4449: 4424: 4419: 4399: 4272: 3812: 3388: 3251: 3221: 3076: 2776: 1262: 1146:

to create a "channel" that was then used to refer to that particular file or device.

1063: 909:. Version 4, of 1968, added string variables and a single method to manipulate them, 378: 324:

statement. When arrays were first added to BASIC, they started at index 1, such that

235: 206: 145: 127: 98: 90: 66: 59: 2658: 1920: 1210:. The current values of these various settings (and others) could be returned using 442:, which by this time were common on newer microcomputer dialects. A new concept was 6278: 6258: 5978: 5953: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5563: 5305: 5275: 5135: 4479: 4474: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4246: 4191: 4141: 4074: 4029: 4004: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3872: 3837: 3747: 3742: 3570: 3378: 3144: 3118: 3026: 2634: 1565:

keywords does not appear in the examples in the standards document but is required.

1119: 386: 267: 259: 251: 197:(DEC), who did not introduce a BASIC of their own design until 1972. This version, 190: 182: 55: 2824: 1528:

exception handling system. Additionally, in BASIC-1 all fundamental keywords like

1098:. This was the solution picked up by Microsoft when they wrote their BASIC on the 620:. Full also retained the earlier style of one-line function definitions using the 552:, which allowed multiple lines of code to run if the condition was met or failed. 2792: 2666:

Kemeny, John; Kurtz, Thomas (1984). "Bringing Up BASIC". In Ditlea, Steve (ed.).

878:, which output or input multiple elements as needed to fill the array parameter. 5853: 5645: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5280: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4551: 4468: 3440: 2990: 1552:

In an article in 1984, Luehrmann estimated there to be 10 million such machines.

843:

would convert all parameters and outputs to degrees, and the system exposed the

466:

Many of the commonly used keywords found in Minimal or other dialects remained;

427: 423: 406: 358: 137: 136:

in 1964 combined a number of emerging concepts in the computer field, including

65:

ANSI's BASIC standardization was a two-stage process. The first, carried out as

2667: 69:

starting in 1974, was an effort to clearly define and standardize the original

6223: 6148: 6063: 5270: 5175: 4882: 4857: 4621: 4576: 3969: 3782: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3625: 3600: 3475: 3231: 3065: 3057: 1448:

Full's real-time module added the concept of "parallel sections", through the

1102:. Converting between the two can be error prone, to perform the equivalent of 484: 398: 362: 198: 167: 102: 2821:- a relatively complete implementation of Full BASIC and its graphics modules 1628:"Fifty Years of BASIC, the Programming Language That Made Computers Personal" 1460:

elsewhere in the code. The messages could invoke multiple handlers using the

1160:. By this time almost all BASICs included a similar feature without the word 151:

computer it ran on, used a modified version of Dartmouth's system to start a

6336: 6113: 6048: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5807: 5797: 5792: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5732: 5727: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5640: 5635: 5625: 5598: 5593: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5558: 5553: 5543: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5399: 5389: 5350: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5170: 5160: 5145: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5064: 5009: 5004: 4984: 4962: 4942: 4897: 4877: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4790: 4753: 4743: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4703: 4688: 4683: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4581: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4546: 4541: 4489: 4484: 4464: 4434: 4409: 4394: 4364: 4317: 4307: 4287: 4282: 4267: 4262: 4176: 3897: 3892: 3787: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3042: 2818: 1341:. The code could test which exception had occurred using the meta-variables 617: 498:, as seen in Microsoft BASIC. For Full, they selected the exclamation mark, 295: 243: 148: 1156:, followed by a string, a colon and then the input variables, for instance 2650: 1664: 1190:

statement, which had already appeared on a number of implementations. The

736:

which makes a one-dimensional 101-slot array. To further confuse matters,

6188: 5762: 5742: 5702: 5657: 5588: 5533: 5074: 4852: 4556: 4384: 4221: 4211: 4196: 4171: 4156: 4131: 4126: 4009: 3984: 3979: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3944: 3909: 3904: 3887: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3832: 3817: 3807: 3802: 3792: 3777: 3772: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3702: 3687: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3620: 3615: 3595: 3590: 3580: 3575: 3565: 3560: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3515: 3505: 3398: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 2962: 1333:. It can also be used by defining a separate subroutine-like block using 752:

