20:
163:
258:
Infected florets (especially the outer glumes) become slightly darkened and oily in appearance. Macroconidia are produced in sporodochia, which gives the spike a bright pink or orange color. Infected kernels may be permeated with mycelia and the surface of the florets totally covered by white, matted
512:
suffered $ 2.7 billion in losses following a FEB epidemic. If we include primary and secondary economic losses, FHB cost the entire US$ 7.67 billion from 1993 to 2001. Since 1990, extensive research has been put into the development of control measures of
Fusarium ear blight. An example is the US
1393:
Rawat, Nidhi; Pumphrey, Michael O; Liu, Sixin; Zhang, Xiaofei; Tiwari, Vijay K; Ando, Kaori; Trick, Harold N; Bockus, William W; Akhunov, Eduard; Anderson, James A; Gill, Bikram S (2016-10-24). "Wheat Fhb1 encodes a chimeric lectin with agglutinin domains and a pore-forming toxin-like domain
418:
affect the risk of FEB. One of the major infection routes are infected crop residues from the previous crop where both the quality and quantity are important. Crop residues from susceptible crops such as cereals increase the risk of FEB in the following crop.
235:. Later, infection of the heads can occur with spores spreading by rain splash from infected crop residues. Another major infection route is airborne inoculum as spores can travel long distances with the wind. The cereal crop is most susceptible at
837:"Chemical Contaminants, Metals, Natural Toxins & Pesticides - Guidance for Industry and FDA: Advisory Levels for Deoxynivalenol (DON) in Finished Wheat Products for Human Consumption and Grains and Grain By-Products used for Animal Feed"
492:
involving several control strategies such as preventive measures, disease monitoring and chemical control is necessary. Disease forecasting models have been developed to assess the risk of FEB depending on weather conditions.
200:. In the sexual stage the fungus produces spores called ascospores. The sexual stage form fruiting bodies called perithecia, in which ascospores are formed in a sac known as an ascus (plural asci). Some species, including
339:
Fusarium toxins have negative effects on the immune, gastrointestinal and reproductive systems of animals. DON is a protein synthesis inhibitor, also called vomitoxin, due to its negative effects on feed intake in
513:
Wheat and Barley Scab
Initiative (USWBSI), a collaborative effort of scientists, growers, food processors and consumer groups aiming to develop effective control measures, including the reduction of mycotoxins.
836:
68:
produced by the fungi already when the crop is growing in the field. The disease can cause severe economic losses as mycotoxin-contaminated grain cannot be sold for food or feed.
882:
Commission
Recommendation of 17 August 2006 on the presence of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 and fumonisins in products intended for animal feeding
454:
can provide partial control of FEB but the effects may be variable. The type and timing of fungicide application is important as non-optimal applications may even increase
1457:
653:
741:
D’Mello, J.P.F.; Placinta, C.M.; Macdonald, A.M.C. (1999). "Fusarium mycotoxins: a review of global implications for animal health, welfare and productivity".
1548:
406:
from Asia. However, the challenge is to combine resistant material with other desirable traits such as high yield and adaptation to different growing areas.
251:
infects the head (hence the name "Fusarium head blight") and causes the kernels to shrivel up and become chalky white. Additionally, the fungus can produce
1260:
1474:
387:. Plant lines having reduced fungal growth and low levels of seed mycotoxin contamination are selected for additional breeding trials. In parallel,
871:
Commission
Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006
508:
In the U.S. and Canada, Fusarium ear blight emerged in the 1990s as a widespread and powerful threat to cereal production. From 1998 to 2000 the
1369:
355:
mycotoxins in grain to limit negative health effects. In the U.S. there are advisory levels for DON in human food and livestock feed. The
193:
96:
1320:
McMullen, Marcia; Bergstrom, Gary; De Wolf, Erick; Dill-Macky, Ruth; Hershman, Don; Shaner, Greg; Van
Sanford, Dave (2012-07-11).
