580:. During this time Tolstoy spread a rumor in Moscow, intentionally or unintentionally, that Pushkin was flogged by the police before his departure into exile. Hearing about this false rumor, the temperamental and sensitive Pushkin was so offended that he swore to challenge Tolstoy to a duel upon his return from exile. Moreover, the poet answered Tolstoy with the epigram "В жизни мрачной и презренной…" ("In a gloomy and despicable life...") and harsh verses in a message "To Chaadayev": "Or a philosopher, who in his early years / Amazed the world with his depravity, / But, becoming enlightened, made amends for his disgrace: / He quit drinking wine and became a cardsharp?" It is curious that when, during the publication of the poem, the words "or a philosopher" (или философа) were changed to "a fool-philosopher" (глупца-философа), Pushkin strongly objected: "'A fool-philosopher' is printed; why a fool? The poem refers to the American Tolstoy, who is not a fool at all".
797:". Tolstoy himself wrote corrections into one of the manuscripts. He modified the phrase "he was exiled to Kamchatka" to "the devil took him to Kamchatka", noting that he was never exiled, and limited the line about "unclean hands" to include "at cards", remarking that "for a true likeness these corrections are necessary, so that people will not think, that steals snuffboxes from tables". Tolstoy also accused Griboyedov of implying that he was a bribetaker. When Griboyedov objected, saying "but you do play unfairly, after all", Tolstoy responded, "Only that? Well you should have written it that way."
486:, to "play for certain", since "only fools rely on luck", as he himself liked to say. A. N. Vulf recounts that once when Pushkin met Tolstoy playing cards, he remarked upon his cheating, to which Tolstoy replied, "Yes, I know that myself, but I do not like to be reminded of it." Partly owing to his cheating, Tolstoy often won large sums of money, which he in general spent rapidly and capriciously on society life. At other times Tolstoy became the victim of other cardsharps and suffered great losses.
490:
vindicating his honor—as was accepted in officers' circles in Russia—but also an ordinary pastime. Once
Tolstoy had to serve as a second in the duel of one of his closest friends. Fearing for the life of his friend, Tolstoy decided to intervene to prevent the worst: before the duel was held, he himself challenged his friend's opponent and killed him. Leo Tolstoy, the first cousin once removed of Fyodor, whom he knew from his early childhood, used to recount this event.
129:
arguments. This societal influence, as well as the individual traits of
Tolstoy's character, explains his enthusiasm for duels. In 1799, at the age of 17, he fought his first duel with an officer who had reprimanded him for a violation of discipline. The details of this duel are unknown. There are also no reliable witnesses as to Tolstoy's punishment; several memoirs allege that he was demoted to the rank of a soldier, but other sources contradict this information.
125:, described Tolstoy as an excellent shooter and a brave fighter. According to their memoirs, he had an energetic and passionate personality, but while fighting he was cool and resolute. His "wild" character, along with his taste for women and card games, gave him frequent cause for arguments with his comrades and higher officers that often ended in a violation of discipline. Moreover, Tolstoy was very rancorous and vengeful towards those who happened to anger him.
632:
162:
592:
entrusted
Tolstoy with the delivery of a letter to Tolstoy's acquaintance and Pushkin's future mother-in-law, Natalya Nikolayevna Goncharova, in which he declared himself a suitor for the hand of her 17-year-old daughter Natalya. Although the elder Goncharova could not give Pushkin a definite answer, Pushkin eventually succeeded in his suit, and in 1831, he and Natalya were married.
503:
550:
333:
284:, which he later displayed with pride to curious acquaintances. The afore-mentioned orangutan, which was left on land with Tolstoy and whose later fate is unknown, gave rise to a great deal of gossip in aristocratic circles. According to one of the rumors, during his stay in Kamchatka, Tolstoy lived together with the ape; according to others, he ate it.
42:
256:, and when the latter lay dead drunk on the floor, Tolstoy stuck his beard to the deck boards with sealing wax. When the priest came to, he was obliged to cut off his beard to free himself. On another occasion, when Krusenstern was gone from his cabin, Tolstoy sneaked into his cabin with a ship's pet, an
626:
I personally knew
Tolstoy, at that same time (1838) when he lost his daughter Sarra, an extraordinary girl, with a high poetical gift. One glance at the old man's appearance, at his brow, covered with gray curls, at his sparkling eyes and athletic build, showed how much energy and strength nature had
591:
managed to reconcile
Pushkin with Tolstoy. Tolstoy was possibly also interested in reconciliation, as he knew that killing Pushkin would probably cut off his relations with many famous poets whose friendship he valued. In subsequent years Tolstoy and Pushkin even became friends. Thus in 1829, Pushkin
113:
While still a boy
Tolstoy possessed, according to the memoirs of his contemporaries, an uncommon physical strength, endurance, and dexterity, which fulfilled the necessary prerequisites for a successful military career. At the same time, he already had an unpredictable, even cruel personality. In the
489:
Even more famous was
Tolstoy's participation in a number of duels, the reasons for which were often found in card games. It is unknown how many duels Tolstoy fought in his life, but some accounts state that he killed eleven men altogether in duels. For Tolstoy, duels were evidently not only a way of
251:
Tolstoy's behavior on board, where he was unencumbered by official duties, was very unpredictable. He often provoked quarrels with other members of the team, including the captain himself. In addition, Tolstoy permitted himself some japes when addressing members of the crew that he did not like: for
642:
Tolstoy died on
November 5, 1846, after a short illness, in his Moscow home in the presence of his wife and only surviving daughter Praskovya. According to the recollections of his close friends, before his death he summoned a priest and confessed to him for several hours. Tolstoy was buried in the
600:
Tolstoy suffered greatly from the death of his children, especially when his eldest daughter, Sarra, died at the age of seventeen. Some of
