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inoculum, and then sealing the filled holes with hot wax. After inoculation, the logs are placed under the closed canopy of a coniferous stand and are left to incubate for 12 to 15 months. Once incubation is complete, the logs are soaked in water for 24 hours. 7 to 10 days after soaking, shiitake mushrooms will begin to fruit and can be harvested once fully ripe.
388:. In the Northeastern United States, shiitake mushrooms can be cultivated on a variety of hardwood logs including oak, American beech, sugar maple and hophornbeam. Softwood should not be used to cultivate shiitake mushrooms as the resin of softwoods will oftentimes inhibit the growth of the shiitake mushroom making it impractical as a growing substrate.
405:. Growing indoors provides the ability to control light, temperature and humidity while excluding contaminants and pests. This allows consistent production, regulated by spawning cycles. By the mid-twentieth century this was typically accomplished in windowless, purpose-built buildings, for large-scale commercial production.
1256:
Since mushroom cultivation is not a subject available at school, most urban farmers learned it by doing. The time to master mushroom cultivation is time consuming and costly in missed revenue. For this reason there are numerous companies in Europe specialized in mushroom cultivation that are offering
1201:
Oyster mushroom cultivation has taken off in Europe as of late. Many entrepreneurs nowadays find it as a quite profitable business, a start-up with a small investment and good profit. Italy with 785,000 tonnes and
Netherlands with 307,000 tonnes are between the top ten mushroom producing countries in
400:
Indoor mushroom cultivation as a commercial crop was first developed in caves in France. The caves provided a stable environment (temperature, humidity) all year round. The technology for a controlled growth medium and fungal spawn was brought to the UK in the late 1800s in caves created by quarrying
391:
In order to produce shiitake mushrooms, 1 metre (3-foot) hardwood logs with a diameter ranging between 10–15 cm (4–6 in) are inoculated with the mycelium of the shiitake fungus. Inoculation is completed by drilling holes in hardwood logs, filling the holes with cultured shiitake mycelium or
372:
Mushrooms can be grown on logs placed outdoors in stacks or piles, as has been done for hundreds of years. Sterilization is not performed in this method. Since production may be unpredictable and seasonal, less than 5% of commercially sold mushrooms are produced this way. Here, tree logs are
1252:
cultivation is a sustainable business where different natural resources can be used as a substrate. The number of people becoming interested in this field is rapidly increasing. The possibility of creating a viable business in urban environments by using coffee grounds is appealing for many
618:
while it does not require much space compared to other crops. Its per unit production and profit extracted is comparatively higher than other crops. Oyster mushrooms can also be grown indoors from kits, most commonly in the form of a box containing growing medium with spores.
1260:
Courses about mushroom cultivation can be attended in many countries around Europe. There is education available for growing mushrooms on coffee grounds, more advanced training for larger scale farming, spawn production and lab work and growing facilities.
586:
Carbon dioxide concentration becomes elevated during the vegetative growth phase, when mycelium is sealed in a gas-resistant plastic barrier or bag which traps gases produced by the growing mycelium. To induce pinning, this barrier is opened or ruptured.
355:
All mushroom growing techniques require the correct combination of humidity, temperature, substrate (growth medium) and inoculum (spawn or starter culture). Wild harvests, outdoor log inoculation and indoor trays all provide these elements.
758:
green mold can affect mushroom production, for example in the mid-1990s in
Pennsylvania leading to significant crop losses. The contaminating fungus originated from poor hygiene by workers and poorly prepared growth substrates.
719:, which is then transported through the mycelium as needed for growth and energy. While it is used as a main energy source, its concentration in the growth medium should not exceed 2%. For ideal fruiting, closer to 1% is ideal.
567:
Specific time spans and temperatures required during stages 3–6 will vary respective to species and variety. Substrate composition and the geometry of growth substrate will also affect the ideal times and temperatures.
343:) are referred to as spawn. Spores are another inoculation option, but are less developed than established mycelium. Since they are also contaminated easily, they are only manipulated in laboratory conditions with a
751:
green mold also pose a risk during the fruiting stage. Pesticides and sanitizing agents are available to use against these infestations. Biological controls for sciarid and phorid flies have also been proposed.
1264:
Events are organised with different intervals. The
Mushroom Learning Network gathers once a year in Europe. The International Society for Mushroom Science gathers once every five-years somewhere in the world.