936:
Bai GH, Shaner GE (2004) Management and resistance in wheat Bai GH, Shaner GE (2004) Management and resistance in wheat 42:135–161
1184:
Gilbert, Jeannie; Haber, Steve (2013-04-01). "Overview of some recent research developments in fusarium head blight of wheat".
893:
Steiner, Barbara; Buerstmayr, Maria; Michel, Sebastian; Schweiger, Wolfgang; Lemmens, Marc; Buerstmayr, Hermann (2017-02-21).
1488:
860:
Commission
Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs
443:
infection. Preventive agricultural practices may be less effective if a lot of airborne inoculum is present in the area.
64:
fungi, which infects the heads of the crop, reducing grain yield. The disease is often associated with contamination by
1454:
669:
1145:"Natural Fusarium Grain Infection Level in Wheat, Barley and Oat after Early Application of Fungicides and Herbicides"
1088:"Influence of agronomic and climatic factors on Fusarium infestation and mycotoxin contamination of cereals in Norway"
690:
Keller, Melissa D.; Bergstrom, Gary C.; Shields, Elson J. (2014-06-01). "The aerobiology of
Fusarium graminearum".
522:
489:
392:
1538:
1037:
509:
376:
1269:
552:
Parry, D. W.; Jenkinson, P.; McLeod, L. (1995). "Fusarium ear blight (scab) in small grain cereals—a review".
1543:
467:
232:
1471:
750:
415:
881:
870:
859:
1193:
699:
271:
755:
149:
133:
126:
91:
948:"QTL mapping and marker-assisted selection for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat: a review"
1433:
1217:
1068:
895:"Breeding strategies and advances in line selection for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat"
817:
723:
1533:
1425:
1417:
1351:
1343:
1209:
1166:
1125:
1107:
1060:
1018:
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969:
916:
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801:
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624:
569:
107:
1409:
1333:
1201:
1156:
1115:
1099:
1052:
1000:
959:
906:
791:
760:
707:
661:
614:
604:
561:
396:
1478:
1461:
1405:
1396:
527:
363:
mycotoxins in grain aimed for human consumption and recommended limits for animal feed.
114:
1197:
703:
1489:
http://www.grainscanada.gc.ca/guides-guides/identification/fusarium/iwbfm-mibof-eng.htm
1120:
1087:
1086:
Bernhoft, A.; Torp, M.; Clasen, P.-E.; Løes, A.-K.; Kristoffersen, A. B. (2012-07-01).
619:
588:
565:
388:
380:
356:
1038:"Survival of Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight. A review"
764:
223:
for the following crop. The fungus can also spread via infected seed. The presence of
1527:
1161:
1144:
964:
947:
432:
239:
and the probability of infection rises with high moisture and humidity at flowering.
1221:
1072:
821:
727:
1437:
1036:
Leplat, Johann; Friberg, Hanna; Abid, Muhammad; Steinberg, Christian (2013-01-01).
989:"The Effect of Previous Crop Residues and Tillage on Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat"
478:
341:
1508:
1293:
1262:
The UK Code of Good
Agricultural Practice to Reduce Fusarium Mycotoxins in Cereals
1205:
1103:
427:
can also increase the risk of FEB. The amount of crop residues can be reduced by
399:, involving several genes, and is dependent of interaction with the environment.
307:
216:
204:
produce resistant chlamydospores which can survive for a long time in the soil.
58:, including wheat, barley, oats, rye and triticale. FEB is caused by a range of
1338:
1321:
665:
1322:"A Unified Effort to Fight an Enemy of Wheat and Barley: Fusarium Head Blight"
1056:
1005:
988:
911:
894:
796:
779:
711:
609:
505:
diseases, being responsible for significant grain yield reduction world-wide.
