729:[President of the Council of the Order of Lawyers and Prosecutors of Turin, he distinguished himself, in carrying out his office, for his profound commitment, passionate dedication and high moral sense. In a particularly delicate moment for the integrity of the republican institutions, disregarding the death threats received, he proceeded all the same, in order not to slow down the course of a process, to the appointment of the court-appointed lawyers for the members of a dangerous subversive organization, demonstrating great courage and absolute faith in the force of the law. He fell victim to a cowardly attack, sacrificing his life in defense of the democratic state. Turin, 28 April 1977.]
336:
173:
take the political charge of all the actions of the organization. Given that, we claim there is no legal ground for this trial. The defendants have no reason to defend themselves. On the opposite, the prosecutors have to defend the criminal and anti-proletarian practice of the infamous regime that they represent. ... To be clear, we repeat our counsellors' power of attorneys and we invite them to refuse any possible appointment
727:
delle minacce di morte ricevute, procedeva egualmente, onde non rallentare il corso di un processo, alla nomina dei legali d'ufficio per gli appartenenti ad una pericolosa organizzazione eversiva, dimostrando grande coraggio e assoluta fiducia nella forza della legge. Cadeva vittima di un vile attentato, sacrificando la vita in difesa dello Stato democratico. Torino, 28 aprile 1977.
215:, which gives everyone the right "to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing" according to Article 6.3. He contended that to be represented by a lawyer is a right, not an obligation. The Court of Assizes rejected this claim of unconstitutionality, perhaps biased by the murder of a district attorney,
324:
On the fortieth anniversary of his death in 2018, the
Criminal Chamber of western Piedmont remembered him as "a great lawyer who sacrificed his life in the name of the right to defense, an example for all citizens and also for us." A letter sent to its members read: "He was barbarously killed because
172:
The defendants contended that the court did not have the authority to judge them. During the first hearing, Ferrari read a statement on behalf of all the defendants. It said that "we proclaim ourselves members of the communist organization Red
Brigades. And being communist combatants, we take jointly
726:
Presidente del
Consiglio dell'Ordine degli avvocati e procuratori di Torino, si distingueva, nell'assolvimento dell'incarico, per il profondo impegno, l'appassionata dedizione e l'alto senso morale. In un momento particolarmente delicato per l'integritĂ delle istituzioni repubblicane, noncurante
200:), appointed Croce as counsellor of the defendants, in his capacity of president of the Bar Association. Although Croce was conscious of the serious danger, he accepted the defence and appointed as co-counsellors some other members of the Turin Bar Association Board of Governors; among them was
169:. At the first hearing of the trial, something totally new in Italy happened, as all the defendants refused to be defended by a counsellor and threatened death to any lawyer who would have accepted to be appointed as their counsellor by the court.
320:
is dedicated to Croce, "a perennial remembrance, victim of terrorism". On 9 May 2016, a memorial plaque was affixed to the wall of the house in via
Perrone 5, where the fatal attack took place, by the Municipality of Turin.
226:, by the Red Brigades occurred a few days before. Consequently, Croce and the other co-counsellors kept defending the members of the Red Brigades. On 28 April 1977, Croce was killed. Three men shot at him five times using a
211:, which compels every defendant, even against his will and one charged of political crimes, to be defended by a counsellor, was unconstitutional. Grande Stevens contended that this article was in conflict with the
301:). During some solemn commitment ceremonies and immediately after the ritual oath, the Council of the Milan Bar Association donated a copy of the film to each young new lawyer. The film was directed by
234:. The Red Brigades revendicated the action through a phone call. In leaflets, they stated: "On 28 April 1977 a commando of the Red Brigades has executed the state servant Fulvio Croce."
906:
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890:
94:(6 June 1901 – 28 April 1977) was an Italian lawyer. The president of the Turin Bar Association, he was killed by a terrorist group, the
212:
653:
931:
530:
208:
537:(in Italian). Turin: Associazione Italiana Vittime del Terrorismo (Italian Association of Victims of Terrorism). 2003. Archived from
845:
713:
804:
621:"Ambrosoli e Croce, eroi normali morti per la giustizia" [Ambrosoli and Croce, ordinary heroes who died for justice],
862:
844:(in Italian). Turin: CERMEG, Dipartimento FacoltĂ di Giurisprudenza, UniversitĂ di Torino . 14 December 2007. Archived from
139:
599:
381:
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805:"A quarant'anni dall'assassinio dell'avv. Fulvio Croce: autodifesa e difesa d'ufficio in due storici processi"
216:
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he did his duty, because he honoured the toga, and served the state, thus implementing the
Constitution."
243:
131:
564:[Thirty years ago Fulvio Croce, Alpine and lawyer was killed in an ambush by the Red Brigades].
267:
201:
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At the hearing of 7 June 1976, Grande
Stevens, in accord with Croce, contended that Article 130 of the
569:
412:
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302:
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151:
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637:"Un'aula dedicata a Croce e Ambrosoli" [A courtroom dedicated to Croce and Ambrosoli],
562:"Trent'anni fa Fulvio Croce, alpino e avvocato veniva ucciso in un agguato delle Brigate Rosse"
283:
898:
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44:
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107:
708:[The honours of the Italian Republic – Fulvio Croce – Gold medal for civil valor].
706:"Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana – Croce Fulvio – Medaglia d'oro al valor civile"
538:
500:
It was worth it: Stories of terrorism and mafias, of state secrets and of offended justice
495:
Ne valeva la pena: Storie di terrorismi e mafie, di segreti di Stato e di giustizia offesa
231:
686:[Forty years ago murdered lawyer Croce] (in Italian). Turin: ANSA. 28 April 2017
705:
142:. He was elected president of the Turin Bar Association in 1968. In 1977, it began in
925:
783:
317:
147:
119:
598:(in Italian). Turin: Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Avvocati di Torino . Archived from
185:
95:
745:
493:
227:
411:(in Italian). No. 237. Naples: Denaro Progetti . p. 5. Archived from
175:
902:
874:
816:
377:
641:(in Italian), Trento: Gruppo editoriale Athesia , p. 18, 21 March 2010
288:
299:
Lawyer! The Turin
Process Against the Historic Nucleus of the Red Brigades
115:
625:(in Italian), Trento: GEDI Gruppo Editoriale , p. 18, 21 March 2010
471:] (paperback ed.). Milan: Baldini+Castoldi. pp. 305–306.
502:] (paperback ed.). Rome; Bari: Editori Laterza . p. 17.
897:(in Italian). Milan: RCS Media Group; Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso .
309:
295:
Avvocato! Il processo di Torino al nucleo storico delle
Brigate rosse
135:
83:
833:'La forza dell'esempio': incontro a Trento sulla deontologia forense
594:[Foundation of the Turinese legal profession Fulvio Croce].
568:(in Italian). Milan: Associazione Nazionale Alpini . Archived from
660:(in Italian). Turin: CittĂ di Torino . 10 May 2016. Archived from
271:
143:
63:
308:
Since 2010, a courtroom in the criminal hearings of the court of
838:'The force of the example': meeting in Trento on forensic ethics
442:] (paperback ed.). Milan: Garzanti. pp. 322–323.
146:
the trial against some members of the Red
Brigades; they were
293:
and the Turin Bar
Association produced the documentary film
811:(in Italian). No. 6. Turin: G. Giappichelli Editore .
865:[Fulvio Croce, the Br lawyer killed by the Br].
790:(in Italian). Treviso: Studio Legale RBA . 6 March 2021
407:[Fulvio Croce: a hero of the Italian lawyers].
316:. Since 2014, a courtroom in the Palace of Justice in
863:"Fulvio Croce, l'avvocato delle Br ucciso dalle Br"
204:, who was charged of the defence of Renato Curcio.
79:
71:
52:
30:
23:
712:(in Italian). Rome: Presidenza della Repubblica .
592:"Fondazione dell'Avvocatura Torinese Fulvio Croce"
242:On 5 December 1977, Croce received the Gold Medal
405:"Fulvio Croce: un eroe dell'avvocatura italiana"
403:Barra Caracciolo, Francesco (19 December 2007).
359:
357:
280:Fondazione dell'Avvocatura Torinese Fulvio Croce
656:[Fulvio Croce, the gentleman citizen].
274:in 2000. The Foundation Memorial Fulvio Croce (
8:
754:] (paperback ed.). Padoa: Cedam.
372:(in Italian). Turin: Editrice La Stampa .
20:
684:"Quarant'anni fa omicidio avvocato Croce"
469:Here Red Brigades: the story, the voices
654:"Fulvio Croce, il cittadino galantuomo"
465:Qui Brigate rosse: il racconto, le voci
353:
230:, which was the same gun used to kill
134:of 8 September 1943, Croce joined the
716:from the original on 20 February 2023
368:[And Turin defeated the Br].
7:
893:[A lawyer who died a hero].
889:Tricomi, Antonio (6 December 2007).
282:) was established in 2004. In 2007,
213:European Convention on Human Rights
190:, the presiding judge of the Turin
209:Italian Code of Criminal Procedure
14:
909:from the original on 3 March 2016
364:Borghesan, Luciano (4 May 2007).
118:region. In 1924, he graduated in
560:Rocci, Adriano (27 March 2007).
334:
861:Merlo, Giulia (28 April 2017).
784:"Chi è l'Avvocato Fulvio Croce"
744:Grande Stevens, Franzo (2000).
252:medaglia d'oro al valore civile
891:"Un avvocato che morì da eroe"
1:
952:People from Castelnuovo Nigra
463:Tessandori, Vincenzo (2009).
434:Tessandori, Vincenzo (1977).
947:20th-century Italian lawyers
436:Br imputazione banda armata
110:, Croce was born in 1901 in
809:Processo Penale e Giustizia
140:Italian resistance movement
968:
366:"E Torino sconfisse le Br"
312:is dedicated to Croce and
16:Italian lawyer (1901–1977)
932:Italian terrorism victims
771:– via Google Books.
519:– via Google Books.
492:Spataro, Armando (2010).
440:Br indictment armed band
298:
197:
803:Ferrua, Paolo (2018).
596:Ordine Avvocati Torino
535:Vittime terrorismo.it
341:Award for Civil Valour
279:
263:
251:
244:Award for Civil Valour
156:Paolo Maurizio Ferrari
132:Armistice of Cassibile
127:
106:The great-grandson of
268:Franzo Grande Stevens
202:Franzo Grande Stevens
869:(in Italian). Rome.
152:Alberto Franceschini
747:Vita d'un avvocato
602:on 14 October 2008
343:, 5 December 1977.
264:Vita d'un avvocato
167:Prospero Gallinari
848:on 1 January 2008
761:978-8-8132-5294-6
509:978-8-8420-9300-8
478:978-8-8607-3310-8
449:978-8-8117-3936-4
314:Giorgio Ambrosoli
270:was published by
112:Castelnuovo Nigra
89:
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45:Castelnuovo Nigra
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380:. Archived from
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256:Life of a Lawyer
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198:Court of Assizes
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108:Costantino Nigra
59:
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777:Further reading
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572:on 18 July 2011
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384:on 4 April 2012
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303:Marino Bronzino
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232:Carlo Casalegno
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664:on 3 June 2016
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541:on 1 June 2008
531:"Fulvio Croce"
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349:
346:
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239:
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217:Francesco Coco
193:Corte d'Assise
128:giurisprudenza
103:
100:
87:
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81:
77:
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69:
68:
62:
60:(aged 75)
54:
50:
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28:
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895:La Repubblica
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318:Ascoli Piceno
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181:Guido Barbaro
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149:
148:Renato Curcio
145:
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130:). After the
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120:jurisprudence
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56:28 April 1977
55:
51:
46:
33:
29:
22:
19:
911:. Retrieved
894:
878:. Retrieved
866:
850:. Retrieved
846:the original
841:
837:
832:
820:. Retrieved
808:
792:. Retrieved
788:Avvocati RBA
787:
765:. Retrieved
751:
746:
738:Bibliography
725:
718:. Retrieved
709:
700:
688:. Retrieved
678:
666:. Retrieved
662:the original
657:
648:
638:
632:
622:
616:
604:. Retrieved
600:the original
595:
586:
574:. Retrieved
570:the original
565:
555:
543:. Retrieved
539:the original
534:
525:
513:. Retrieved
499:
494:
487:
468:
464:
458:
439:
435:
429:
417:. Retrieved
413:the original
408:
398:
386:. Retrieved
382:the original
369:
323:
307:
294:
255:
254:). The book
241:
206:
191:
174:
171:
105:
96:Red Brigades
92:Fulvio Croce
91:
90:
58:(1977-04-28)
25:Fulvio Croce
18:
942:1977 deaths
937:1901 births
913:20 February
880:20 February
852:20 February
822:20 February
794:20 February
767:20 February
720:20 February
690:20 February
668:20 February
606:20 February
576:20 February
545:20 February
515:20 February
419:20 February
388:20 February
339:Gold Medal
287: [
228:Nagant 7.62
220: [
184: [
159: [
72:Nationality
41:6 June 1901
926:Categories
348:References
297:(English:
196:(English:
176:ex officio
80:Occupation
37:1901-06-06
903:0390-1076
875:2724-5942
867:Il Dubbio
842:Cermeg.it
817:2039-4527
710:Quirinale
658:CittAgorĂ
409:Il Denaro
378:1122-1763
370:La Stampa
284:Rai Trade
114:, in the
102:Biography
907:Archived
714:Archived
623:Trentino
138:and the
116:Piedmont
840:].
639:L'Adige
329:Honours
276:Italian
260:Italian
248:Italian
179:... ."
124:Italian
75:Italian
66:, Italy
47:, Italy
901:
873:
815:
758:
566:ANA.it
506:
475:
446:
376:
310:Trento
238:Memory
165:, and
136:Alpini
84:Lawyer
836:[
750:[
498:[
467:[
438:[
291:]
272:Cedam
266:) by
224:]
188:]
163:]
144:Turin
64:Turin
915:2023
899:ISSN
882:2023
871:ISSN
854:2023
824:2023
813:ISSN
796:2023
769:2023
756:ISBN
722:2023
692:2023
670:2023
608:2023
578:2023
547:2023
517:2023
504:ISBN
473:ISBN
444:ISBN
421:2023
390:2023
374:ISSN
53:Died
31:Born
154:,
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786:.
724:.
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356:^
305:.
289:it
278::
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392:.
258:(
246:(
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