293:
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Regarding stelai (Greek plural of stele), in the period of the
Archaic style in Ancient Athens (600 BC) stele often showed certain archetypes of figures, such as the male athlete. Generally their figures were singular, though there are instances of two or more figures from this time period. Moving into the 6th and 5th centuries BC, Greek stelai declined and then rose in popularity again in Athens and evolved to show scenes with multiple figures, often of a family unit or a household scene. One such notable example is the Stele of Hegeso. Typically grave stelai are made of marble and carved in relief, and like most Ancient Greek sculpture they were vibrantly painted. For more examples of stelai, the Getty Museum's published Catalog of Greek Funerary Sculpture is a valuable resource
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799:, which is a popular tourist attraction. Elsewhere, many unwanted steles can also be found in selected places in Beijing, such as Dong Yue Miao, the Five Pagoda Temple, and the Bell Tower, again assembled to attract tourists and also as a means of solving the problem faced by local authorities of what to do with them. The long, wordy, and detailed inscriptions on these steles are almost impossible to read for most are lightly engraved on white marble in characters only an inch or so in size, thus being difficult to see since the slabs are often 3m or more tall.
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870:. They consist of tall sculpted stone shafts or slabs and are often associated with low circular stones referred to as altars, although their actual function is uncertain. Many stelae were sculpted in low relief, although plain monuments are found throughout the Maya region. The sculpting of these monuments spread throughout the Maya area during the
1379:
206:(headstone, tombstone, gravestone, or marker) may technically be considered the modern equivalent of ancient stelae, though the term is very rarely applied in this way. Equally, stele-like forms in non-Western cultures may be called by other terms, and the words "stele" and "stelae" are most consistently applied in
474:
Stele fulfilled several functions. There were votive, commemorative, and liminal or boundary stelae, but the largest group was the tomb stelae. Their picture area showed the owner of the stele, often with his family, and an inscription listed the name and titles of the deceased after a prayer to one,
2008:
1827:
600:
Greek funerary markers, especially in Attica, had a long and evolutionary history in Athens. From public and extravagant processional funerals to different types of pottery used to store ashes after cremation, visibility has always been a large part of
Ancient Greek funerary markers in Athens.
292:
1540:
482:
Liminal, or boundary, stele were used to mark size and location of fields and the country's borders. Votive stelae were exclusively erected in temples by pilgrims to pay homage to the gods or sacred animals. Commemorative stelae were placed in temples by the pharaoh, or his senior officials,
2042:
1792:
478:
In the mastaba tombs of the Old
Kingdom (2686 - 2181 BC), stelae functioned as false doors, symbolizing passage between the present and the afterlife, which allowed the deceased to receive offerings. These were both real and represented by formulae on the false door.
54:
550:, had a commemorative function or served as boundary markers. Although sometimes plain, most bore a cuneiform inscription that would detail the stele's function or the reasons for its erection. The stele from Van's "western niche" contained annals of the reign of
1114:. In the latter area, there are a number of anthropomorphic and phallic stelae, which are associated with graves of rectangular shape flanked by vertical slabs. The Djibouti-Loyada stelae are of uncertain age, and some of them are adorned with a T-shaped symbol.
1431:
1603:
471:. These vertical slabs of stone are used as tombstones, for religious usage, and to mark boundaries, and are most commonly made of limestone and sandstone, or harder kinds of stone such as granite or diorite, but wood was also used in later times.
1921:
1484:
1090:
is one of nine megalithic pillar sites in the central Gurage Zone of
Ethiopia. As of 1997, 118 stele were reported in the area. Along with the stelae in the Hadiya Zone, the structures are identified by local residents as
1691:
1016:
More than 1,200 Khmer inscriptions of varying length have been collected. There was an 'explosion' of Khmer epigraphy from the seventh century, with the earliest recorded Khmer stone inscription dating from 612 AD at
1973:
491:, describing the campaigns of the Nubian pharaoh Piye as he reconquered the country; the Restoration Stele of Tutankhamun (1336 - 1327 BC), detailing the religious reforms enacted after the Amarna period; and the
1801:
729:
Erecting steles at tombs or temples eventually became a widespread social and religious phenomenon. Emperors found it necessary to promulgate laws, regulating the use of funerary steles by the population. The
1861:
1888:
1510:
802:
There are more than 100,000 surviving stone inscriptions in China. However, only approximately 30,000 have been transcribed or had rubbings made, and fewer than those 30,000 have been formally studied.
1574:
1465:
233:
Steles have also been used to publish laws and decrees, to record a ruler's exploits and honors, to mark sacred territories or mortgaged properties, as territorial markers, as the boundary steles of
1151:, which point to a medieval period of activity at the tail end of the Adal Sultanate's reign. Among these settlements, Aw Barkhadle is surrounded by a number of ancient stelae. Burial sites near
986:
Khmer inscriptions are a corpus of post-5th century historical texts engraved sometimes on steles, but more generally on materials such as stone and metal ware found in a wide range of mainland
499:. In Ptolemaic times (332 - 30 BC), decrees issued by the pharaoh and the priesthood were inscribed on stelae in hieroglyphs, demotic script and Greek, the most famous example of which is the
2966:
1754:
1083:
erected a number of large stelae, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times. One of these granite columns is the largest such structure in the world, standing at 90 feet.