339:, or actively growing mushroom culture, is placed on a substrate—usually sterilized grains such as rye or millet—and induced to grow into those grains. This is called inoculation. Inoculated grains (or
310:
is an irrelevant requirement, since some fungi use light as a signal for fruiting. However, all the materials for growth must already be present in the growth medium. Mushrooms grow well at relative
938:
mushrooms are cultivated worldwide; China is the major producer. Several species can be grown on carbonaceous matter such as straw or newspaper. In the wild they are usually found growing on wood.
381:
have traditionally been produced using the outdoor log technique, although controlled techniques such as indoor tray growing or artificial logs made of compressed substrate have been substituted.
564:
Complete sterilization is not required or performed during composting. In most cases, a pasteurization step is included to allow some beneficial microorganisms to remain in the growth substrate.
1781:
Salmones, D; Salmones D; Mata G; Waliszewski KN (March 2005). "Comparative culturing of
Pleurotus spp. on coffee pulp and wheat straw: biomass production and substrate biodegradation".
1635:
373:
inoculated with spawn, then allowed to grow as they would in wild conditions. Fruiting, or pinning, is triggered by seasonal changes, or by briefly soaking the logs in cool water.
408:
Indoor tray growing is the most common commercial technique, followed by containerized growing. The tray technique provides the advantages of scalability and easier harvesting.
1738:
Ergün Baysal; Hüseyin Peker; Mustafa Kemal Yalınkılıç; Ali Temiz (10 March 2003). "Cultivation of oyster mushroom on waste paper with some added supplementary materials".
1257:
training for entrepreneurs and organizing events to build community and share knowledge. They also show the potential positive impact of this business on the environment.
83:
1193:
Vancouver, British
Columbia has a significant number of producers – about 60 as of 1998 – mostly located in the lower Fraser Valley.
1176:
is a historical and present leader in mushroom production. It currently leads production of
Agaricus-type mushrooms, followed by California, Florida and Michigan.
2025:
614:
farming is rapidly expanding around many parts of the world. Oyster mushroom is grown in substrate that comprises sterilized wheat, paddy straw and even
1865:
Jess, S; Jess S; Bingham JF. (April 2004). "Biological control of sciarid and phorid pests of mushroom with predatory mites from the genus
Hypoaspis".
1716:
157:
1687:
1383:
1924:
1524:
1997:
1479:
Leatham, G.F. (1981). "Cultivation of shiitake, the japanese forest mushroom, on logs: A potential industry for the united states".
1302:
976:
197:
179:
117:
59:
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or mushroom "pins" appear, the mycelium is an amorphous mass spread throughout the growth substrate, unrecognizable as a mushroom.
1964:"Description And Life cycle Of A New Species Of Histiostoma (Acari Histiostomidae) Associated With Commercial Mushroom Production"
2345:
1062:
species, (the truffle), Truffles belong to the ascomycete grouping of fungi. The truffle fruitbodies develop underground in
302:
source for plants, mushrooms derive all of their energy and growth materials from their growth medium, through biochemical
2335:
1589:
934:
species are the second most important mushrooms in production in the world, accounting for 25% of total world production.
364:
45:
1322:
1173:
882:
in
Japanese, it is a common variety of mushroom available in most markets in Japan. Known as "Beech mushroom" in Europe.
1343:
2268:
150:
144:
99:
804:, also known as champignon and the button mushroom. This species also includes the portobello and crimini mushrooms.
918:
accounts for 10% of world production of cultivated mushrooms. Common in Japan, China, Australia and North
America.
2056:
2010:
942:
926:– (bamboo mushroom), traditionally collected from the wild, it has been cultivated in China since the late 1970s.
385:
1143:(corn smut), a fungal pathogen of the maize plant. Also called the Mexican truffle, although not a true truffle.
161:
2042:
579:) concentration, temperature, light, and humidity triggers mushrooms towards fruiting. Up until the point when
627:
Mushroom production converts the raw natural ingredients into mushroom tissue, most notably the carbohydrate
1621:
216:
1205:
According to a research carried out on
Production and Marketing of Mushrooms: Global and National Scenario
2355:
2350:
2360:
2142:
1712:
1169:
is the top-producing mushroom state in the United States, and celebrates September as "Mushroom Month".
950:
470:
Reduce number of potentially harmful microbes through further composting, or apply heat sterilization.
