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in order to cause FHB. Frequent rains between anthesis and kernel filling stages facilitate the occurrence of FHB. The level of pathogen presenting in the soil also increases the risk of this disease. Temperature and moisture in the microclimate play an important role once the inoculum reaches the
449:
crops contribute to maintaining the survival of inoculum in the soil and thereby increases the FRR severity. High planting density and nitrogen fertilization level are shown to boost the likelihood of FRR occurrence. Warm and droughty conditions that may trigger water stress also increase the
374:
could survive on or within the infected seeds and result in pre- or post-emergence seedling death. However, seedborne inoculum has not been confirmed to contribute to the FHB. When causing FHB, macroconidia in soil and crop residues are dispersed by wind, rain splash or
429:
ear of crops. The optimum temperature is 25 °C (77 °F). Long moist periods and temperatures above 15 °C (59 °F) is needed for the infection. Germination of macroconidia is limited to a minimum humidity of 0.86 aw (water activity).
316:
and macroconidia. Those found in the macroconidia persist longer than those found in the hyphae under field conditions. They are thick-walled and globose in shape, found singly, in clumps or chains. Their size ranges from 9–14 μm in diameter.
362:
are not produced. Instead, it reproduces asexually by developing conidia, which is also the main mode of dispersal. Chlamydospores can survive in host debris during winter, whereas the microconidia are usually not produced in natural conditions.
278:
are thick and bluntly pointed at their apex, and conspicuously wider above the center of the spore. The dorsal side is somewhat curved, but the ventral side is almost straight. The distinguishing characteristic from
588:
Rodriguez, Rusty; Regina Redman (2008). "More than 400 million years of evolution and some plants still can't make it on their own: plant stress tolerance via fungal symbiosis". Journal of
Experimental Botany:
258:
is whitish to yellow, tan or pale orange, but becomes brown to dark brown to red-brown with age. Under alternating conditions of light and temperature, rings of spore masses may be formed by some isolates.
514:
classes are reported to reduce the disease by up to 70% in the field. The ideal strategy to control the disease is the adoption of resistant cultivars, however, wheat that is highly resistant to
518:
has not yet been found. Additionally, the integration of biological management methods can be effective. Developing biological control agents and applying natural antagonist microbes of
1231:
1050:
887:
Kurowski, T.P., Majchrzak, B., Jankowski, K. and Jaz’win’ska, E. (2011) Influence of
Brassicacea as a previous crop on intensity of winter wheat root and foot rot.
1102:
1287:
1179:
946:
769:
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Davis, R.A., Huggins, D.R., Cook, J.R. and
Paulitz, T.C. (2009) Nitrogen and crop rotation effects on fusarium crown rot in no-till spring wheat. Can.
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1024:
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is one of the most efficient approaches of management; however, which is usually limited to the early states of the crop's growth since the
759:
Mauch, A.; Dal Bello, F.; Coffey, A.; Arendt, E.K. (2010-06-30). "The use of
Lactobacillus brevis PS1 to in vitro inhibit the outgrowth of
870:
Blandino, M., Haidukowski, M., Pascale, M., Plizzari, L., Scudellari, D. and
Reyneri, A. (2012) Integrated strategies for the control of
998:
903:
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40:(A) macroconidia; (B) browning on the stem base; (C) reddish‐pink discoloration on the basal nodes; (D,E) presence of whiteheads
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1297:
437:
The development of FRR can be affected by several factors, such as residue management, previous crop, plant density,
534:
399:
as well as primary and secondary roots, causing FRR during the crop growing period, which is a monocyclic disease
1107:
64:
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54:(A,B) head blight symptoms; (C) brown/purplish discoloration below head; (D–F) orange sporodochia on spikelets
293:
wide and from 25 to 50 μm long; the septae are usually three or five in number. They develop singly from
391:. Systematic infection has been reported, and the infection of wheat head leads to kernel contamination with
332:
head blight (FHB) as well as foot and root rot (FRR), and is considered one of the most serious pathogens of
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onto the host plant or crop residues by seed dressing or spray decreases the severity of FHB or FRR.
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709:: Infection process, mechanisms of mycotoxin production and their role in pathogenesis in wheat.
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Adesemoye T., Wegulo S. and Klein R. (2015) Common Root Rot and
Fusarium Foot Rot of Wheat.
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can not maintain long periods of sufficient protection. Fungicides mainly belonging to the
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297:(5 x 15–20 μm). They are loose at first and are later aligned in sporodochia.
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Rossi, V., Languasco, L., Pattori, E. and Giosuè, S. (2002) Dynamics of airborne
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Scherm B, Balmas V, Spanu F, Pani G, Delogu G, Pasquali M, Migheli Q (2013),
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with noncereal host could also decrease the occurrence of the disease. Since
228:, grasses, and a wide variety of monocots and dicots. In coastal dunegrass (
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985:
503:
459:
392:
359:
76:
802:
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Aldred, D. and Magan, N. (2004) Prevention strategies for trichothecenes.
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and the causal agent of seedling blight, foot rot, ear blight, stalk rot,
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are usually abundant and form relatively quickly, requiring 3–5 weeks on
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289:) is the broader macroconidia. Their size ranges from 4 to 7
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Bateman, G.L. (2005) The contribution of ground-level inoculum of
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313:
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symbiont conferring both salt and drought tolerance to the plant.
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macroconidia in wheat fields naturally affected by head blight.
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912:
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The inoculum can be controlled by applying cultural practices,
874:
head blight and deoxynivalenol contamination in winter wheat.
680:: causal agent of foot and root rot and head blight on wheat.
840:
Magan, J., Hope, R. and Aldred, D. (2006) Ecophysiology of
379:
to reach the host. The ear of wheat is most susceptible to
745:
http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/g1998.pdf
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are absent, but macroconidia are usually abundant. The
625:. American Phytopathological Society. pp. 124 pp.
274:
are orange to brown color and relatively common. The
1154:
921:
754:
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498:by colonizing seeds, sowing healthy seeds with a
450:pathogen sensitivity and make the FRR severe.
424:A warm and moist environment is preferred by
8:
909:
770:International Journal of Food Microbiology
45:
31:
20:
705:Wagacha J.M. & Muthomi J.W. (2007),
640:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 400 pp.
401:that only attributes to initial inoculum
387:and FHB can last from anthesis to grain
580:
603:
592:
470:. From the cultural practices aspect,
336:and other small grain cereals besides
636:Leslie, J.F.; B.A. Summerell (2006).
7:
1260:ce40d088-67ee-477a-a4a8-6a7cc28bfc87
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441:and environmental conditions. Wheat
16:Fungal disease, head blight of wheat
1288:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
14:
904:FusKey - Fusarium Interactive Key
787:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.05.002
395:. Chlamydospores can also infect
63:
827:to ear blight of winter wheat.
638:The Fusarium Laboratory Manual
494:causes pre- or post-emergence
358:is not known, which means the
1:
411:Wheat, barley, among others.
623:Compendium of wheat diseases
1324:
844:and mycotoxin production.
767:species found on barley".
535:List of asparagus diseases
420:Fusarium head blight (FHB)
312:. They are found in both
468:biological control agents
250:Colonies grow rapidly on
195:
188:
165:
158:
60:Scientific classification
58:
53:
44:
39:
30:
23:
445:and rotation with other
328:causes seedling blight,
1283:Fungi described in 1884
560:List of potato diseases
545:List of barley diseases
540:List of carrot diseases
433:Foot and root rot (FRR)
602:Cite journal requires
570:List of wheat diseases
550:List of maize diseases
439:nitrogen fertilization
377:transmitted by insects
224:and other diseases of
1156:Fusisporium culmorum
889:Progr. Plant Protect
621:Wiese, M.V. (1987).
565:List of rye diseases
555:List of oat diseases
344:Fusarium graminearum
282:Gibberella pulicaris
252:potato dextrose agar
199:Fusisporium culmorum
464:resistant cultivars
310:carnation leaf agar
287:Fusarium sambucinum
1298:Vegetable diseases
346:). Different from
1270:
1269:
1126:Open Tree of Life
923:Fusarium culmorum
915:Taxon identifiers
842:Fusarium culmorum
825:Fusarium culmorum
763:and other common
761:Fusarium culmorum
713:26 (2007) 877–885
707:Fusarium culmorum
690:10.1111/mpp.12011
682:Mol Plant Pathol.
678:Fusarium culmorum
368:soil-borne fungus
326:Fusarium culmorum
213:Fusarium culmorum
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169:Fusarium culmorum
25:Fusarium culmorum
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383:conidia during
348:F. graminearum,
339:Gibberella zeae
323:
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222:common root rot
202:Wm.G.Sm. (1884)
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107:Sordariomycetes
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231:Leymus mollis
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268:Microconidia
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263:Macroconidia
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216:is a fungal
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1077:NatureServe
1038:iNaturalist
781:: 116–121.
520:F. culmorum
516:F. culmorum
508:strobilurin
496:damping off
492:F. culmorum
484:F. culmorum
443:monoculture
426:F. culmorum
415:Environment
397:coleoptiles
381:F. culmorum
372:F. culmorum
356:F. culmorum
272:sporodochia
127:Nectriaceae
117:Hypocreales
1277:Categories
1171:Q105054455
730:84, 53–64.
589:1109–1114.
576:References
504:fungicides
480:no tillage
454:Management
393:mycotoxins
360:ascospores
352:teleomorph
97:Ascomycota
93:Division:
1082:2.1157039
795:0168-1605
460:fungicide
295:phialides
145:Species:
83:Kingdom:
77:Eukaryota
1303:Fusarium
1245:MycoBank
1237:11201841
1206:Fungorum
1185:60020729
1180:AusFungi
1165:Wikidata
1064:MycoBank
1056:10386840
1012:Fungorum
952:60020727
947:AusFungi
938:Q2712591
932:Wikidata
872:Fusarium
803:20580986
779:Elsevier
765:Fusarium
741:Nebguide
724:Fusarium
385:anthesis
330:Fusarium
256:mycelium
190:Synonyms
177:Wm.G.Sm.
138:Fusarium
123:Family:
73:Domain:
1224:2564216
1030:5252189
811:7163589
777:(1–2).
743:. URL:
476:minimum
472:plowing
389:harvest
226:cereals
133:Genus:
113:Order:
103:Class:
1257:NZOR:
1250:231946
1211:231946
1144:100522
1131:264394
1115:NZOR:
1069:196997
1043:350805
1017:196997
991:FUSACU
978:159785
809:
801:
793:
530:See:
447:cereal
314:hyphae
183:(1892)
1232:IRMNG
1198:6K67R
1139:WoRMS
1051:IRMNG
1004:20522
999:EUNIS
965:6JT3Z
807:S2CID
526:Hosts
512:azole
407:Hosts
366:As a
334:wheat
238:is a
181:Sacc.
87:Fungi
1219:GBIF
1108:5516
1103:NCBI
1025:GBIF
986:EPPO
799:PMID
791:ISSN
608:help
510:and
466:and
350:the
1193:CoL
1090:NBN
973:EoL
960:CoL
783:doi
775:141
686:doi
482:in
478:or
354:of
234:),
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