The list of supported math operators included all of those from Minimal,

163: 46:. It describes an advanced version of BASIC with many features including 6213: 6178: 6168: 5737: 5650: 5363: 5155: 5140: 4937: 4927: 4917: 4693: 4509: 4459: 4354: 4342: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3408: 3363: 3358: 3343: 3338: 3333: 1912: 1888: 1321:

block. There were two ways to use this, if the code block started with

684:

Full BASIC required decimal math for the default implementation of the

303: 178: 1412:

As images are often built up from common elements, Full added the new

1357:

exited the error handler and returned to the line of the error, while

422:

Like previous versions of BASIC, Full BASIC was designed to work in a

234:

The group then turned their attention to Full BASIC. By this time the

221:

who was a proponent of BASIC and part of the ANSI group later stated:

6243: 6238: 6233: 6143: 6083: 6073: 6068: 6058: 6018: 5968: 5225: 5210: 5205: 5200: 4872: 4847: 4775: 4631: 4616: 4596: 4591: 4536: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4414: 4379: 4226: 3877: 3692: 3256: 2983: 2957: 1178:

INPUT TIMEOUT 30, ELAPSED T, PROMPT "What is your age? ": A

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Additionally, with millions of micros running some variation of MS's

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could be used within the mainline code to ignore errors even within

715:

Most BASICs supported the construction of array variables using the

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the existing math functions, so one can multiply two arrays using

299: 283: 156: 6118: 6033: 5630: 5473: 4907: 4770: 4763: 4429: 4374: 3974: 3585: 3123: 1627: 1233:

and a channel number prefixed with a number sign, for instance,

1066:. To extract "HELLO" from "HELLO, WORLD" in Full, one would use 668:

left out. This was because with single-letter names a line like

238:

revolution was in full flight, and millions of machines running

5477: 3148: 2828: 2300:

Brannon, Charles (April 1981). "String Arrays in Atari BASIC".

1317:

Additionally, Full added true exception handlers, based on the

595:

keyword followed by a program name, and ended, as before, with

5812: 5394: 5084: 4136: 2941: 1305:, where #3 was a previously opened channel. It also added the 913:, which converted strings to and from an array containing the 703:

followed by an asterisk and a format specifier, for instance,

247: 528:

ing any line number. The only exception to this rule was the

847:

function which was used in these conversions and elsewhere.

341:

and the decision was made to change the default to 1 again.

2055: 2053: 1825: 1823: 1821: 275: 2481: 2479: 580:

varieties. All loops could now be safely exited using the

515:

three columns, fills two pages in the standards document.

2235: 2233: 2136: 2134: 2004: 2002: 1393:. Several common image modification commands were added, 105:

based on parts of the standard, but this saw little use.

2556: 2554: 1130:

commands and the ability to hard-code data using the

1158:

INPUT PROMPT "What is your age? " : A

893:, so in this example if the original definition was 42:(ANSI) X3.60 group in partnership with the European 16:

