24:
464:
492:
999:
547:
in a passage observing that Roman soldiers were motivated to stand fast and maintain their posts by the fear of harsh punishments such as public disgrace,
485:
270:
166:
710:
82:
645:
in the historical era; stoning was also alien to the Romans, except in a military setting, perhaps suggesting the conservatism of martial tradition.
58:
224:
478:
144:
370:
32:
555:
thus reflected Roman doubts that courage alone was sufficient to ensure the steadfastness of the average soldier—an awareness that
48:
126:
240:
201:
152:
733:
989:
356:
289:
77:
793:
750:
581:
was also the punishment for falsifying evidence and lying under oath, or for committing the same offence three times.
994:
745:
599:—desertion, stealing, false witness, sexual misconduct and repeating three times a same offense—thus violate trust
175:
650:
506:
385:
40:
615:
516:
252:
101:
768:
667:, for instance, permitted mutinous soldiers to butcher their leaders to clear themselves of their guilt.
351:
87:
783:(Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 65, citing particularly Caesar's criticism that his men lacked
715:
541:
341:
283:
849:(Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 146, overgeneralizes Polybius's statement as "homosexual acts."
635:, however, may be illusory and is difficult to discern in passing references by literary sources.
530:
468:
192:
788:
437:
444:
310:
299:
698:
565:
was the penalty when a sentry deserted his post and for stealing from one's fellow soldiers
421:
410:
325:
44:
959:
1.44, saying that it allowed the soldier to rejoice in slaughter as though it absolved him.
869:
Roman
Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate
755:
686:
415:
393:
336:
910:
678:
430:
400:
361:
871:(Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 93, 122ff., 130, 280–282; Thomas A.J. McGinn,
623:
or disgraced itself by cowardice was compelled to randomly select every tenth man and
983:
741:
613:
was inflicted on a single soldier who committed an offense, and thereby differs from
585:
556:
405:
377:
305:
315:
206:
694:
664:
346:
121:
111:
67:
690:
682:
659:
654:
642:
331:
589:
548:
544:
627:, club or stab him to death by their own hands. The distinction between
952:
624:
96:
607:
among fellow soldiers, and the cudgeling was administered communally.
620:
572:
566:
534:
186:
653:
by means of which the unit purged itself through something like a
602:
677:
is relatively rare in the historical record. Incidents include
577:
against civilians by contrast had his right hand cut off. The
734:
592:
refers only to "adult men who have abused their persons".
551:, and death. As a form of discipline imposed on a soldier,
821:
The
Logistics of the Roman Army at War (264 B.C.–A.D. 235)
641:
is a strikingly archaic form of punishment at odds with
529:("the punishment of cudgeling") was a severe form of
873:
Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in
Ancient Rome
886:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
847:The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History
832:G.R> Watson, "The Army of the Republic," in
781:Roman Manliness: Virtus and the Roman Republic
486:
8:
972:, p. 42, with citations of ancient sources.
917:(Oxford University Press, 1968), pp. 41–42.
930:(Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 43.
711:Roman military decorations and punishments
569:. A soldier who committed an act of theft
493:
479:
275:
245:
171:
63:
18:
888:(Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 419.
787:and were rapacious and foolhardy at the
875:(Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 40.
726:
174:
110:
66:
39:
884:R.L. Moore, "Military Discipline," in
7:
595:All the behaviors punishable by the
1000:Ancient Roman military punishments
14:
685:early in his command of the war;
697:; and four occasions during the
462:
22:
836:(Routledge, 1987, 1990), p. 84.
699:civil wars between 49 and 34 BC
681:, punishing forces defeated by
559:shows in his war commentaries.
16:Roman military execution method
651:religious rite of purification
588:incurred this punishment, but
1:
584:It is sometimes thought that
357:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
928:Public Order in Ancient Rome
271:Frontiers and fortifications
915:Violence in Republican Rome
83:Decorations and punishments
1016:
735:
819:4.1.6; Jonathan P. Roth,
649:may have originated as a
507:military of ancient Rome
386:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
371:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes
41:Military of ancient Rome
899:Roman Military Service,
797:7.52, see also 5.52.6).
751:A Greek–English Lexicon
619:, when a unit that had
540:It is described by the
533:in which a soldier was
469:Ancient Rome portal
968:As listed by Lintott,
823:(Brill, 1999), p. 149.
742:Liddell, Henry George
526:fustuarium supplicium
352:Neckar-Odenwald Limes
167:Technological history
990:Corporal punishments
716:Running the gauntlet
673:in combination with
643:Roman legal practice
342:Lower Germanic Limes
241:Strategy and tactics
176:Military engineering
78:Unit types and ranks
806:Polybius 6.37.1, 9.