436:
379:
could be the most efficient method to control
Fusarium ear blight. Resistance
252:
83:
1421:
1347:
1213:
1170:
1111:
1064:
1014:
973:
920:
805:
719:
573:
451:
286:
220:
65:
1429:
1355:
1129:
1022:
813:
628:
383:
involves screening of plant lines subjected to artificial inoculation with
162:
472:
403:
345:
236:
185:
78:
60:
274:
with toxic effects on animals. One mycotoxin can be produced by several
1472:
http://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/headblight.aspx
424:
19:
502:
428:
55:
51:
1518:
1413:
780:"Mycotoxins in small grains and maize: Old problems, new challenges"
278:
species, and one species can produce several mycotoxins. Important
420:
181:
161:
18:
270:
species associated with FEB produce a range of mycotoxins—fungal
1467:
Return of an old problem: Fusarium head blight of small grains
402:
Fusarium ear blight resistance has been identified in wheat
1370:"Diverse Wheat Tapped for Antifungal Genes : USDA ARS"
431:, where residues are incorporated in the soil where they
184:. The asexual stage of the fungus produces spores called
1235:
946:
Buerstmayr, H.; Ban, T.; Anderson, J. A. (2009-02-01).
488:
For FEB no control measure is completely effective and
423:
has been associated with especially high risk. Reduced
391:
associated with resistance are screened for, so called
1498:
589:"Distribution, pathogenicity and disease control of
587:
Wang, Yun; Wang, Ruoyu; Sha, Yuexia (26 July 2022).
501:
From an economic standpoint, it is one of the major
159:was considered the most important causal organism.
76:
Fusarium ear blight is caused by several species of
192:fungi have a more complex life cycle including a
180:species causing FEB can produce several types of
1394:conferring resistance to Fusarium head blight".
439:has also been associated with increased risk of
219:in the soil or on crop debris that can serve as
1509:http://www.wheatscab.psu.edu/riskTool_2010.html
1494:United States Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative
835:Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied.
466:Research has also been put into development on
255:that further reduce the quality of the kernel.
395:. Fusarium ear blight resistance is a complex
348:animals such as cattle have higher tolerance.
8:
462:Biological control and integrated management
344:. Pigs are the most sensitive to DON, while
987:Dill-Macky, R.; Jones, R. K. (2000-01-01).
86:. The most common species causing FEB are:
1504:Fusarium Head Blight Risk Assessment Tool
1337:
1160:
1119:
1092:Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
1004:
963:
910:
795:
784:Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
754:
618:
608:
470:based on bacteria and fungi for example,
27:(right: inoculated, left: non-inoculated)
539:
227:fungi on crop debris or seed can cause
1143:Henriksen, B.; Elen, O. (2005-04-01).
1315:
1313:
932:
930:
7:
1045:Agronomy for Sustainable Development
654:"Fusarium head blight (FHB) or scab"
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
547:
545:
543:
1549:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
1186:Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology
359:has legislative limits for several
743:Animal Feed Science and Technology
566:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1995.tb02773.x
14:
1519:http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/scabsmart/
1455:American Phytopathology FHB site
1162:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.00955.x
965:10.1111/j.1439-0523.2008.01550.x
1484:Fusarium head blight in Canada
778:Miller, J. David (2008-02-01).
1259:Food Standards Agency (2007).
208:Disease cycle and epidemiology
1:
765:10.1016/s0377-8401(99)00059-0
468:biological control strategies
231:seedling blight and foot and
1206:10.1080/07060661.2013.772921
1104:10.1080/19440049.2012.672476
23:Symptom on wheat caused by
1565:
1339:10.1094/PDIS-03-12-0291-FE
666:10.1094/phi-i-2003-0612-01
523:Plant disease epidemiology
1149:Journal of Phytopathology
1057:10.1007/s13593-012-0098-5
1006:10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.1.71
912:10.1007/s40858-017-0127-7
797:10.1080/02652030701744520
712:10.1007/s10453-013-9321-3
610:10.3389/fmicb.2022.939927
597:Frontiers in Microbiology
393:marker-assisted selection
328:HT-2 and T-2 produced by
16:Fungal disease of cereals
1236:"ScabSmart | Management"
899:Tropical Plant Pathology
510:Midwestern United States
215:fungi can overwinter as
82:fungi, belonging to the
658:APSnet Feature Articles
351:Many countries monitor
416:agricultural practices
410:Agricultural practices
174:
28:
1298:www.wheatscab.psu.edu
490:integrated management
282:mycotoxins include:
272:secondary metabolites
165:
139:Monographella nivalis
22:
437:nitrogen application
157:Fusarium graminearum
115:Fusarium graminearum
40:Fusarium head blight
1499:http://scabusa.org/
1198:2013CaJPP..35..149G
704:2014Aerob..30..123K
591:Fusarium tricinctum
497:Economic importance
377:Resistant cultivars
372:Resistant cultivars
150:Fusarium tricinctum
134:Microdochium nivale
101:Gibberella avenacea
32:Fusarium ear blight
1477:2017-03-15 at the
1460:2012-02-03 at the
310:(ZEN) produced by
289:(DON) produced by
175:
92:Fusarium avenaceum
29:
1332:(12): 1712–1728.
108:Fusarium culmorum
1556:
1442:
1441:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1374:www.ars.usda.gov
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1360:
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1341:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1305:
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1290:
1284:
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1268:. Archived from
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1246:
1232:
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1225:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1164:
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1123:
1098:(7): 1129–1140.
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768:
758:
749:(3–4): 183–205.
738:
732:
731:
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681:
680:
678:
677:
668:. Archived from
650:
633:
632:
622:
612:
584:
578:
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549:
447:Chemical control
367:Control measures
166:Macroconidia of
1564:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1539:Cereal diseases
1524:
1523:
1479:Wayback Machine
1462:Wayback Machine
1451:
1446:
1445:
1414:10.1038/ng.3706
1406:Nature Research
1397:Nature Genetics
1392:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1319:
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1311:
1302:
1300:
1294:"Risk Map Tool"
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1234:
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1137:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1040:
1035:
1034:
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945:
944:
940:
935:
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891:
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777:
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772:
756:10.1.1.453.2615
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739:
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689:
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675:
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652:
651:
636:
586:
585:
581:
554:Plant Pathology
551:
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541:
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528:Plant pathology
519:
499:
464:
449:
412:
389:genetic markers
374:
369:
265:
245:
210:
143:Fusarium nivale
120:Gibberella zeae
74:
72:Causal organism
38:) (also called
17:
12:
11:
5:
1562:
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1552:
1551:
1546:
1544:Wheat diseases
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1449:External links
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952:Plant Breeding
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905:(3): 165–174.
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198:F. graminearum
196:, for example
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1275:on 2017-03-15
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1377:. Retrieved
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1301:. Retrieved
1297:
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1277:. Retrieved
1270:the original
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1243:. Retrieved
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841:www.fda.gov
458:infection.
334:langsethiae
316:graminearum
308:Zearalenone
295:graminearum
217:saprotrophs
172:graminearum
141:, formerly
54:disease of
1528:Categories
1379:2017-03-05
1303:2017-03-14
1279:2017-03-14
1245:2017-03-14
846:2017-03-13
676:2011-12-21
603:: 939927.
534:References
452:Fungicides
263:Mycotoxins
253:mycotoxins
247:In wheat,
97:teleomorph
84:Ascomycota
66:mycotoxins
1422:1061-4036
1348:0191-2917
1214:0706-0661
1171:1439-0434
1112:1944-0049
1065:1774-0746
1015:0191-2917
974:1439-0523
921:1983-2052
806:1944-0049
751:CiteSeerX
720:0393-5965
574:1365-3059
433:decompose
429:ploughing
404:cultivars
259:mycelia.
237:flowering
1534:Fusarium
1475:Archived
1458:Archived
1430:27776114
1356:30727259
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1023:30841225
822:32428433
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660:. 2003.
629:35958126
517:See also
473:Bacillus
456:Fusarium
441:Fusarium
414:Several
385:Fusarium
381:breeding
361:Fusarium
353:Fusarium
346:ruminant
324:culmorum
303:culmorum
280:Fusarium
276:Fusarium
268:Fusarium
249:Fusarium
243:Symptoms
233:root rot
229:Fusarium
225:Fusarium
221:inoculum
213:Fusarium
190:Fusarium
178:Fusarium
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1438:4177196
1194:Bibcode
1121:3379782
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482:species
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818:S2CID
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421:Maize
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