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160:. These birds are still fully capable of flying. They also have close relatives where the furcula is vestigial, reduced to a thin strap of ossified ligament, seemingly purposeless. Other species have evolved the furcula in the opposite direction, so that it has increased in size and become too stiff or massive to act as a spring. In strong flyers like cranes and falcons, the arms of the furcula are large, hollow and quite rigid.
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contraction in the breast muscles, expanding the shoulders laterally, and then releasing the energy during upstroke as the furcula snaps back to the normal position. This, in turn, draws the shoulders toward the midline of the body. While the starling has a moderately large and strong furcula for a bird of its size, there are many species where the furcula is completely absent, for instance
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or Night, the oldest and most sagacious keeps the breast-bone and allowing it to dry until the morning examines it all around, in front, behind and in the middle. Thereby they divine whether the winter will be severe or mild, dry or wet, and are so confident in their prediction that they will wager
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in flight have shown that in addition to strengthening the thorax, the furcula acts like a spring in the pectoral girdle during flight. It expands when the wings are pulled downward and snaps back as they are raised. In this action, the furcula is able to store some of the energy generated by
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an exceeding severe frost should occur, and could not fail." The
Captain also said, "Teutonic knights in Prussia waged all their wars by the goose-bone; and as the goose-bone predicted so did they order their two campaigns, one in summer and one in winter."
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The custom of two persons pulling on the bone with the one receiving the larger part making a wish developed in the early 17th century. In some family traditions, the one receiving the smaller part made the wish. At that time, the name of the bone was a
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their goods and chattels on its accuracy.", and of a military officer: "This valiant man, this
Christian Captain drew forth out of his doublet that heretical object of superstition, the goose-bone, and showed me that after
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As the thorax is compressed by the flight muscles during downstroke, the upper ends of the furcula spread apart, expanding by as much as 50% of its resting width, and then contracts.
492:"Clavicles, interclavicles, gastralia, and sternal ribs in sauropod dinosaurs: new reports from Diplodocidae and their morphological, functional and evolutionary implications"
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222:, Tschopp and Mateus (2013) proposed that the furcula is a transformed and divided interclavicle, rather than a fused clavicle.
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and the scapula, it forms a unique structure called the triosseal canal, which houses a strong tendon that connects the
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in 1455 recorded the divination of weather by means of a goose's wishbone, "When the goose has been eaten on
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The furcula works as a strut between a bird's shoulders, and articulates to each of the bird's
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Tykoski, Ronald S.; et al. (September 2002). "A Furcula in the
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and some species of non-avian dinosaurs, and is formed by the fusion of the two
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Forked bone found in birds and other dinosaurs; fusion of the two clavicles
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New Year postcard from around 1909 featuring a wishbone as a
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10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0728:afitct]2.0.co;2
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The Inner Bird: Anatomy and
Evolution, by Gary W. Kaiser
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dinosaurs have also been found with furculae, including
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Proctor, Noble S.; Lynch, Patrick J. (October 1998).
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282:in reference to this custom is recorded from 1860.
38:This stylised bird skeleton highlights the furcula
393:Currie, Philip J.; Padian, Kevin (October 1997).
325:. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. pp.
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434:. Indiana University Press. pp.
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252:'s wishbone go back to at least the
171:by helping to pump air through the
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465:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
19:For the springtail appendage, see
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546:"Wishbone myth has long history"
426:Carpenter, Kenneth (July 2005).
490:Tschopp, E.; Mateus O. (2013).
167:, the furcula also may aid in
27:. For the genus of plant, see
1:
23:. For the genus of moth, see
401:. Academic Press. pp.
92:to withstand the rigors of
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108:. In conjunction with the
61:(Latin for "little fork";
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430:The Carnivorous Dinosaurs
397:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
214:Seeing the occurrence in
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550:Knoxville News Sentinel
317:Gill, Frank B. (2007).
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540:The Folklore of Birds
538:Edward A. Armstrong,
356:Yale University Press
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542:(1970), cited after
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21:Furcula (springtail)
496:Journal of Anatomy
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183:Several groups of
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336:978-0-7167-4983-7
258:Johannes Hartlieb
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193:oviraptorids
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73:is a forked
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321:Ornithology
278:. The name
226:In folklore
201:troodontids
169:respiration
581:Categories
298:References
246:divination
216:diplodocid
134:scrubbirds
461:Syntarsis
267:Candlemas
129:starlings
127:films of
83:clavicles
526:23190365
286:See also
280:wishbone
185:theropod
173:air sacs
110:coracoid
106:scapulae
100:In birds
90:skeleton
87:thoracic
71:wishbone
67:furculae
517:3582252
158:mesites
154:turacos
150:parrots
148:, some
144:, some
138:toucans
136:, some
118:humerus
57:furcula
48:chicken
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156:, and
94:flight
250:goose
165:birds
125:X-ray
79:birds
69:) or
557:2012
522:PMID
440:ISBN
407:ISBN
360:ISBN
331:ISBN
207:and
146:owls
140:and
75:bone
53:The
512:PMC
504:doi
500:222
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163:In
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