531:military discipline
337:Lauter Valley Limes
867:Sara Elise Phang,
789:Battle of Gergovia
438:Limes Tripolitanus
59:Structural history
995:Execution methods
926:Wilfried Nippel,
779:Myles McDonnell,
503:
502:
454:
453:
445:Limes Mauretaniae
300:Limes Britannicus
261:
260:
225:Political history
215:
214:
135:
134:
1007:
973:
966:
960:
950:
944:
937:
931:
924:
918:
908:
902:
895:
889:
882:
876:
865:
859:
856:
850:
843:
837:
830:
824:
813:
807:
804:
798:
777:
771:
765:
759:
738:
737:
731:
495:
488:
481:
467:
466:
465:
326:Limes Germanicus
276:
253:Infantry tactics
246:
202:Triumphal arches
172:
153:Wars and battles
145:Campaign history
64:
26:
25:
19:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1004:
980:
979:
976:
967:
963:
951:
947:
938:
934:
925:
921:
909:
905:
896:
892:
883:
879:
866:
862:
858:Polybius 6.37.9
857:
853:
844:
840:
834:The Roman World
831:
827:
814:
810:
805:
801:
794:Bellum Gallicum
778:
774:
766:
762:
756:Perseus Project
732:
728:
724:
707:
542:Greek historian
499:
463:
461:
456:
455:
450:
422:Limes Sarmatiae
416:Anastasian Wall
394:Pannonian Limes
273:
263:
262:
257:
243:
233:
232:
231:
227:
217:
216:
211:
197:
169:
159:
158:
157:
147:
137:
136:
131:
106:
92:
61:
51:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1013:
1011:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
982:
981:
975:
974:
961:
945:
932:
919:
911:Andrew Lintott
903:
890:
877:
860:
851:
845:Pat Southern,
838:
825:
808:
799:
772:
760:
725:
723:
720:
719:
718:
713:
706:
703:
679:Marcus Crassus
501:
500:
498:
497:
490:
483:
475:
472:
471:
458:
457:
452:
451:
449:
448:
441:
434:
431:Limes Arabicus
426:
425:
418:
413:
408:
403:
401:Limes Alutanus
397:
396:
390:
389:
381:
380:
374:
373:
367:
366:
365:
364:
362:Wetterau Limes
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
321:
320:
319:
318:
313:
311:Hadrian's Wall
308:
295:
294:
293:
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279:
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269:
268:
265:
264:
259:
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182:
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149:
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143:
142:
139:
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133:
132:
130:
129:
124:
118:
115:
114:
108:
107:
105:
104:
99:
93:
91:
90:
85:
80:
74:
71:
70:
62:
57:
56:
53:
52:
43:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1012:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
985:
978:
971:
965:
962:
958:
954:
949:
946:
942:
936:
933:
929:
923:
920:
916:
912:
907:
904:
900:
894:
891:
887:
881:
878:
874:
870:
864:
861:
855:
852:
848:
842:
839:
835:
829:
826:
822:
818:
812:
809:
803:
800:
796:
795:
790:
786:
782:
776:
773:
770:
764:
761:
757:
753:
752:
747:
746:Scott, Robert
743:
739:
730:
727:
721:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
704:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
666:
662:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:
612:
608:
606:
604:
598:
593:
591:
587:
586:homosexuality
582:
580:
576:
574:
568:
564:
560:
558:
557:Julius Caesar
554:
550:
546:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
527:
522:
518:
514:
513:
508:
496:
491:
489:
484:
482:
477:
476:
474:
473:
470:
460:
459:
447:
446:
442:
440:
439:
435:
433:
432:
428:
427:
424:
423:
419:
417:
414:
412:
411:Trajan's Wall
409:
407:
406:Limes Moesiae
404:
402:
399:
398:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
383:
382:
379:
378:Norican Limes
376:
375:
372:
369:
368:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
328:
327:
323:
322:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
306:Antonine Wall
304:
303:
302:
301:
297:
296:
291:
288:
287:
286:
285:
281:
280:
278:
277:
272:
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254:
251:
250:
248:
247:
242:
237:
236:
226:
221:
220:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
194:
193:Siege engines
191:
189:
188:
184:
183:
181:
180:
177:
173:
168:
163:
162:
154:
151:
150:
146:
141:
140:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
117:
116:
113:
109:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
75:
73:
72:
69:
65:
60:
55:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:
21:
20:
977:
969:
964:
956:
948:
940:
935:
927:
922:
914:
906:
901:pp. 122–123.
898:
893:
885:
880:
872:
868:
863:
854:
846:
841:
833:
828:
820:
816:
811:
802:
791:
784:
780:
775:
763:
749:
729:
674:
670:
669:
658:
646:
638:
637:
632:
628:
614:
610:
609:
600:
596:
594:
583:
578:
570:
562:
561:
552:
539:
525:
524:
520:
511:
510:
504:
443:
436:
429:
420:
384:
324:
298:
282:
185:
815:Frontinus,
537:to death.
519:ξυλοκοπία,
316:Saxon Shore
984:Categories
817:Stratagems
785:disciplina
722:References
695:Tacfarinas
671:Fustuarium
665:Germanicus
647:Fustuarium
639:Fustuarium
629:fustuarium
611:Fustuarium
597:fustuarium
579:fustuarium
563:Fustuarium
553:fustuarium
512:fustuarium
347:Main Limes
939:Lintott,
767:Polybius
736:ξυλοκοπία
691:deserters
683:Spartacus
675:decimatio
660:pharmakos
655:scapegoat
633:decimatio
616:decimatio
521:xylokopia
332:Alb Limes
970:Violence
943:, p. 42.
941:Violence
769:6.37–39.
705:See also
693:against
687:Apronius
663:ritual.
621:mutinied
590:Polybius
549:flogging
545:Polybius
535:cudgeled
127:Admirals
102:Generals
33:a series
31:Part of
957:Annales
953:Tacitus
897:Phang,
754:at the
567:in camp
505:In the
97:Auxilia
88:Legions
573:furtum
523:) or
230:
187:Castra
122:Fleets
49:AD 476
45:753 BC
35:on the
625:stone
603:fides
517:Greek
290:Walls
284:Limes
207:Roads
631:and
112:Navy
68:Army
657:or
986::
955:,
913:,
748:;
744:;
740:.
701:.
689:,
509:,
47:–
792:(
758:.
605:)
601:(
575:)
571:(
515:(
494:e
487:t
480:v
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