592:
2330:
1790:
1747:
1445:
1436:
Bruhn, J.N.; Mihail J.D. (2009). "Forest farming of shiitake mushrooms: Aspects of forced fruiting".
1183:
East: Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Maine, and Vermont
1147:
1014:
344:
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1595:. College of Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural Research and Cooperative Extension. Archived from
1042:
1004:
982:
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814:
615:
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263:
250:
The word is also commonly used to refer to the practice of cultivation of fungi by animals such as
236:
20:
2340:
2300:"Cursos cultivo de hongos o setas. Capacitación en producción de sustratos para hongos y micelio"
1890:
1636:"Indoor Oyster Mushroom farming, a livelihood diversification option for flood affected families"
1110:
922:
850:
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for rapid mushroom growth. Common bulk substrates include several of the following ingredients:
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1993:
1975:
1944:
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24 to 27 °C (75 to 80 °F); must be above 23 °C (74 °F); for rapid growth.
413:
95:
51:
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1936:
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1798:
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411:
There are a series of stages in mushroom farming of the most widely used commercial species
1824:
Job D., D. (December 2004). "Use of coffee grounds for production of Pleurotus ostreatus".
1400:
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886:
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684:
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378:
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232:
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1449:
1366:"Introduction to Shiitake: The "Forest" Mushroom. Kentucky Shiitake Production Workbook"
603:
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the world. The world's biggest producer of mushroom spawn is also situated in France.
2324:
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1294:
Mushrooms, Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact
1058:
863:
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and damage developing mushrooms during all growth stages. Bacterial blotch caused by
712:
580:
330:
303:
1925:"Factors Relating to the Control of the Mushroom Mite, Histiostoma Gracilipes Banks"
1909:
1894:
1802:
1494:
1457:
1384:"Producing Shiitake Mushrooms: A Guide For Small-Scale Outdoor Cultivation on Logs"
1166:
1157:
mushrooms account for 16% of total production of cultivated mushrooms in the world.
1047:
639:
287:
1564:
784:
465:
7–18 days via composting method, ~2 hours for pasteurization (heat sterilization)
1963:
1292:
727:
Parasitic insects, bacteria and other fungi all pose risks to indoor production.
1210:
1153:
911:
855:
819:
764:
747:
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1596:
417:. These are composting, fertilizing, spawning, casing, pinning, and cropping."
2128:
1406:. University of Kentucky College of Agriculture New Crop Opportunities Center.
1063:
1035:
678:
672:
1979:
1948:
1661:"Kit and caboodle — Gardening kits make for great gifts as we huddle indoors"
1326:
1249:
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838:
728:
571:
Pinning is the trickiest part for a mushroom grower, since a combination of
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Must be below 27 to 29 °C (80 to 85 °F) to avoid damaging mycelia
2276:
2244:"Ekofungi School – The smart start to your sustainable mushroom business"
2218:
1128:
1079:
891:
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635:
374:
336:
311:
295:
224:
333:, which will interfere with mushroom growth and prevent a healthy crop.
1878:
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870:
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689:
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255:
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2117:"Production and Marketing of Mushrooms: Global and National Scenario"
1323:"Shiitake Mushroom Production: Fruiting, Harvesting and Crop Storage"
1238:
1234:
1222:
1206:
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987:
653:
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299:
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concentration then decreases from about 0.08% to 0.04%, the ambient
502:
Finished when mycelium has propagated through entire substrate layer
82:
deal primarily with North America and Europe and do not represent a
2219:"Grow Mushrooms on Coffee | Learn How To Grow Mushrooms on Coffee"
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975:
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363:
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West: California, Colorado, Montana, Oregon, Utah and Washington
705:
384:
Shiitake mushrooms grown under a forested canopy are considered
322:
228:
2091:"Sylvan Inc. – World's Largest Mushroom Spawn Producer – Spawn"
1087:
1083:
1067:
895:
129:
66:
25:
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649:
Mulched straw (usually wheat, but also rice and other straws)
2172:
2090:
1622:"Handleiding oesterzwammen kweken op koffiedik - Zaailingen"
1003:
Details of the gill structure of the edible oyster mushroom
538:
Earliest formation of recognizable mushrooms from mycelium.
496:
Allow mycelium to grow through substrate and form a colony.
