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lower than all numbered candidates. Some OPV jurisdictions permit a ballot expressing a single preference to use some other mark than the digit '1', such as a cross or tick-mark, opposite the preferred candidate's name, on the basis that the voter's intention is clear; other do not, arguing for example that an 'X' might be an expression of dislike. FPV may not be possible if
223:, can be considered optional-preferential as voters are allowed to rank just one candidate. The system also allows voters to skip one ranking (e.g. marking a first choice and a third choice, but not a second choice). In that case, the next ranking would be advanced to the next highest ranking, but more than one skip exhausts the ballot.
87:(IRV), a ballot is initially allocated to the first-preference candidate but if the first preference candidate is elected or found to be un-electable, the vote may be transferred one or more times to successively lower preferences. If there is no lower preference available when such a transfer is applicable, the ballot is said to be
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Ranked-voting systems typically use a ballot paper in which the voter is required to write numbers 1, 2, 3, etc. opposite the name of the candidate who is their first, second, third, etc. preference. In OPV and semi-optional systems, candidates not explicitly ranked by the voter are implicitly ranked
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Ranked vote systems vary in that some cast aside, at the start of the vote count, a ballot not correctly filled out but other systems allow a vote even if not fully and correctly marked to be used until the first mistake annuls the ballot. That was the case in federal
Australian elections prior to
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FPV prevents exhausted ballots. On the other hand, FPV increases the risk of invalid ballots: the more numbers a voter is required to mark, the greater the opportunity for mistakes, by repeating or skipping numbers or skipping candidates. Some
Australian elections which mandate FPV have reduced
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voting reform of 2016 switched from full-preferential voting to optional. A minimum number is specified in the instructions on the ballot paper. Since in the past a single number '1' above the line was valid, that is still a formal vote even though voters are encouraged to number six squares.
168:, semi-optional voting is used, with a minimum number of preferences required to be expressed; but there is no requirement to complete the entire ballot paper. Elections for all other Australian lower houses use full-preferential voting. In the
172:, semi-optional preferencing has been used since 1978, with a minimum 10 preferences required for 15 seats before 1991, and 15 preferences for 21 seats since. Voters also have the option since 1984 of voting "above the line". In the
99:"above the line" on ballot papers: these allow voters to select a complete party list prepared by one of the parties, instead of manually entering personal preferences marked for individual candidates "below the line".
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engaged in campaign to assist voters to mark fewer than all the candidates but still have their vote not deemed informal and rejected. This was a way to use vote as if under optional voting system.
176:, semi-optional voting is used if a voter chooses to vote below the line. Voting above the line requires only a '1' being placed in one box, and group voting tickets voting has applied since 1988.
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107:) but after 1998 Australia classified those votes as informal (invalid). Australia now allows ballots to express less than complete preferences (
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111:) for Senate elections but still full-preferential voting is used for members of Australia's House of Representatives.
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systems vary is whether an individual vote must express a minimum number of preferences to avoid being considered
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Northern
Territory Adopts Optional Preferential Voting and Bans Campaigning Near Polling Places
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313:"Compulsory preferential voting returns to Queensland as Parliament passes bill for more MPs"
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requires ranking some number greater than one but less than the total number of candidates.
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The terms OPV and FPV are used mainly in
Australia, in relation to elections at
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61:(OPV) requires only one candidate, the voter's first preference, to be indicated
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from 1992 to 2015, when it was replaced by full-preferential voting.
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Bryant v
Commonwealth of Australia FCA 1242 (30 September 1998)
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http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/bill/crb1988520.pdf
262:"Are Queenslanders in danger of 'wasting' their votes"
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OPV is used in elections in the
Australian state of
36:Example of an optional preferential ballot paper
48:("spoiled" or "informal"). Possibilities are:
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55:(FPV) requires all candidates to be ranked
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79:In a transferable-vote system like the
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249:Optional Preferential: Elections NSW
317:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
170:New South Wales Legislative Council
95:informal (invalid) votes by adding
27:Type of preferential voting system
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287:"The Queensland Electoral System"
65:Semi-optional preferential voting
366:The Australian Electoral System
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311:Burke, Gail (22 April 2016).
174:Victorian Legislative Council
166:Tasmanian Legislative Council
109:optional preferential voting
59:Optional preferential voting
162:Tasmanian House of Assembly
129:proportional representation
127:(federal) level, which use
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205:in the Republic of Ireland
133:Single transferable voting
40:One of the ways in which
364:Farrell and McAllister.
179:Around 1999 Melbourne's
81:single transferable vote
53:Full preferential voting
18:Full preferential voting
153:OPV was adopted in the
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386:Instant-runoff voting
291:Queensland Parliament
221:Instant-runoff voting
85:instant runoff voting
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343:ABC 11 February 2016
213:ranked-choice voting
97:group voting tickets
209:in Northern Ireland
137:preferential voting
121:state and territory
74:write-in candidates
260:Stevens, Bronwyn.
155:Northern Territory
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368:. pp. 56–57.
219:, United States,
188:Australian Senate
146:. It was used in
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320:. Retrieved
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322:15 December
296:15 December
271:28 November
105:Langer vote
227:References
148:Queensland
195:Elsewhere
157:in 2016.
135:/STV) or
115:Australia
89:exhausted
83:(STV) or
380:Category
201:in Malta
164:and the
103:1998 (a
139:(IRV).
46:invalid
207:, and
217:Maine
324:2017
298:2017
273:2020
186:The
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