761:
make seven stone inscriptions commemorating and praising his work, of which fragments of two survive. One of the most famous mountain steles is the 13 m (43 ft) high stele at
574:
suggests this reuse was a deliberate desire to capitalize on the potency of the past. Some scholars have suggested
Urartian steles may have influenced the development of the Armenian
1633:
1662:
674:
of famous historical figures. In addition to their commemorative value, many
Chinese steles are regarded as exemplars of traditional Chinese calligraphic scripts, especially the
1774:
874:(250–900 AD), and these pairings of sculpted stelae and circular altars are considered a hallmark of Classic Maya civilization. The earliest dated stela to have been found
442:
created a field of some 2,700 blank steles. The memorial is meant to be read not only as the field, but also as an erasure of data that refer to memory of the
Holocaust.
670:
with a funerary, commemorative, or edifying text. They can commemorate talented writers and officials, inscribe poems, portraits, or maps, and frequently contain the
475:
or several, of the gods of the dead and request for offerings. Less frequently, an autobiographical text provided additional information about the individual's life.
1731:
795:
Thousands of steles, surplus to the original requirements, and no longer associated with the person they were erected for or to, have been assembled in Xi'an's
195:. Stelae were occasionally erected as memorials to battles. For example, along with other memorials, there are more than half-a-dozen steles erected on the
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2848:
534:
between the 9th and 6th centuries BC. Some were located within temple complexes, set within monumental rock-cut niches (such as the niche of the Rock of
1044:
stones are vertical grave and boundary markers, erected at hundreds of sites in
Ireland throughout the first millennium AD, bearing inscriptions in the
2599:
Grossman, Janet
Burnett. Greek Funerary Sculpture : Catalogue of the Collections at the Getty Villa. Los Angeles: JPaul Getty Museum, 2001. Print.
2022:
3263:
2989:
1139:), it denoted the final resting place of a local saint. Surveys by A.T. Curle in 1934 on several of these important ruined cities recovered various
430:
899:
had its origin around 400 BC and continued through to the end of the
Classic Period, around 900, although some monuments were reused in the
772:
A number of such stone monuments have preserved the origin and history of China's minority religious communities. The 8th-century Christians of
483:
detailing important events of his reign. Some of the most widely known Egyptian stelae include: the Kamose Stelae, recounting the defeat of the
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82:
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Campbell, Gordon. The Grove Encyclopedia of Classical Art and Architecture. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print.
2337:
78:
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2222:
750:, while the lower-level officials had to be satisfied with steles with plain rounded tops, standing on simple rectangular pedestals.
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3159:
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1415:
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1401:
609:
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780:, which survived adverse events of the later history by being buried underground for several centuries. Steles created by the
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2934:
Ethiopia in broader perspective: papers of the XIIIth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies Kyoto 12-17 December 1997
2390:
594:
2326:
Stele: Upright slab of stone, worked or unworked, erected for memorial or cuitic purposes. Sometimes inscribed or decorated.
2581:
Robinson, Edward. "An Archaic Greek Grave Monument." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 8.5 (1913): 94. CrossRef. Web.
933:. Stelae in a few sites display a much more three-dimensional appearance where locally available stone permits, such as at
925:
Hundreds of stelae have been recorded in the Maya region, displaying a wide stylistic variation. Many are upright slabs of
3380:
3303:
2310:
Reich, Ronny; Katzenstein, Hannah (1992). "Glossary of Archaeological Terms". In Kempinski, Aharon; Reich, Ronny (eds.).
3339:
2572:
Caskey, L. D. "An Archaic Greek Grave Stele in Boston." American Journal of Archaeology 15.3 (1911): 293. CrossRef. Web.
1980:
1293:
888:. During the Classic Period almost every Maya kingdom in the southern lowlands raised stelae in its ceremonial centre.
3344:, a fully digitized collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries, which contains material on steles
726:) containing biographical information on deceased people began to be written on stone tablets rather than wooden ones.
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constitute one of the largest and most significant sources of information on those civilisations, in particular
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decoration, but most Maya stelae were probably brightly painted in red, yellow, black, blue and other colours.
766:
639:
210:
contexts to objects from Europe, the ancient Near East and Egypt, China, and sometimes Pre-Columbian America.
3258:(Spring–Autumn 1996). "Kings of Stone: A Consideration of Stelae in Ancient Maya Ritual and Representation".
3255:
2631:
2056:, featuring typical geometric and solar forms, as it was the custom since the period previous to Roman times
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900:
871:
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1819:
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have a number of steles of considerable antiquity as well, often containing both Chinese and Arabic text.
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of North and South America that are made out of stone may also be considered a specialized type of stele.
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35:
31:
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2026:
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sculpted on one or more faces, with available surfaces sculpted with figures carved in relief and with
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667:
451:
160:. The surface of the stele often has text, ornamentation, or both. These may be inscribed, carved in
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Khmer inscriptions are the only local written sources for the study of ancient Khmer civilization.