2074:"Mushroom Waste Management Project Liquid Waste Management"
1034:– recent developments have led to this being cultivated in
518:
Add a top covering or dressing to the colonized substrate.
1713:"Mushroom Cultivation Using Rice Straw As a Culture Media"
1688:"Oakland's Back to the Roots bets big on indoor gardening"
735:
flies may lay eggs in the growth medium, which hatch into
2062:. Agricultural Statistics Board. NASS, USDA. August 2007.
2269:"Mycelia – Cleanroom technology training – Mycelia BVBA"
1018:– the fungal starter culture used in the production of
91:
1968:
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington
1090:
are often used to sniff them out for easy harvesting.
544:
will also affect the number of pins, and mushroom size
516:
Promote the formation of primordia, or mushroom pins.
274:
As fungi, mushrooms require different conditions than
1038:. It is cultivated on large scale in Korea and Japan.
1241:
are considered to be the major importing countries.
818:(Tree ear fungus), two closely related species of
607:A merchant selling oyster mushrooms grown indoors.
1992:Phillips, Roger (2006), Mushrooms. Pub. McMilan,
1346:. Global Village Institute. 2001 . Archived from
1186:Central: Illinois, Oklahoma, Texas, and Wisconsin
499:Depends on substrate dimensions and composition.
2198:"Mushroom Master Program – Mushroom-cultivation"
1590:"Basic Procedures for Agaricus Mushroom Growing"
1291:Chang, Shu-Ting; Chang, S.; Miles, P.G. (2004).
1389:. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service.
1221:are the major exporting mushrooms countries in
247:is involved in the business of growing fungi.
2011:"September is mushroom month in Pennsylvania"
80:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1525:"Crop Profile for Mushrooms in Pennsylvania"
521:Fertilizing with nitrogen increases yields.
1297:. CRC Press. pp. 15, 17, 69, 73, 139.
329:. Spores can be contaminated with airborne
278:for optimal growth. Plants develop through
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
462:2. Phase II composting or pasteurization
198:Learn how and when to remove this message
180:Learn how and when to remove this message
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
1908:Beyer, D.M.; Wuest, P.J; Anderson, M.G.
1852:"The Mushroom Growers' Information Site"
424:
143:This article includes a list of general
1344:"Cultivating mushrooms in natural logs"
1274:
842:, the "winter mushroom", also known as
794:developing over approximately 24 hours.
634:An ideal substrate will contain enough
2298:www.netfinitiva.com, NETFINITIVA S.L.
540:Adjusting temperature, humidity and CO
282:, a process that converts atmospheric
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834:, or blewit, is cultivated in Europe.
7:
1686:Fritsche, By Sarah (24 April 2018).
1563:Daniel J. Royse; Robert B. Beelman.
1419:The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum
1066:association with certain trees e.g.
994:mixture placed in plastic containers
1826:Revista iberoamericana de micologia
1162:Production regions in North America
1082:. Being difficult to find, trained
772:feeds on mushrooms directly, while
768:have been found in mushroom farms.
306:processes. This does not mean that
2115:Wakchaure, G C (1 February 2011).
2043:"Mushroom Industry Report (94003)"
1719:from the original on 31 March 2019
1495:"Mushroom cultivation underground"
1417:Mudge, Kenneth. "Forest Farming".
553:Repeated over 7- to 10-day cycles
454:content through microbial action.
421:Six phases of mushroom cultivation
149:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2173:"PermaFungi | Eat – Grow – Learn"
1179:Other mushroom-producing states:
776:is suspected to spread diseases.
41:This article has multiple issues.
134:
71:
30:
1962:Hill, A.; Deahl, K. L. (1978).
1923:Compton, C. C. (1 April 1935).
1565:"Six Steps to Mushroom Farming"
1401:"Shiitake and Oyster Mushrooms"
1046:(Snow fungus), another type of
49:or discuss these issues on the
16:Commercial cultivation of fungi
1929:Journal of Economic Entomology
1803:10.1016/j.biortech.2004.06.019
1527:. January 1999. Archived from
1458:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.01.079
1151:(the "paddy straw mushroom.")
599:Indoor oyster mushroom farming
325:, mushrooms reproduce through
318:moisture levels of 50 to 75%.