Programming language dialect; international standard

6345: 5846: 5511: 5377: 5103: 4255: 3204: 3111: 3090: 3035: 3019: 2950: 2908: 2863: 1665:"HP: The Accidentally, On-Purpose Computer Company" 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1578: 1574: 1562: 1529: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1107: 1103: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1067: 918: 910: 906: 894: 890: 886: 882: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 720: 716: 709: 704: 700: 693: 689: 678: 673: 669: 652: 648: 640: 625: 621: 613: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 541: 537: 529: 525: 508: 504: 499: 495: 491: 479: 475: 471: 467: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 338: 334: 329: 325: 321: 1683:"Hewlett-Packard 2100 Processor Description, 1972" 1062:them using an array-like specification known as a 568:loops remained as they were in Minimal, but a new 381:tests for high school students, and wrote them in 2718:"College Board developing Pascal-based AP course" 1416:block structure, which is otherwise similar to a 361:, but by the mid-1980s this had been replaced by 409:dismissed it as "sad" and "doomed to failure." 6379:American National Standards Institute standards 1874:"The History of the BASIC Programming Language" 1536:be claimed as comformance to the ISO standard. 2752:"Potentially Powerful Language Comes Up Short" 5489: 3160: 2840: 1253:. Additional file handling commands included 1186:ing was similarly expanded with the optional 81:The standard was ratified on 26 June 1986 as 8: 1297:Like many BASICs of the era, Full added the 631:In previous BASICs, there was no concept of 881:Matrixes may be redimensioned as part of a 811:. Trig functions were expanded to include 5496: 5482: 5474: 3167: 3153: 3145: 2847: 2833: 2825: 2287: 2275: 2263: 2059: 1969: 1887:McGregor, J.J; Watt, A.H. (October 1981). 1841: 1829: 1812: 1168:. On top of this, Full also added the new 6353:International Electrotechnical Commission 2705:"Structured Programming in BASIC; Part 1" 1945: 1728: 1716: 1337:which would then be called by name using 1118:Another area of focus for Full BASIC was 607:. Multi-line functions were created with 2731:"PCs, Peripherals, Programs, and People" 2545: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2470: 2458: 2446: 2434: 2422: 2410: 2398: 2386: 2374: 2362: 2350: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2251: 2239: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2164: 2152: 2140: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2071: 2032: 2020: 2008: 1993: 1981: 1788: 1740: 1503:which would pause execution for a given 1138:it. Almost all practical dialects added 1122:(I/O). Minimal BASIC's only I/O was the 917:values of the characters. For instance, 289:The effort immediately ran afoul of the 1599: 1545: 1166:INPUT "What is your age? "; A 1108:DEF Right$ (A$ , n) = A$ (Len(A$ )-n+l) 155:which would eventually evolve into the 2579:ANSI Programming Languages: Full BASIC 1957: 1511:(an explicit time-of-day) or until an 1456:and then cause it to run by issuing a 1329:section, which operates similar to an 554:SELECT...CASE...CASE ELSE...END SELECT 274:, and other very large companies like 2560: 2176: 2044: 1800: 1776: 1764: 1752: 1438:DRAW CIRCLE WITH SHIFT(2) * SCALE(.4) 919:CHANGE "HELLO, WORLD!" TO A 599:. Routines could be constructed with 434:Additional editing commands included 113:which incorporated similar concepts. 40:American National Standards Institute 7: 2791:Kemeny, John; Kurtz, Thomas (1987). 1933: 1704: 1646:"IBM VS the World: That's How It Is" 1613: 1225:Full supported file operations with 1070:. The concept is similar to that of 487:for multi-character variable names. 2765:Computer Standards & Interfaces 2729:Pournelle, Jerry (September 1985). 