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The stelae at Tiya and other areas in central Ethiopia are similar to those on the route between
954:
663:
519:
3151:
976:
658:) have been a major medium of stone inscription in China, the earliest examples dating from the
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and officialdom: the top noblemen and mandarins were eligible for steles installed on top of a
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3118:
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2938:
2911:
2884:
2827:
2456:
2315:
2083:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1876:
1640:
1551:
1502:
1204:
863:
590:
571:
461:
353:
286:
242:
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3130:
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2232:
2187:
2143:
2000:
1992:
1964:
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1006:) and relating to the Khmer civilization. The study of Khmer inscriptions is known as Khmer
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96:
47:
43:
336:. The most famous example of an inscribed stela leading to increased understanding is the
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steles were freestanding stone obelisks that served a variety of purposes, erected in the
492:
329:
313:
184:
73:
3234:
Parentage Statements and Paired Stelae: Signs of Dynastic Succession for the Classic Maya
753:
Steles are found at nearly every significant mountain and historical site in China. The
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2018:
1996:
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that destroyed their synagogue several times, to tell us something about their world.
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in 1916), or erected beside tombs. Others stood in isolated positions and, such as the
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349:
207:
176:
131:
39:
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554:, with events detailed yearly and with each year separated by the phrase "For the God
467:
Egyptian steles (or Stelae, Books of Stone) have been found dating as far back as the
53:
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3145:
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738:, listed a number of stele types available as status symbols to various ranks of the
558:
I accomplished these deeds". Urartian steles are sometimes found reused as Christian
543:
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488:
406:
337:
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153:
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2029:. Typical inscriptions include the names of the deceased interred under the stones.
387:
of Scotland, often intricately carved, date from between the 6th and 9th centuries.
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2506:
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and declined at the same time as this institution. The production of stelae by the
821:, dating to 731, is the best preserved monument from the city. It depicts the king
796:
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781:
731:
682:
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628:
368:
278:
180:
3198:
352:. Two steles built into the walls of a church are major documents relating to the
175:
or commemorative purposes. Stelae as slabs of stone would also be used as ancient
3062:
2932:
2905:
2823:
Ancient Stone Sites of New England and the Debate Over Early European Exploration
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1807:
1702:
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1229:
1127:
930:
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857:
710:
694:
690:
686:
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535:
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246:
152:, is a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected in the
2612:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard-Yenching Institute, 6th edition (2022): 81.
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1952:
1936:
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17:
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2014:
1988:
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1007:
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964:
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Chinese ink rubbings of the 1489 (left) and 1512 (right) steles left by the
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234:
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938:
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1029:
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2372:
By Egypt Exploration Society Archaeological Survey of Egypt 1908, p. 19
2103:
2049:
1566:
1308:
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1122:
1076:
995:
876:
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172:
65:, depicting King K'ac Yipyaj Chan K'awiil ("Smoke Shell"), as drawn by
655:
1944:
1905:
1841:
1672:
1591:
1531:
1520:
1136:
1132:
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563:
527:
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484:
435:
360:
250:
241:, or to commemorate military victories. They were widely used in the
238:
188:
161:
941:. Plain stelae do not appear to have been painted nor overlaid with
784:
in 1489, 1512, and 1663, have survived the repeated flooding of the
662:. Chinese steles are generally rectangular stone tablets upon which
425:, are among the most common types of stele seen in Western culture.
324:
The large number of stelae, including inscriptions, surviving from
2286:
1761:
1595:
1354:
1318:
1181:
1176:
1162:
1152:
1055:
1041:
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291:
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270:
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217:
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72:
3262:. 29–30 (29/30 The Pre-Columbian). Cambridge, Massachusetts, US:
3134:. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 3 Jun. 2015.
1148:
1118:
1061:
1003:
632:
531:
199:
at the locations of notable actions by participants in battle.
2880:
Number Words and Number Symbols: A Cultural History of Numbers
2250:
2244:
2205:
2199:
2155:
1372:
108:
34:. Several terms redirect here. For other uses of "Stela", see
2393:
1980, pp. 66ff) or Shalmaneser's stela at Saluria (Boardman,
1048:
language. They have occasionally been described as "steles."
144:
134:
2455:. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 214–223.
757:
made five tours of his domain in the 3rd century BC and had
2161:
495:, which features the first known historical mention of the
114:
880:
in the Maya lowlands was recovered from the great city of
3020:
Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society
2561:
Vigilant Powers: Three Churches of Early Medieval Armenia
2548:
Vigilant Powers: Three Churches of Early Medieval Armenia
1388:
contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images
968:
922:, at least 166, although they are very poorly preserved.
421:, typically with inscribed name and often with inscribed
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2177:
based on direct transliteration of the Greek, sometimes
734:
laws, instituted in the 14th century by its founder the
3341:
The Cesnola collection of Cypriot art: stone sculpture
2715:
2713:
2314:. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. p. 312.