314:levels of around 95–100%, and
227:. Cultivating fungi can yield
1:
2223:www.growmushroomsoncoffee.com
1760:10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00028-2
780:Commercially cultivated fungi
711:Mushrooms metabolize complex
652:Strawbedded horse or poultry
368:Cultivated shiitake mushrooms
1098:(Summer or St. Jean truffle)
1640:answers.practicalaction.org
1022:. In tempeh the mycelia of
94:, discuss the issue on the
2379:
1481:Forest Products Laboratory
954:(branched oyster mushroom)
822:that are commonly used in
456:Add fertilizer / additives
386:non-timber forest products
18:
2129:10.13140/RG.2.1.5012.3682
1910:"Green mold of Mushrooms"
1050:that is commonly used in
943:Pleurotus citrinopileatus
2304:www.hongosbiofactory.com
946:(golden oyster mushroom)
715:in their substrate into
482:3. Spawning and growth
19:Not to be confused with
2346:Sustainable agriculture
1692:San Francisco Chronicle
1499:Bradford on Avon Museum
1321:Bratkovich, Stephen M.
1106:(Piemont white truffle)
962:(king trumpet mushroom)
902:is largely produced in
745:bacteria or patches of
663:Waste or recycled paper
442:1. Phase I composting
164:more precise citations.
2248:www.ekofungischool.com
2024:Shepphard, Tenopra M.
1740:Bioresource Technology
1438:Bioresource Technology
1245:Education and training
1009:
995:
795:
770:Histiostoma gracilipes
666:Coffee pulp or grounds
608:
369:
243:and other products. A
241:construction materials
231:(which include mostly
1001:
979:
951:Pleurotus cornucopiae
871:Hypsizygus tessulatus
787:
646:Wood chips or sawdust
606:
494:Add starter culture.
450:Regulate water and NH
367:
2336:Fungi in cultivation
1941:10.1093/jee/28.2.465
1602:on 21 September 2007
1350:on 25 December 2007.
1197:Production in Europe
1148:Volvariella volvacea
1015:Rhizopus oligosporus
876:Hypsizygus marmoreus
839:Flammulina velutipes
345:laminar flow cabinet
100:create a new article
92:improve this article
2279:on 21 December 2016
2153:on 20 December 2016
1795:2005BiTec..96..537S
1752:2003BiTec..89...95B
1624:. 11 November 2018.
1531:on 27 December 2007
1450:2009BiTec.100.5973B
1225:and countries like
1043:Tremella fuciformis
1005:Pleurotus ostreatus
983:Pleurotus ostreatus
967:Pleurotus ostreatus
815:Auricularia heimuer
762:Mites in the genus
616:used coffee grounds
437:Process(procedure)
401:near areas such as
21:mushroom management
2147:www.rotterzwam.com
2026:"Mushroom Summary"
1879:10.1079/ber2003286
1667:. 19 December 2020
1382:Davis, Jeanine M.
1114:(Périgord truffle)
1111:Tuber melanosporum
1010:
996:
923:Phallus indusiatus
851:Fusarium venenatum
809:Auricularia cornea
796:
723:Pests and diseases
669:Nut and seed hulls
609:
472:Remove unwanted NH
370:
2177:www.permafungi.be
2095:www.sylvaninc.com
1783:Bioresour Technol
1444:(23): 5973–5978.
1364:Hill, Deborah B.
1329:on 20 March 2001.
1124:(Khanaqa truffle)
986:cultivated using
970:(oyster mushroom)
959:Pleurotus eryngii
858:which is used in
854:– the source for
801:Agaricus bisporus
593:atmospheric level
562:
561:
414:Agaricus bisporus
264:marsh periwinkles
208:
207:
200:
190:
189:
182:
128:
127:
120:
102:, as appropriate.
64:
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2314:
2312:
2310:
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2275:. Archived from
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2158:
2149:. Archived from
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1867:Bull Entomol Res
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1352:
1351:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1325:. Archived from
1318:
1309:
1308:
1288:
1133:(desert truffle)
1031:Sparassis crispa
890:, also known as
788:Home cultivated
701:Ammonium nitrate
425:
379:oyster mushrooms
260:ambrosia beetles
203:
196:
185:
178:
174:
171:
165:
160:this article by
151:inline citations
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2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1991:
1987:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1854:. 27 June 2007.
1850:
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1818:
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1665:Arkansas Online
1659:
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1368:
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1342:
1341:
1334:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1290:
1289:
1276:
1271:
1253:entrepreneurs.