885:by specifying the new bounds, like 1626:McCracken, Harry (29 April 2014). 897:, the input would cause an error. 14: 2620:Dvorak, John (19 November 1984). 2595:. ECMA. June 1986. Archived from 1432:. For instance, if one defined a 1237:. Data can then be written using 337:. This eliminated the demand for 89:. It was completely ignored; the 5458: 5457: 2899: 2750:Todd, Mike (19 September 1988). 2716:Mace, Scott (6 September 1982). 1872:Bellis, Mary (26 January 2019). 1861:. 29 September 1987. p. 15. 1293:Exception handling and debugging 1235:OPEN #3: NAME "afile" 907:PRINT "HELLO, WORLD!" 748:Mathematics, logic and matrices 490:Dartmouth BASIC introduced the 454:could also include an optional 97:running on tens of millions of 2881:Common Language Infrastructure 2703:Luehrmann, Arthur (May 1984). 2689:"On the Way to Standard BASIC" 2633:Guntheroth, Kurt (July 1983). 333:lower bound using new syntax, 1: 2635:"The New ANSI BASIC Standard" 1480:commands, or if the data was 1349:, neither of which needed an 742:DECLARE NUMERIC A(100 TO 200) 655:keyword was added to provide 264:Digital Equipment Corporation 195:Digital Equipment Corporation 2794:Structured BASIC Programming 2777:10.1016/0920-5489(94)90028-0 405:derided it as "madness" and 2687:Kurtz, Thomas (June 1982). 1577:works in the same way that 1499:command and the associated 1194:was normally followed by a 705:OPTION ARITHMETIC FIXED*8.2 564:s to select a line to run. 6400: 6374:BASIC programming language 3011:Holographic Versatile Disc 2771:(5–6). Elsevier: 477–480. 572:was added with top tested 426:environment and thus uses 125: 62:, and many other options. 38:. It was developed by the 36:BASIC programming language 34:defining a dialect of the 5453: 3186: 3132: 2916:Advanced Intelligent Tape 2897: 1507:(a number of seconds) or 1319:WHEN EXCEPTION...END WHEN 1152:now included an optional 936:"HELLO, WORLD!" 701:OPTIONAL ARITHMETIC FIXED 694:OPTION ARITHMETIC DECIMAL 550:IF...THEN...ELSE...END IF 2589:Standard ECMA-116: BASIC 1893:The Mathematical Gazette 1484:, the otherwise similar 924: 710:DECLARE NUMERIC*8.2 A, B 690:OPTION ARITHMETIC NATIVE 663:Data types and variables 626:DEF AVERAGE(X,Y)=(X+Y)/2 162:. Many other companies, 1663:Leibson, Steve (2017). 1339:WHEN EXCEPTION USE name 732:keyword, for instance, 719:keyword, for instance, 635:and all variables were 609:FUNCTION...END FUNCTION 3135:List of Ecma standards 2864:Application interfaces 1375:Graphics Kernel System 335:DIM YEAR(1970 TO 1990) 306:while offering better 227: 111:Microsoft Visual Basic 48:structured programming 32:international standard 3091:Radio link interfaces 3036:Programming languages 3001:Ultra Density Optical 2651:10.1145/988216.988221 2615:. ECMA. January 1978. 2582:. ANSI. January 1987. 1285:type, which required 223: 22:, sometimes known as 3006:Universal Media Disc 2622:"Sad But True Basic" 2341:, pp. 111, 112. 2091:. 13 September 2021. 1755:, pp. 182, 186. 841:OPTION ANGLE DEGREES 657:forward declarations 291:second-system effect 187:HP Time-Shared BASIC 177:(HP) introduced the 132:The introduction of 85:and January 1987 as 2951:File systems (disk) 2909:File systems (tape) 2711:. pp. 152–156. 2698:. pp. 182–218. 2512:, pp. 239–240. 2437:, pp. 187–188. 2401:, pp. 141–154. 1391:CLIP "On" 1222:would set J to 30. 462:Basic functionality 308:string manipulation 217:, a physicist from 144:, who supplied the 3180:by standard number 2857:Ecma International 2737:. pp. 366–373 2709:Creative Computing 2155:, pp. 94–100. 2128:, pp. 94, 95. 2085:"Next without For" 1652:. 5 December 1973. 578:DO...LOOP UNTIL... 576:and bottom tested 193:. One holdout was 6361: 6360: 5471: 5470: 3194:ISO romanizations 3142: 3141: 2758:. pp. 78–80. 2074:, pp. 17–19. 