460:
Egyptian hieroglyphs on an Egyptian funerary stela in
2262:
2253:
2238:
2214:
2193:
2170:
2149:
1620: BC), engraved on the back of a reused stele of
891:
Stelae became closely associated with the concept of
123:
102:
2967:"Some remarks on the origins of the Aksumite Stelae"
2507:"Egyptian Stelae in Field Museum of Natural History"
2247:
2241:
2202:
2196:
2158:
2152:
918:
raised the greatest number of stelae known from any
769:
commemorating his imperial sacrifices there in 725.
111:
105:
2235:
2190:
2146:
1912:, displaying efforts at modern preservation of the
837:Stela H, a high-relief in-the-round sculpture from
99:
3349:Egyptian Stelae in Field Museum of Natural History
3197:
975:" (683 CE) at the beginning of the text. Found in
3043:G.W.B. Huntingford, "The Town of Amud, Somalia",
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2736:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFuente_et_al.1999 (
2686:, vol. II, Brill Archive, pp. 451–452
2632:"The Stele of Mount Hua Temple at The West Alp"
967:. It contains the oldest, firmly dated use of "
2702:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMartinGrube2000 (
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
716:. During the Han dynasty, tomb inscriptions (
685:are rare: there are a handful from before the
2807:
2771:
2731:
2500:
2498:
1400:beside adjacent text, in accordance with the
717:
46:. For the Ten Commandments stone tablet, see
8:
1534:and assigned to the Abealzu-Filigosa culture
222:The funerary stele of Thrasea and Euandria,
3268:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
2697:
1394:removing excessive or indiscriminate images
77:Stele to the French 8th Infantry Regiment.
3204:(6th ed.). Stanford, California, US:
3196:Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler (2006).
3012:
3010:
2338:Commons:Category:Battle of Waterloo steles
1071:contains many stelae. In the highlands of
2023:Common Burying Ground and Island Cemetery
1471:Egyptian grave stela of Nehemes-Ra-tawy,
1416:Learn how and when to remove this message
971:" as a decimal figure, seen in the date "
340:, which led to the breakthrough allowing
3314:(6 ed.), Cambridge, Massachusetts:
3264:President and Fellows of Harvard College
1991:in 1409 with trilingual inscriptions in
1099:(Ahmad "Gurey" or "Gran"), ruler of the
1095:or "Gran's stone", in reference to Imam
52:
27:Stone or wooden slab erected as a marker
3300:The New Berlin: Memory, Politics, Place
3178:Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica
2907:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, Volume 1
2783:
2529:
2527:
2302:
2130:
1427:
431:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
2795:
2759:
2719:
1653:BC), used as a boundary marker and to
1125:, whenever an old site had the prefix
1117:Near the ancient northwestern town of
167:Stelae were created for many reasons.
2937:. Shokado Book Sellers. p. 370.
1624:'s, with the earliest mention of the
344:to be read. An informative stele of
269:, and, most likely independently, in
7:
3240:(Master's thesis). Provo, Utah, US:
394:is a specialized kind of stele. The
363:), set up without inscriptions from
3128:Collon, Dominique, et al. "Stele."
3067:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 98.
2274:
2137:The plural in English is sometimes
1879:, a slab cross from Early Medieval
1565:receiving his law from the sun god
1392:Please help improve the section by
963:The Sambor Inscription, written in
3352:, documentation of collection 1936
2680:de Groot, Jan Jakob Maria (1892),
2312:The Architecture of Ancient Israel
2223:inflection of Greek nouns in Latin
1131:in its name (such as the ruins of
862:Maya stelae were fashioned by the
25:
3091:. Somali Heritage and Archaeology
3023:. The Red Sea Press. p. 90.
2877:Menninger, Karl (10 April 2013).
2563:, 2015, footnote 311 on page 198.
2453:The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
1837:(781) records the success of the
765:with the personal calligraphy of
623:Renovation Stele dated Year 9 of
452:Art of ancient Egypt § Stele
375:, were monuments of pre-literate
3260:RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics
2231:
2186:
2142:
2068:
2041:
2007:
1972:
1920:
1887:
1869:
1826:
1800:
1773:
1768:period, built sometime after 583
1753:
1741:(196 BC), establishing the
1730:
1690:
1661:
1632:
1602:
1573:
1539:
1509:
1483:
1464:
1430:
1402:Manual of Style on use of images
1377:
830:
810:
95:
3231:Stewart, Daniel Moroni (2009).
3150:. London, UK and New York, US:
2820:Goudsward, David (5 May 2014).
2342:Timmermans, D. (7 March 2012).
2052:in Bidarray, western Pyrenees,
1784:of the Yamanoue Stele (681) in
1581:Baal with Thunderbolt
697:, and several hundred from the
681:Chinese steles from before the
3316:Harvard University Asia Center
2391:University of California Press
2225:, and sometimes anglicized to
1814:(8th century), depicting
595:Archaeological Museum of Corfu
312:Village, Slemani Governorate,
1:
3396:Archaeological artefact types
3371:Stone monuments and memorials
3312:Chinese History: A New Manual
3304:University of Minnesota Press
3115:The Cambridge Ancient History
2683:The Religious System of China
2511:Biodiversity Heritage Library
2505:Allen, Thomas George (1936).