1250:Oyster mushroom
1247:
1199:
1172:The borough of
1164:
1140:Ustilago maydis
1052:Chinese cuisine
1008:
916:Lentinus edodes
900:Lentinus edodes
887:Lentinus edodes
824:Chinese cuisine
782:
725:
685:Cottonseed meal
625:
612:Oyster mushroom
601:
590:
578:
543:
524:Induces pinning
475:
453:
423:
398:
362:
353:
272:
252:leafcutter ants
204:
193:
192:
191:
186:
175:
169:
166:
156:Please help to
155:
139:
135:
124:
113:
107:
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17:
12:
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2358:
2353:
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2338:
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2316:
2290:
2273:www.mycelia.be
2260:
2235:
2210:
2189:
2164:
2134:
2107:
2082:
2065:
2048:
2034:
2016:
2002:
1985:
1954:
1935:(2): 465–468.
1915:
1900:
1857:
1843:
1816:
1773:
1730:
1704:
1678:
1652:
1627:
1613:
1570:
1542:
1511:
1486:
1471:
1428:
1409:
1392:
1374:
1353:
1332:
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1272:
1270:
1267:
1246:
1243:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1174:Kennett Square
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1125:
1118:T.melanosporum
1115:
1107:
1103:Tuber magnatum
1099:
1095:Tuber aestivum
1055:
1039:
1027:
1024:R. oligosporus
1002:
974:
973:
972:
971:
963:
955:
947:
927:
919:
883:
867:
847:
835:
831:Clitocybe nuda
827:
805:
781:
778:
724:
721:
709:
708:
703:
698:
696:Brewer's grain
693:
687:
682:
676:
670:
667:
664:
661:
656:
650:
647:
624:
621:
600:
597:
588:
576:
573:carbon dioxide
560:
559:
556:
554:
551:
547:
546:
541:
536:
534:
531:
527:
526:
514:
512:
509:
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492:
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439:
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435:
432:
429:
422:
419:
403:Bath, Somerset
397:
394:
361:
358:
352:
349:
331:microorganisms
284:carbon dioxide
280:photosynthesis
271:
268:
206:
205:
188:
187:
142:
140:
133:
126:
125:
86:of the subject
84:worldwide view
79:
77:
70:
65:
39:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2374:
2373:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:Food industry
2354:
2352:
2351:Biotechnology
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2305:
2301:
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2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2079:. March 1998.
2075:
2069:
2066:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1998:0-330-44237-6
1995:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1873:(2): 159–67.
1872:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1789:(5): 537–44.
1788:
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1045:
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1033:
1032:
1028:
1026:are consumed.
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1011:
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1000:
993:
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861:
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810:
806:
803:
802:
798:
797:
793:
792:
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779:
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775:
774:H. heinemanni
771:
767:
766:
760:
757:
753:
750:
749:
744:
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734:
730:
722:
720:
718:
714:
713:carbohydrates
707:
704:
702:
699:
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694:
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569:
565:
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555:
552:
550:6. Cropping
549:
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328:
324:
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317:
313:
309:
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304:decomposition
301:
297:
293:
290:, especially
289:
288:carbohydrates
285:
281:
277:
269:
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257:
253:
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245:mushroom farm
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202:
199:
184:
181:
173:
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159:
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146:
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47:
42:
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2361:Microbiology
2307:. Retrieved
2303:
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2277:the original
2272:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2247:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2222:
2213:
2201:. Retrieved
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2176:
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2151:the original
2146:
2143:"RotterZwam"
2137:
2121:ResearchGate
2120:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:
2085:
2068:
2051:
2037:
2019:
2005:
1988:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1903:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1846:
1832:(4): 195–7.
1829:
1825:
1819:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1746:(1): 95–97.
1743:
1739:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1664:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:
1630:
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1597:the original
1533:. Retrieved
1529:the original
1502:. Retrieved
1498:
1489:
1480:
1474:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1422:
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1377:
1348:the original
1327:the original
1293:
1263:
1259:
1255:
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1200:
1192:
1178:
1171:
1167:Pennsylvania
1165:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1057:
1048:jelly fungus
1041:
1029:
1023:
1013:
990:embedded in
981:
965:
957:
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921:
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813:
807:
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763:
761:
755:
754:
746:
740:
726:
710:
640:carbohydrate
633:
626:
610:
585:
570:
566:
563:
539:
530:5. Pinning
523:
520:
517:
501:
498:
495:
489:
471:
455:
434:Temperature
412:
410:
407:
399:
396:Indoor trays
390:
383:
371:
360:Outdoor logs
354:
335:
320:
298:provides an
273:
249:
244:
213:Fungiculture
212:
211:
209:
194:
176:
170:October 2022
167:
148:
114:
108:October 2022
105:
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
2331:Agriculture
2309:15 December
2283:15 December
2253:15 December
2228:15 December
2203:15 December
2182:15 December
2157:15 December
2100:27 November
2057:"Mushrooms"
1974:: 317–329.
1606:31 December
1535:31 December
1211:Netherlands
1154:Volvariella
1064:mycorrhizal
980:Harvesting
912:South Korea
856:mycoprotein
820:jelly fungi
765:Histiostoma
756:Trichoderma
748:Trichoderma
742:Pseudomonas
581:rhizomorphs
533:18–21 days
511:13–20 days
508:4. Casing
485:14–21 days
321:Instead of
217:cultivation
162:introducing
2325:Categories
1697:20 January
1671:20 January
1269:References
1122:T.magnatum
1036:California
898:mushroom.
878:), called
679:Cocoa bean
673:Cottonseed
623:Substrates
445:6–14 days
431:Time span
351:Techniques
145:references
46:improve it
2341:Symbiosis
2000:. P. 266.
1980:0013-8797
1949:1938-291X
1219:Lithuania
936:Pleurotus
931:Pleurotus
844:enokitake
316:substrate
292:cellulose
233:mushrooms
225:mushrooms
96:talk page
52:talk page
1895:11318946
1887:15153298
1838:15709800
1811:15501659
1768:12676506
1723:31 March
1717:Archived
1645:17 April
1504:31 March
1466:19608411
1425:: 26–35.
1129:Terfezia
892:shiitake
846:in Japan
791:shiitake
659:Corncobs
636:nitrogen
558:Harvest
375:Shiitake
337:Mycelium
312:humidity
296:sunlight
294:. While
270:Overview
256:termites
237:medicine
223:such as
90:You may
1791:Bibcode
1748:Bibcode
1446:Bibcode
1231:Germany
1215:Belgium
992:sawdust
880:shimeji
737:maggots
729:Sciarid
717:glucose
690:Soybean
215:is the
158:improve
1996:
1978:
1947:
1893:
1885:
1836:
1809:
1766:
1464:
1301:
1239:Russia
1235:France
1223:Europe
1207:Poland
1078:, and
1072:poplar
1020:tempeh
988:spawns
874:(also
733:phorid
654:manure
629:chitin
428:Phase
327:spores
300:energy
276:plants
262:, and
147:, but
2077:(PDF)
2060:(PDF)
2029:(PDF)
1891:S2CID
1600:(PDF)
1593:(PDF)
1404:(PDF)
1387:(PDF)
1369:(PDF)
1080:hazel
1076:beech
1059:Tuber
908:China
904:Japan
860:Quorn
681:hulls
675:hulls
341:plugs
323:seeds
308:light
286:into
229:foods
221:fungi
98:, or
2311:2016
2285:2016
2255:2016
2230:2016
2205:2016
2184:2016
2159:2016
2102:2016
1994:ISBN
1976:ISSN
1945:ISSN
1883:PMID
1834:PMID
1807:PMID
1764:PMID
1725:2019
1699:2021
1673:2021
1647:2019
1608:2007
1537:2007
1506:2022
1462:PMID
1299:ISBN
1088:dogs
1084:pigs
910:and
862:, a
812:and
706:Urea
692:meal
638:and
377:and
2125:doi
1937:doi
1875:doi
1799:doi
1756:doi
1454:doi
1442:100
1131:sp.
1086:or
1068:oak
896:oak
731:or
575:(CO
235:),
219:of
2327::
2302:.
2271:.
2246:.
2221:.
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1972:80
1970:.
1966:.
1943:.
1933:28
1931:.
1927:.
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1828:.
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1787:96
1785:.
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1690:.
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1233:,
1229:,
1227:UK
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2045:.
2031:.
2013:.
1982:.
1951:.
1939::
1912:.
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1750::
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195:(
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62:)
58:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.