Tolstoy's friends recounted later that by the end of his life grew devout and considered the death of his eleven children to be God's punishment for his killing
93:
Despite their high rank, the
Tolstoys were at that time relatively poor, the result of a conflict with the authorities in the eighteenth century in which several members of the family were exiled or deprived of property. In order to ensure worthy careers for their sons, it was common in the Tolstoy
536:
This marriage lasted until Tolstoy's death. Tugayeva gave birth to twelve children, however, only one reached the age of maturity: their daughter Praskovya Fyodorovna, who lived until 1887. Tolstoy and Tugayeva's eldest daughter, Sarra, possessed of a poetic gift, but unhealthy both physically and
498:
In his early years in Moscow, Tolstoy's love affairs provided copious material for rumor and gossip in society. He married the gypsy dancer Avdotya Tugayeva on January 10, 1821, but only after having lived with her for several years. Marya Kamenskaya's memoirs explain the reason for this marriage:
128:
Among the nobility of early nineteenth-century Russia, excessive bravery and a deliberate search for dangerous adventures was widespread and highly valued, not only on the front, but also in daily life. As a result, duels remained very popular during this period and often arose out of the smallest
468:
He was smart, like a demon, and surprisingly eloquent. He loved sophisms and paradoxes, and it was hard to argue with him. Nevertheless, he was, as they say, a decent chap: he was ready for everything for a friend; he willingly helped all his pals; but he advised both friends and pals not to play
260:
that Tolstoy had bought while the ship was moored on an island in the Pacific Ocean. He took Krusenstern's logbook, put a blank sheet of paper on top and began to show the ape how to cover the paper with ink. Then he left the orangutan alone in the cabin, who went on drawing on the notebook. When
315:
and described this episode in the following way: "At one of the stations we were surprised to see an officer approach us in a uniform of the Preobrazhensky Corps. This was Count F. I. Tolstoy . . . . He was traveling around the world with Krusenstern and Rezanov, quarreled with all, drove all to
427:
himself organized several festive soirées and had a reputation as a refined gastronome. Owing to the erudition that he had gained in military school, he easily conversed with representatives of the creative intelligentsia, and became friends with many of them. Among his friends were the writers
426:
From 1812 until his death Tolstoy lived most of his life in Moscow, in a house on Sivtsev Vrazhek lane. His notorious, almost heroic past earned him fame in the Moscow aristocratic circles, and Tolstoy took advantage of his celebrity. He regularly took part in noble gatherings and balls, and he
390:
A few months later, however, Tolstoy fought two more duels. In the first of these he mortally wounded his comrade and captain, whom he himself had provoked by spreading sordid rumors about his sister. A few days later there followed a duel with the young ensign Naryshkin, who had asserted that
69:. Possessed of an unusual temper, he became famous for his gambling, his passion for duels, and his supposed voyage to North America, from which he earned his nickname. He was acquainted with many famous authors of his period and served as a prototype for some of the characters in their works.
605:
He counted eleven men whom he had killed in duels. He carefully noted the names of the killed in his diary. He had twelve children, who all died in youth, except for two daughters. As each child died, he would cross out a name of one person he had killed and wrote on the side the word "quit"
511:
Once, having lost a large sum in the English Club, he was going to have his name on the black board (a list of shirkers) for not having paid his loss in time. He did not want to suffer this disgrace and decided to shoot himself. His gypsy, seeing his excited state, began to question him:
583:
While in exile, Pushkin assiduously prepared himself for the duel, practicing his shooting on a regular basis. On September 8, 1826, almost immediately after returning to Moscow, he sent Tolstoy his challenge. The duel was prevented then only by Tolstoy's accidental absence from Moscow.
319:
Tolstoy's voyage concluded with his arrival in Petersburg at the beginning of August 1805. Thanks to his adventures, which gave rise to much gossip in high society, the count acquired an almost legendary celebrity, as well as the lifelong nickname "the American", referring his stay in
774:
agrees that fundamentally Zaretsky was based on Tolstoy, but concludes that Pushkin subjected this real prototype to a significant reworking. In particular, unlike Zaretsky, who fell off his "Kalmyk horse" and was captured, Tolstoy was an infantry officer, who was never in captivity.
158:, writes in her memoirs that Tolstoy in this way cleverly avoided punishment in the Preobrazhensky regiment. According to Kamenskaya, he posed as his cousin and namesake, who was on the crew of the ship but who did not wish to sail because he suffered from seasickness.
358:
fortress, where he served from 1805 to 1808. Philippe Vigel wrote regarding this onerous period for Tolstoy: "the punishment was severe for the brave man, who had never seen battle, especially during a time when all Europe, from west to east, had broken out in war."
627:
given to him. He developed only wild passions, only bad propensities, and that is not surprising; all that is depraved is allowed to develop in us for a long time without hindrance, but for human passions we are sent to a garrison or to Siberia at the first step...
481:
Tolstoy loved gambling and became particularly famous for this during his years in Moscow. He did not hide the fact that he sometimes cheated. According to the memoirs of his contemporaries, Tolstoy did not like to rely on luck during a game, preferring, by way of
610:
During this time, Tolstoy no longer fought duels and played cards only seldom. Instead, he prayed more and more, attempting to atone for the sins of his youth. Sometimes he went abroad to take the waters, spending time in various European countries.
154:. This was the first circumnavigation of the world made by a ship under a Russian flag. How Tolstoy, who did not serve in the navy, came to be aboard the ship is unknown. