31:
174:
269:
Infected florets (especially the outer glumes) become slightly darkened and oily in appearance. Macroconidia are produced in sporodochia, which gives the spike a bright pink or orange color. Infected kernels may be permeated with mycelia and the surface of the florets totally covered by white, matted
523:
suffered $ 2.7 billion in losses following a FEB epidemic. If we include primary and secondary economic losses, FHB cost the entire US$ 7.67 billion from 1993 to 2001. Since 1990, extensive research has been put into the development of control measures of
Fusarium ear blight. An example is the US
1404:
Rawat, Nidhi; Pumphrey, Michael O; Liu, Sixin; Zhang, Xiaofei; Tiwari, Vijay K; Ando, Kaori; Trick, Harold N; Bockus, William W; Akhunov, Eduard; Anderson, James A; Gill, Bikram S (2016-10-24). "Wheat Fhb1 encodes a chimeric lectin with agglutinin domains and a pore-forming toxin-like domain
429:
affect the risk of FEB. One of the major infection routes are infected crop residues from the previous crop where both the quality and quantity are important. Crop residues from susceptible crops such as cereals increase the risk of FEB in the following crop.
246:. Later, infection of the heads can occur with spores spreading by rain splash from infected crop residues. Another major infection route is airborne inoculum as spores can travel long distances with the wind. The cereal crop is most susceptible at
848:"Chemical Contaminants, Metals, Natural Toxins & Pesticides - Guidance for Industry and FDA: Advisory Levels for Deoxynivalenol (DON) in Finished Wheat Products for Human Consumption and Grains and Grain By-Products used for Animal Feed"
503:
involving several control strategies such as preventive measures, disease monitoring and chemical control is necessary. Disease forecasting models have been developed to assess the risk of FEB depending on weather conditions.
211:. In the sexual stage the fungus produces spores called ascospores. The sexual stage form fruiting bodies called perithecia, in which ascospores are formed in a sac known as an ascus (plural asci). Some species, including
350:
Fusarium toxins have negative effects on the immune, gastrointestinal and reproductive systems of animals. DON is a protein synthesis inhibitor, also called vomitoxin, due to its negative effects on feed intake in
524:
Wheat and Barley Scab
Initiative (USWBSI), a collaborative effort of scientists, growers, food processors and consumer groups aiming to develop effective control measures, including the reduction of mycotoxins.
847:
79:
produced by the fungi already when the crop is growing in the field. The disease can cause severe economic losses as mycotoxin-contaminated grain cannot be sold for food or feed.
893:
Commission
Recommendation of 17 August 2006 on the presence of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 and fumonisins in products intended for animal feeding
465:
can provide partial control of FEB but the effects may be variable. The type and timing of fungicide application is important as non-optimal applications may even increase
1468:
664:
752:
D’Mello, J.P.F.; Placinta, C.M.; Macdonald, A.M.C. (1999). "Fusarium mycotoxins: a review of global implications for animal health, welfare and productivity".
1559:
417:
from Asia. However, the challenge is to combine resistant material with other desirable traits such as high yield and adaptation to different growing areas.
262:
infects the head (hence the name "Fusarium head blight") and causes the kernels to shrivel up and become chalky white. Additionally, the fungus can produce
1271:
1485:
398:. Plant lines having reduced fungal growth and low levels of seed mycotoxin contamination are selected for additional breeding trials. In parallel,
882:
Commission
Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006
519:
In the U.S. and Canada, Fusarium ear blight emerged in the 1990s as a widespread and powerful threat to cereal production. From 1998 to 2000 the
1380:
366:
mycotoxins in grain to limit negative health effects. In the U.S. there are advisory levels for DON in human food and livestock feed. The
204:
107:
1331:
McMullen, Marcia; Bergstrom, Gary; De Wolf, Erick; Dill-Macky, Ruth; Hershman, Don; Shaner, Greg; Van
Sanford, Dave (2012-07-11).
947:
Bai GH, Shaner GE (2004) Management and resistance in wheat Bai GH, Shaner GE (2004) Management and resistance in wheat 42:135–161
1195:
Gilbert, Jeannie; Haber, Steve (2013-04-01). "Overview of some recent research developments in fusarium head blight of wheat".
904:
Steiner, Barbara; Buerstmayr, Maria; Michel, Sebastian; Schweiger, Wolfgang; Lemmens, Marc; Buerstmayr, Hermann (2017-02-21).
1499:
871:
Commission
Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs
454:
infection. Preventive agricultural practices may be less effective if a lot of airborne inoculum is present in the area.
75:
fungi, which infects the heads of the crop, reducing grain yield. The disease is often associated with contamination by
1465:
680:
1156:"Natural Fusarium Grain Infection Level in Wheat, Barley and Oat after Early Application of Fungicides and Herbicides"
1099:"Influence of agronomic and climatic factors on Fusarium infestation and mycotoxin contamination of cereals in Norway"
701:
Keller, Melissa D.; Bergstrom, Gary C.; Shields, Elson J. (2014-06-01). "The aerobiology of
Fusarium graminearum".
533:
500:
403:
1549:
1048:
520:
387:
1280:
563:
Parry, D. W.; Jenkinson, P.; McLeod, L. (1995). "Fusarium ear blight (scab) in small grain cereals—a review".
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102:
959:"QTL mapping and marker-assisted selection for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat: a review"
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1079:
906:"Breeding strategies and advances in line selection for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat"
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407:
1489:
1472:
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1407:
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mycotoxins in grain aimed for human consumption and recommended limits for animal feed.
125:
1208:
714:
1500:
http://www.grainscanada.gc.ca/guides-guides/identification/fusarium/iwbfm-mibof-eng.htm
1131:
1098:
1097:
Bernhoft, A.; Torp, M.; Clasen, P.-E.; Løes, A.-K.; Kristoffersen, A. B. (2012-07-01).
630:
599:
576:
399:
391:
367:
1049:"Survival of Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight. A review"
775:
234:
for the following crop. The fungus can also spread via infected seed. The presence of
1538:
1172:
1155:
975:
958:
443:
250:
and the probability of infection rises with high moisture and humidity at flowering.
1232:
1083:
832:
738:
17:
1448:
1047:
Leplat, Johann; Friberg, Hanna; Abid, Muhammad; Steinberg, Christian (2013-01-01).
1000:"The Effect of Previous Crop Residues and Tillage on Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat"
489:
352:
1519:
1304:
1273:
The UK Code of Good
Agricultural Practice to Reduce Fusarium Mycotoxins in Cereals
1216:
1114:
438:
can also increase the risk of FEB. The amount of crop residues can be reduced by
410:, involving several genes, and is dependent of interaction with the environment.
318:
227:
215:
produce resistant chlamydospores which can survive for a long time in the soil.
69:, including wheat, barley, oats, rye and triticale. FEB is caused by a range of
1349:
1332:
676:
1333:"A Unified Effort to Fight an Enemy of Wheat and Barley: Fusarium Head Blight"
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1016:
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922:
905:
807:
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diseases, being responsible for significant grain yield reduction world-wide.
447:
390:
could be the most efficient method to control
Fusarium ear blight. Resistance
263:
94:
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76:
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involves screening of plant lines subjected to artificial inoculation with
173:
483:
414:
356:
247:
196:
89:
71:
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with toxic effects on animals. One mycotoxin can be produced by several
1483:
http://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/headblight.aspx
435:
30:
513:
439:
66:
62:
1529:
1424:
791:"Mycotoxins in small grains and maize: Old problems, new challenges"
289:
species, and one species can produce several mycotoxins. Important
431:
192:
172:
29:
281:
species associated with FEB produce a range of mycotoxins—fungal
1478:
Return of an old problem: Fusarium head blight of small grains
413:
Fusarium ear blight resistance has been identified in wheat
1381:"Diverse Wheat Tapped for Antifungal Genes : USDA ARS"
442:, where residues are incorporated in the soil where they
195:. The asexual stage of the fungus produces spores called
1246:
957:
Buerstmayr, H.; Ban, T.; Anderson, J. A. (2009-02-01).
499:
For FEB no control measure is completely effective and
434:
has been associated with especially high risk. Reduced
402:
associated with resistance are screened for, so called
1509:
600:"Distribution, pathogenicity and disease control of
598:
Wang, Yun; Wang, Ruoyu; Sha, Yuexia (26 July 2022).
512:
From an economic standpoint, it is one of the major
170:was considered the most important causal organism.
87:
Fusarium ear blight is caused by several species of
203:fungi have a more complex life cycle including a
191:species causing FEB can produce several types of
1405:conferring resistance to Fusarium head blight".
450:has also been associated with increased risk of
230:in the soil or on crop debris that can serve as
1520:http://www.wheatscab.psu.edu/riskTool_2010.html
1505:United States Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative
846:Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied.
477:Research has also been put into development on
266:that further reduce the quality of the kernel.
406:. Fusarium ear blight resistance is a complex
359:animals such as cattle have higher tolerance.
8:
473:Biological control and integrated management
355:. Pigs are the most sensitive to DON, while
998:Dill-Macky, R.; Jones, R. K. (2000-01-01).
97:. The most common species causing FEB are:
1515:Fusarium Head Blight Risk Assessment Tool
1348:
1171:
1130:
1103:Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
1015:
974:
921:
806:
795:Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
765:
629:
619:
481:based on bacteria and fungi for example,
38:(right: inoculated, left: non-inoculated)
550:
238:fungi on crop debris or seed can cause
1154:Henriksen, B.; Elen, O. (2005-04-01).
1326:
1324:
943:
941:
7:
1056:Agronomy for Sustainable Development
665:"Fusarium head blight (FHB) or scab"
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
558:
556:
554:
1560:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
1197:Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology
370:has legislative limits for several
754:Animal Feed Science and Technology
577:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1995.tb02773.x
25:
1530:http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/scabsmart/
1466:American Phytopathology FHB site
1173:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.00955.x
976:10.1111/j.1439-0523.2008.01550.x
1495:Fusarium head blight in Canada
789:Miller, J. David (2008-02-01).
1270:Food Standards Agency (2007).
219:Disease cycle and epidemiology
1:
776:10.1016/s0377-8401(99)00059-0
479:biological control strategies
242:seedling blight and foot and
1217:10.1080/07060661.2013.772921
1115:10.1080/19440049.2012.672476
34:Symptom on wheat caused by
1576:
1350:10.1094/PDIS-03-12-0291-FE
677:10.1094/phi-i-2003-0612-01
534:Plant disease epidemiology
1160:Journal of Phytopathology
1068:10.1007/s13593-012-0098-5
1017:10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.1.71
923:10.1007/s40858-017-0127-7
808:10.1080/02652030701744520
723:10.1007/s10453-013-9321-3
621:10.3389/fmicb.2022.939927
608:Frontiers in Microbiology
404:marker-assisted selection
339:HT-2 and T-2 produced by
27:Fungal disease of cereals
1247:"ScabSmart | Management"
910:Tropical Plant Pathology
521:Midwestern United States
226:fungi can overwinter as
93:fungi, belonging to the
669:APSnet Feature Articles
362:Many countries monitor
427:agricultural practices
421:Agricultural practices
185:
39:
1309:www.wheatscab.psu.edu
501:integrated management
293:mycotoxins include:
283:secondary metabolites
176:
150:Monographella nivalis
33:
448:nitrogen application
168:Fusarium graminearum
126:Fusarium graminearum
51:Fusarium head blight
18:Fusarium head blight
1510:http://scabusa.org/
1209:2013CaJPP..35..149G
715:2014Aerob..30..123K
602:Fusarium tricinctum
508:Economic importance
388:Resistant cultivars
383:Resistant cultivars
161:Fusarium tricinctum
145:Microdochium nivale
112:Gibberella avenacea
43:Fusarium ear blight
1488:2017-03-15 at the
1471:2012-02-03 at the
321:(ZEN) produced by
300:(DON) produced by
186:
103:Fusarium avenaceum
40:
1343:(12): 1712–1728.
119:Fusarium culmorum
16:(Redirected from
1567:
1453:
1452:
1401:
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1385:www.ars.usda.gov
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1352:
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1279:. Archived from
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760:(3–4): 183–205.
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679:. Archived from
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623:
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458:Chemical control
378:Control measures
177:Macroconidia of
21:
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1550:Cereal diseases
1535:
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1490:Wayback Machine
1473:Wayback Machine
1462:
1457:
1456:
1425:10.1038/ng.3706
1417:Nature Research
1408:Nature Genetics
1403:
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1398:
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1305:"Risk Map Tool"
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565:Plant Pathology
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539:Plant pathology
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475:
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400:genetic markers
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154:Fusarium nivale
131:Gibberella zeae
85:
83:Causal organism
49:) (also called
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5:
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1388:. Retrieved
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1312:. Retrieved
1308:
1299:
1288:. Retrieved
1281:the original
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852:www.fda.gov
469:infection.
345:langsethiae
327:graminearum
319:Zearalenone
306:graminearum
228:saprotrophs
183:graminearum
152:, formerly
65:disease of
1539:Categories
1390:2017-03-05
1314:2017-03-14
1290:2017-03-14
1256:2017-03-14
857:2017-03-13
687:2011-12-21
614:: 939927.
545:References
463:Fungicides
274:Mycotoxins
264:mycotoxins
258:In wheat,
108:teleomorph
95:Ascomycota
77:mycotoxins
1433:1061-4036
1359:0191-2917
1225:0706-0661
1182:1439-0434
1123:1944-0049
1076:1774-0746
1026:0191-2917
985:1439-0523
932:1983-2052
817:1944-0049
762:CiteSeerX
731:0393-5965
585:1365-3059
444:decompose
440:ploughing
415:cultivars
270:mycelia.
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528:See also
484:Bacillus
467:Fusarium
452:Fusarium
425:Several
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392:breeding
372:Fusarium
364:Fusarium
357:ruminant
335:culmorum
314:culmorum
291:Fusarium
287:Fusarium
279:Fusarium
260:Fusarium
254:Symptoms
244:root rot
240:Fusarium
236:Fusarium
232:inoculum
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