1743:, pp. i, ii. 1420:and invoked with 1323:WHEN EXCEPTION IN 1106:, Full would use 734:DIM A(100 TO 200) 603:and called using 355:de facto standard 272:Wang Laboratories 219:Dartmouth College 76:Dartmouth College 6391: 5498: 5491: 5484: 5475: 5461: 5460: 3181: 3169: 3162: 3155: 3146: 3137:(1961 – present) 2936:Linear Tape-Open 2903: 2871:ANSI escape code 2849: 2842: 2835: 2826: 2808: 2780: 2759: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2725: 2712: 2699: 2693: 2683: 2662: 2629: 2616: 2614: 2603: 2601: 2594: 2583: 2564: 2558: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1899:(433): 171–182. 1884: 1878: 1877: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1623: 1617: 1611: 1582: 1581:does in FORTRAN. 1580: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1564: 1559: 1553: 1550: 1531: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1221: 1217: 1214:. For instance, 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1109: 1105: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 920: 912: 908: 896: 892: 888: 887:MAT INPUT A(3.3) 884: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 721:DIM A(5), B(2,2) 718: 711: 706: 702: 695: 691: 680: 675: 671: 654: 650: 642: 627: 623: 615: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 543: 539: 531: 527: 510: 506: 501: 497: 493: 481: 477: 473: 469: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 340: 336: 331: 327: 323: 280:American Express 256:General Electric 215:Arthur Luehrmann 142:General Electric 87:ANSI X3.113-1987 6399: 6398: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6341: 5842: 5507: 5502: 5472: 5467: 5449: 5373: 5099: 4251: 3200: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3143: 3138: 3128: 3107: 3086: 3031: 3015: 2946: 2904: 2895: 2886:Office Open XML 2859: 2853: 2815: 2805: 2790: 2787: 2785:Further reading 2762: 2749: 2740: 2738: 2728: 2715: 2702: 2691: 2686: 2680: 2665: 2639:SIGPLAN Notices 2632: 2619: 2612: 2606: 2599: 2592: 2586: 2576: 2573: 2568: 2567: 2559: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2288:Guntheroth 1983 2286: 2282: 2276:Guntheroth 1983 2274: 2270: 2264:Guntheroth 1983 2262: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2089:Microsoft Build 2083: 2082: 2078: 2070: 2066: 2060:Guntheroth 1983 2058: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1970:Guntheroth 1983 1968: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1905:10.2307/3617129 1886: 1885: 1881: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1842:Guntheroth 1983 1840: 1836: 1830:Guntheroth 1983 1828: 1819: 1813:Guntheroth 1983 1811: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1787: 1783: 1779:, pp. 188. 1775: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1739: 1735: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1703: 1699: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1612: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1585: 1573: 1569: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1521: 1464:ports concept. 1446: 1371: 1295: 1134:statements and 1116: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 929: 926: 903: 750: 738:DECLARE NUMERIC 665: 574:DO WHILE...LOOP 521: 464: 420: 418:Program editing 415: 403:Jerry Pournelle 375: 318:Thomas E. Kurtz 240:Microsoft BASIC 232: 175:Hewlett-Packard 134:Dartmouth BASIC 130: 124: 119: 95:Microsoft BASIC 71:Dartmouth BASIC 17: 12: 11: 5: 6397: 6395: 6387: 6386: 6384:Ecma standards 6381: 6376: 6366: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 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4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3174: 3172: 3171: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2966: 2963:CD File System 2960: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2844: 2837: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2814: 2813:External links 2811: 2810: 2809: 2803: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2760: 2747: 2726: 2713: 2700: 2684: 2678: 2663: 2630: 2617: 2604: 2602:on 2011-10-14. 2584: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2563:, p. 478. 2550: 2548:, p. 244. 2538: 2536:, p. 250. 2526: 2524:, p. 248. 2514: 2502: 2500:, p. 239. 2490: 2488:, p. 229. 2475: 2473:, p. 230. 2463: 2461:, p. 199. 2451: 2449:, p. 188. 2439: 2427: 2425:, p. 195. 2415: 2413:, p. 144. 2403: 2391: 2389:, p. 142. 2379: 2377:, p. 151. 2367: 2365:, p. 164. 2355: 2353:, p. 123. 2343: 2331: 2329:, p. 111. 2319: 2307: 2304:. p. 103. 2292: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2229: 2227:, p. 265. 2217: 2215:, p. 262. 2205: 2203:, p. 263. 2193: 2181: 2179:, p. 192. 2169: 2167:, p. 105. 2157: 2145: 2130: 2118: 2106: 2094: 2076: 2064: 2049: 2047:, p. 196. 2037: 2025: 2013: 1998: 1996:, p. 106. 1986: 1984:, p. 272. 1974: 1962: 1950: 1948:, p. 366. 1946:Pournelle 1985 1938: 1926: 1879: 1864: 1846: 1834: 1817: 1805: 1803:, p. 190. 1793: 1781: 1769: 1767:, p. 214. 1757: 1745: 1733: 1731:, p. 152. 1729:Luehrmann 1984 1721: 1719:, p. 173. 1717:Luehrmann 1984 1709: 1707:, p. iii. 1697: 1674: 1655: 1637: 1618: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1567: 1554: 1544: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1520: 1517: 1445: 1442: 1434:PICTURE CIRCLE 1370: 1367: 1303:TRACE ON TO #3 1294: 1291: 1281:type, but not 1115: 1112: 925: 902: 899: 749: 746: 686:floating point 664: 661: 645:local variable 520: 517: 463: 460: 419: 416: 414: 411: 374: 371: 314:John G. Kemeny 231: 228: 160:online service 153:service bureau 126:Main article: 123: 120: 118: 115: 99:home computers 24:Standard BASIC 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6396: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5505:IEC standards 5499: 5494: 5492: 5487: 5485: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5464: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3198:IEC standards 3195: 3191: 3190:ISO standards 3185: 3177: 3170: 3165: 3163: 3158: 3156: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3136: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3077:Minimal BASIC 3075: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2855:Standards of 2850: 2845: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2820: 2819:Decimal BASIC 2817: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2804:9780471810872 2800: 2796: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2724:. p. 29. 2723: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2679:9780894805912 2675: 2671: 2670: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2628:. p. 88. 2627: 2623: 2618: 2611: 2610: 2609:Minimal BASIC 2605: 2598: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2546:Standard 1987 2542: 2539: 2535: 2534:Standard 1987 2530: 2527: 2523: 2522:Standard 1987 2518: 2515: 2511: 2510:Standard 1987 2506: 2503: 2499: 2498:Standard 1987 2494: 2491: 2487: 2486:Standard 1987 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2471:Standard 1987 2467: 2464: 2460: 2459:Standard 1987 2455: 2452: 2448: 2447:Standard 1987 2443: 2440: 2436: 2435:Standard 1987 2431: 2428: 2424: 2423:Standard 1987 2419: 2416: 2412: 2411:Standard 1987 2407: 2404: 2400: 2399:Standard 1987 2395: 2392: 2388: 2387:Standard 1987 2383: 2380: 2376: 2375:Standard 1987 2371: 2368: 2364: 2363:Standard 1987 2359: 2356: 2352: 2351:Standard 1987 2347: 2344: 2340: 2339:Standard 1987 2335: 2332: 2328: 2327:Standard 1987 2323: 2320: 2317:, p. 74. 2316: 2315:Standard 1987 2311: 2308: 2303: 2296: 2293: 2290:, p. 71. 2289: 2284: 2281: 2278:, p. 70. 2277: 2272: 2269: 2266:, p. 49. 2265: 2260: 2257: 2254:, p. 37. 2253: 2252:Standard 1987 2248: 2245: 2242:, p. 66. 2241: 2240:Standard 1987 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225:Standard 1987 2221: 2218: 2214: 2213:Standard 1987 2209: 2206: 2202: 2201:Standard 1987 2197: 2194: 2191:, p. 49. 2190: 2189:Standard 1987 2185: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2165:Standard 1987 2161: 2158: 2154: 2153:Standard 1987 2149: 2146: 2143:, p. 94. 2142: 2141:Standard 1987 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2126:Standard 1987 2122: 2119: 2116:, p. 84. 2115: 2114:Standard 1987 2110: 2107: 2104:, p. 87. 2103: 2102:Standard 1987 2098: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2072:Standard 1987 2068: 2065: 2062:, p. 55. 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2038: 2035:, p. 50. 2034: 2033:Standard 1987 2029: 2026: 2023:, p. 29. 2022: 2021:Standard 1987 2017: 2014: 2011:, p. 31. 2010: 2009:Standard 1987 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1994:Standard 1987 1990: 1987: 1983: 1982:Standard 1987 1978: 1975: 1972:, p. 54. 1971: 1966: 1963: 1960:, p. 88. 1959: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1939: 1936:, p. 29. 1935: 1930: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1844:, p. 53. 1843: 1838: 1835: 1832:, p. 52. 1831: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1815:, p. 51. 1814: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1789:Standard 1987 1785: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1741:Standard 1987 1737: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1698: 1684: 1678: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1650:Computerworld 1647: 1641: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1593: 1588: 1571: 1568: 1558: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1525: 1519:ECMA vs. ANSI 1518: 1516: 1493: 1465: 1443: 1441: 1410: 1376: 1368: 1366: 1315: 1292: 1290: 1277:to a file of 1264: 1263:magnetic tape 1223: 1216:SET MARGIN 10 1208:SET ZONEWIDTH 1197: 1196:format string 1181: 1147: 1121: 1113: 1111: 1101: 1084: 1065: 923: 916: 900: 898: 879: 853: 848: 801: 747: 745: 726:OPTION BASE 0 713: 697: 687: 682: 662: 660: 658: 646: 638: 634: 629: 619: 601:SUB...END SUB 589: 546: 534: 518: 516: 512: 488: 486: 461: 459: 432: 429: 425: 417: 412: 410: 408: 404: 400: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 379:College Board 372: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 350: 346: 342: 339:OPTION BASE 0 330:OPTION BASE 0 319: 315: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 292: 287: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 262:vendors like 261: 257: 253: 249: 246:vendors like 245: 241: 237: 236:microcomputer 229: 226: 222: 220: 216: 212: 208: 207:Minimal BASIC 202: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 183:minicomputers 180: 176: 171: 169: 165: 161: 158: 154: 150: 147: 143: 139: 135: 129: 128:Minimal BASIC 122:Minimal BASIC 121: 116: 114: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 91:microcomputer 88: 84: 79: 77: 72: 68: 67:Minimal BASIC 63: 61: 60:file handling 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 25: 21: 6289:27000-series 6003: 5316:27000 series 4312: 3081: 3027:Universal 3D 2793: 2768: 2764: 2755: 2739:. Retrieved 2734: 2721: 2708: 2695: 2669:Digital Deli 2668: 2645:(7): 50–59. 2642: 2638: 2625: 2608: 2597:the original 2588: 2578: 2571:Bibliography 2541: 2529: 2517: 2505: 2493: 2466: 2454: 2442: 2430: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2370: 2358: 2346: 2334: 2322: 2310: 2301: 2295: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2184: 2172: 2160: 2148: 2121: 2109: 2097: 2088: 2079: 2067: 2040: 2028: 2016: 1989: 1977: 1965: 1953: 1941: 1929: 1896: 1892: 1882: 1867: 1858: 1855:"Viewpoints" 1849: 1837: 1808: 1796: 1791:, p. i. 1784: 1772: 1760: 1748: 1736: 1724: 1712: 1700: 1689:. 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