2478:"The Stelae of Ancient Egypt"
2030:
1898:
1713:
1706:
1676:
1647:
1614:
1584:
1555:
1524:
1491:
1472:
1446:
1155:likewise feature old stelae.
1060:A sword symbol on a stele at
904:
518:kingdom which existed in the
223:
79:One of more than half a dozen
3310:Wilkinson, Endymion (2022),
2381:e.g., Piye's victory stela (
2048:A disc shaped gravestone or
1668:A votive stela honoring the
1639:An unusually well-preserved
1294:Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten
1259:The Doctorate steles at the
2965:Fattovich, Rodolfo (1987).
2387:Ancient Egyptian Literature
1935:, Prince of Xining (1348),
1719:BC original located in the
1590: century BC), an
1552:Code of Hammurabi
1330:In the Western Hemisphere:
1261:Temple of Literature, Hanoi
689:, roughly a dozen from the
281:civilisations, notably the
3427:
3182:Cambridge University Press
2931:Fukui, Katsuyoshi (1997).
2904:Brockman, Norbert (2011).
2535:Urartian Art and Artifacts
1862:forbidden to travel abroad
1304:Stele of Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu
1097:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
952:
910:–1521). The major city of
855:
449:
145:
135:
29:
3206:Stanford University Press
3147:Maya Art and Architecture
2893:– via Google Books.
2836:– via Google Books.
2808:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2772:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2610:Chinese History: A Manual
2451:Strudwick, Helen (2006).
1561: BC), depicting the
1347:Guatemala: Stela 14 from
718:
277:, and, independently, by
183:government notices or as
3391:Ancient Near East steles
3276:10.1086/RESvn1ms20166947
3242:Brigham Young University
3117:, Part 1, 2nd Edition, (
3061:Briggs, Phillip (2012).
2910:. ABC-CLIO. p. 30.
767:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
3401:Egyptian artefact types
3386:Ancient Egyptian stelas
2883:. Courier Corporation.
2698:Martin & Grube 2000
1530: BC) recovered at
1353:Honduras: Stela H from
1266:The Ram Khamhaeng stele
304:. It dates back to the
197:battlefield of Waterloo
2986:10.3406/ethio.1987.931
2099:Monumental inscription
1818:, the consort of king
1760:A Buddhist Stele from
1398:moving relevant images
1271:Ukrainian stone stelae
1195:
1179:
1064:
1038:
983:
648:
636:
597:
469:First Dynasty of Egypt
464:
428:Most recently, in the
321:
230:
202:A traditional Western
86:
81:steles located on the
70:
42:. For the battle, see
36:Stela (disambiguation)
32:Stele (disambiguation)
3176:Pool, Christopher A.
3136:Subscription required
2670:Wilkinson (2022): 81.
2654:Wilkinson (2022): 81.
2636:Vincent's Calligraphy
2621:Wilkinson (2022): 81.
2348:The British monuments
2119:Stele of the Vultures
2027:Newport, Rhode Island
1820:Shield Jaguar II
1816:Lady Eveningstar
1682: BC), carved at
1324:Stone of the Guanches
1284:Decree of Nectanebo I
1185:
1166:
1059:
1032:
962:
823:Yuknoom Took' K'awiil
707:Northern and Southern
642:
612:
589:
459:
306:Old Babylonian Period
295:
273:and elsewhere in the
221:
171:stelae were used for
76:
56:
3381:Inscriptions by type
3113:Boardman, John, ed.
3017:Lewis, I.M. (1998).
2608:Endymion Wilkinson,
2285:) when derived from
2269:).) or occasionally
1335:Tres Zapotes Stela C
348:is preserved in the
342:Egyptian hieroglyphs
83:Waterloo battlefield
67:Frederick Catherwood
38:. For the town, see
30:For other uses, see
3266:acting through the
3152:Thames & Hudson
2853:www.connemara.irish
2344:"Waterloo Campaign"
2034: 18th century
1856:. It is borne by a
1518:neolithic Sardinian
1497: BC) from the
1250:Pig stele of Edessa
1186:A victory stele of
797:Stele Forest Museum
346:Tiglath-Pileser III
3089:"National Museums"
2974:Annales d'Éthiopie
2732:Fuente et al. 1999
1943:in six languages:
1712:recreation of the
1343:La Mojarra Stela 1
1215:King Ezana's Stela
1200:Stele of Vespasian
1196:
1194:Mesopotamian king.
1180:
1065:
1039:
984:
955:Khmer inscriptions
664:Chinese characters
649:
637:
598:
562:gravestones or as
520:Armenian Highlands
465:
411:specialized steles
322:
231:
87:
71:
3190:978-0-521-78312-5
3123:978-0-521-22496-3
3074:978-1-84162-371-9
3030:978-1-56902-103-3
2849:"connemara.irish"
2550:, 2015, p177-182.
2462:978-1-4351-4654-9
2432:Till (2005): 168.
2321:978-965-221-013-5
2084:Cantabrian stelae
1933:Stele of Sulaiman
1503:Sion, Switzerland
1426:
1425:
1418:
1309:The Opa Oranmiyan
1205:Code of Hammurabi
931:hieroglyphic text
864:Maya civilization
746:and crowned with
651:Steles (Chinese:
635:, Shandong, China
591:Stele of Arniadas
568:Armenian churches
462:Manchester Museum
359:Standing stones (
354:Etruscan language
316:. Located in the
243:ancient Near East
16:(Redirected from
3418:
3406:Heraldic charges
3376:Stone sculptures
3329:
3295:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3239:
3227:
3203:
3200:The Ancient Maya
3173:
3131:Grove Art Online
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3058:
3052:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3014:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2988:. Archived from
2971:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2855:. Archived from
2844:
2838:
2837:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2742:
2741:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2557:
2551:
2544:
2538:
2531:
2522:
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2517:
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2493:
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2473:
2467:
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2417:
2411:
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2398:
2379:
2373:
2367:
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2358:
2352:
2351:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2307:
2290:
2276:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2135:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2045:
2035:
2032:
2011:
1976:
1924:
1903:
1900:
1891:
1873:
1830:
1804:
1777:
1757:
1734:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1694:
1681:
1678:
1670:Thracian goddess
1665:
1652:
1649:
1636:
1619:
1616:
1606:
1589:
1586:
1577:
1560:
1557:
1543:
1529:
1526:
1513:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1451:
1448:
1434:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1210:Gwanggaeto Stele
909:
906:
834:
814:
776:left behind the
748:hornless dragons
721:
720:
538:, discovered by
438:, the architect
379:cultures in the
228:
225:
185:boundary markers
148:
147:
138:
137:
126:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
48:Tablets of Stone
44:Battle of Stelai
21:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3356:
3355:
3336:
3326:
3309:
3298:Till, Karen E.
3254:
3246:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3216:
3195:
3162:
3140:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3016:
3015:
3008:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2860:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2745:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2711:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2640:
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2630:
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2620:
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2607:
2603:
2598:
2594:
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2558:
2554:
2545:
2541:
2532:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2450:
2449:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2418:
2414:
2405:
2401:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2263:
2234:
2230:
2215:
2189:
2185:
2171:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2057:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2019:funerary stelae
2012:
2003:
1977:
1968:
1925:
1916:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1831:
1822:
1805:
1796:
1795:steles in Japan
1778:
1769:
1758:
1749:
1735:
1726:
1716:
1709:
1695:
1686:
1679:
1666:
1657:
1650:
1637:
1628:
1617:
1611:Merneptah Stele
1607:
1598:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1558:
1544:
1535:
1527:
1514:
1505:
1494:
1488:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1460:
1452: BC) from
1449:
1435:
1422:
1411:
1405:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1279:Merneptah Stele
1255:Stone of Terpon
1192:23rd-century BC
1161:
1054:
1046:Primitive Irish
1033:Ogham stone in
1027:
977:Kratié province
957:
951:
907:
893:divine kingship
860:
854:
849:
848:
847:
846:
845:
835:
827:
826:
815:
693:, 160 from the
676:clerical script
607:
584:
509:
493:Merneptah Stele
454:
448:
330:Central America
314:Iraqi Kurdistan
226:
216:
124:
98:
94:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3424:
3422:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3345:
3335:
3334:External links
3332:
3331:
3330:
3324:
3307:
3296:
3252:
3228:
3214:
3193:
3174:
3160:
3138:
3126:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3080:
3073:
3053:
3051:(1978), p. 184
3036:
3029:
3006:
2957:
2943:
2923:
2917:978-1598846546
2916:
2896:
2889:
2869:
2839:
2832:
2812:
2810:, p. 183.
2800:
2798:, p. 158.
2788:
2776:
2774:, p. 235.
2764:
2762:, p. 149.
2743:
2734:, p. 187.
2724:
2709:
2700:, p. 113.
2690:
2672:
2656:
2647:
2623:
2614:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2552:
2539:
2523:
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2468:
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2425:
2412:
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2291:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2054:Basque Country
2047:
2040:
2038:
2013:
2006:
2004:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1914:Pictish stones
1893:
1886:
1884:
1877:Rodney's Stone
1875:
1868:
1866:
1832:
1825:
1823:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1696:
1689:
1687:
1667:
1660:
1658:
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1629:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1579:
1572:
1570:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1499:Petit Chasseur
1489:
1482:
1480:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1407:(October 2018)
1385:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1361:Raimondi Stela
1357:
1351:
1349:Piedras Negras
1345:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1160:
1159:Notable steles
1157:
1110:and Loyada in
1101:Adal Sultanate
1093:Yegragn Dingay
1086:Additionally,
1069:Horn of Africa
1053:
1052:Horn of Africa
1050:
1026:
1023:
988:Southeast Asia
953:Main article:
950:
947:
872:Classic Period
856:Main article:
853:
850:
836:
829:
828:
817:Stela 51 from
816:
809:
808:
807:
806:
805:
790:China's Muslim
744:stone tortoise
736:Hongwu Emperor
631:(AD 1349), in
606:
603:
583:
580:
548:Kelashin Stele
508:
505:
447:
444:
440:Peter Eisenman
385:Pictish stones
381:Late Stone Age
350:British Museum
318:Slemani Museum
215:
212:
208:archaeological
193:property lines
164:, or painted.
40:Stelae (Crete)
26:
24:
18:Funerary stele
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3423:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3325:9780674260184
3321:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3256:Stuart, David
3253:
3243:
3236:
3235:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3215:0-8047-4817-9
3211:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3161:0-500-20327-X
3157:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3011:
3007:
2995:on 2015-09-24
2991:
2987:
2983:
2980:(14): 43–69.
2979:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2958:
2946:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2890:9780486319773
2886:
2882:
2881:
2873:
2870:
2859:on 2017-10-26
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2833:9781476604862
2829:
2826:. McFarland.
2825:
2824:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2483:
2479:
2476:Dunn, Jimmy.
2472:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2396:
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2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2258:
2228:
2224:
2221:based on the
2220:
2219:
2210:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2166:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:Kurgan stelae
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
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1895:Sueno's Stone
1890:
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1739:Rosetta Stone
1733:
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1704:
1700:
1693:
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1685:
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1664:
1659:
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1655:ward off evil
1645:
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1622:Amenhotep III
1612:
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1386:This section
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1339:Izapa Stela 5
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1299:Palermo stone
1297:
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1108:Djibouti City
1104:
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1035:Ratass Church
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751:
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501:Rosetta Stone
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489:Victory Stele
486:
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458:
453:
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407:Great Britain
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357:
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347:
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338:Rosetta Stone
335:
331:
327:
326:ancient Egypt
319:
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307:
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154:ancient world
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119:
92:
84:
80:
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68:
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60:
57:Stele N from
55:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3348:
3340:
3311:
3299:
3259:
3245:. Retrieved
3233:
3199:
3177:
3146:
3142:Miller, Mary
3129:
3114:
3108:Bibliography
3093:. Retrieved
3083:
3063:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3019:
2997:. Retrieved
2990:the original
2977:
2973:
2960:
2948:. Retrieved
2933:
2926:
2906:
2899:
2879:
2872:
2861:. Retrieved
2857:the original
2852:
2847:elisabetta.
2842:
2822:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2786:, p. 8.
2784:Stewart 2009
2779:
2767:
2727:
2722:, p. 9.
2693:
2682:
2675:
2650:
2639:. Retrieved
2635:
2626:
2617:
2609:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2560:
2559:C. Maranci,
2555:
2547:
2546:C. Maranci,
2542:
2537:, 1968, p32.
2534:
2533:G. Azarpay,
2514:. Retrieved
2510:
2485:. Retrieved
2481:
2471:
2452:
2428:
2420:
2415:
2407:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2383:M. Lichtheim
2377:
2369:
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2356:
2347:
2333:
2325:
2311:
2305:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2226:
2182:
2178:
2138:
2133:
1904:century) in
1766:Northern Wei
1441:'s funerary
1412:
1406:
1387:
1319:Burao steles
1225:Lemnos stela
1126:
1116:
1105:
1092:
1085:
1066:
1040:
1019:Angkor Borei
1015:
1012:
985:
973:605 Saka era
924:
890:
875:
861:
801:
794:
786:Yellow River
782:Kaifeng Jews
771:
752:
732:Ming dynasty
728:
723:
683:Tang dynasty
680:
652:
650:
645:Kaifeng Jews
629:Yuan dynasty
625:Zhizheng era
614:
599:
510:
481:
477:
473:
466:
429:
427:
410:
399:high crosses
389:
369:North Africa
358:
323:
279:Mesoamerican
232:
201:
166:
149:
140:
90:
88:
3270:: 148–171.
2999:7 September
2950:23 December
2796:Stuart 1996
2760:Stuart 1996
2720:Miller 1999
2389:Vol 3, The
2076:Asia portal
1981:Galle stele
1835:Xi'an Stele
1743:divine cult
1710: 1520
1703:Demosthenes
1626:name Israel
1618: 1200
1594:stele from
1588: 14th
1559: 1750
1528: 2500
1495: 2500
1490:Stele #25 (
1458:4th dynasty
1450: 2575
1439:Nefertiabet
1275:In Africa:
1245:Xi'an Stele
1235:Mesha Stele
1230:Lapis Niger
901:Postclassic
868:Mesoamerica
866:of ancient
858:Maya stelae
852:Maya stelae
778:Xi'an Stele
695:Eastern Han
691:Western Han
687:Qin dynasty
672:calligraphy
666:are carved
660:Qin dynasty
419:Gravestones
415:Totem poles
334:Maya stelae
247:Mesopotamia
3360:Categories
3247:2016-02-09
3095:13 October
3064:Somaliland
2944:4879749761
2863:2017-10-25
2641:2017-05-16
2482:Tour Egypt
2297:References
2036:and later.
2015:Tombstones
1902: 9th
1839:missionary
1717: 280
1680: 400
1651: 520
1476: 760
1443:slab stele
1143:, such as
908: 900
621:Yan Temple
552:Sarduri II
522:of modern
497:Israelites
450:See also:
377:Megalithic
310:Qarachatan
300:, King of
227: 365
204:gravestone
3292:193661049
2410:, p. 265
2397:, p. 335)
2109:Runestone
2089:Headstone
2021:) at the
1989:Sri Lanka
1957:'Phags-pa
1848:China in
1812:Yaxchilan
1793:protected
1788:, one of
1747:Ptolemy V
1437:Princess
1314:Gao-Saney
1240:Naram-Sin
1220:Kul Tigin
1188:Naram-Sin
1141:artefacts
1037:, Ireland
1008:epigraphy
965:Old Khmer
927:limestone
920:Maya city
886:Guatemala
763:Mount Tai
714:dynasties
296:Stela of
235:Akhenaton
143:, plural
3284:20166947
3224:57577446
3184:, 2007 (
3170:41659173
3144:(1999).
2423:, p. 277
2421:op. cit.
2408:op. cit.
2395:op. cit.
2062:See also
1985:Zheng He
1983:left by
1910:Scotland
1881:Scotland
1810:35 from
1786:Takasaki
1721:Athenian
1592:Ugaritic
1333:Mexico:
1112:Djibouti
1081:Axumites
1073:Ethiopia
1000:Thailand
992:Cambodia
981:Cambodia
949:Cambodia
912:Calakmul
843:Honduras
819:Calakmul
740:nobility
668:intaglio
576:khachkar
560:Armenian
516:Iron Age
512:Urartian
373:Scotland
302:Simurrum
298:Iddi-Sin
275:Far East
267:Ethiopia
187:to mark
173:funerary
158:monument
130:), from
63:Honduras
2370:Memoirs
2104:Obelisk
2050:hilarri
2001:Persian
1993:Chinese
1965:Chinese
1949:Tibetan
1937:bearing
1931:of the
1929:rubbing
1850:Chinese
1782:rubbing
1567:Shamash
1550:of the
1548:lunette
1478:–656 BC
1369:Gallery
1145:pottery
1123:Somalia
1077:Eritrea
1025:Ireland
996:Vietnam
877:in situ
593:at the
572:Maranci
524:Armenia
487:; the
423:epitaph
403:Ireland
396:Insular
392:obelisk
361:menhirs
328:and in
320:, Iraq.
308:. From
263:Eritrea
259:Somalia
214:History
189:borders
69:in 1839
3411:Stones
3366:Steles
3322:
3306:, 2005
3290:
3282:
3222:
3212:
3188:
3168:
3158:
3121:
3071:
3045:Azania
3027:
2941:
2914:
2887:
2830:
2516:May 4,
2487:8 July
2459:
2419:Pool,
2406:Pool,
2360:Collon
2318:
2279:stelas
2227:steles
2179:stelae
2139:stelai
2114:Stećci
1999:, and
1963:, and
1961:Tangut
1953:Uyghur
1945:Nepali
1906:Forres
1854:Syriac
1842:Alopen
1724:market
1684:Athens
1673:Bendis
1532:Laconi
1521:menhir
1396:or by
1359:Peru:
1137:Awbube
1133:Awbare
1079:, the
943:stucco
939:Toniná
916:Mexico
709:, and
619:-born
582:Greece
564:spolia
544:Orbeli
528:Turkey
507:Urartu
485:Hyksos
436:Berlin
383:. The
251:Greece
239:Amarna
162:relief
150:stēlai
146:στήλαι
3288:S2CID
3280:JSTOR
3238:(PDF)
2993:(PDF)
2970:(PDF)
2287:Latin
2283:stelæ
2271:stela
2266:-leez
2183:stelæ
2125:Notes
1997:Tamil
1808:Stele
1790:three
1762:China
1641:Greek
1596:Syria
1454:Egypt
1355:Copan
1177:Aksum
1173:stele
1169:Ezana
1167:King
1153:Burao
1149:coins
1042:Ogham
935:Copán
882:Tikal
839:Copán
774:Xi'an
759:Li Si
724:mùzhì
605:China
556:Haldi
446:Egypt
365:Libya
283:Olmec
271:China
255:Egypt
181:Roman
177:Greek
169:Grave
156:as a
141:stēlē
136:στήλη
132:Greek
91:stele
59:Copán
3320:ISBN
3220:OCLC
3210:ISBN
3186:ISBN
3166:OCLC
3156:ISBN
3119:ISBN
3097:2013
3069:ISBN
3025:ISBN
3001:2014
2952:2014
2939:ISBN
2912:ISBN
2885:ISBN
2828:ISBN
2738:help
2704:help
2518:2020
2489:2014
2457:ISBN
2316:ISBN
2264:STEE
2218:-lee
2216:STEE
2174:-lye
2172:STEE
1979:The
1941:Mani
1939:the
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1852:and
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1833:The
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1004:Laos
1002:and
937:and
897:Maya
633:Qufu
616:bixi
542:and
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532:Iran
530:and
409:are
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3272:doi
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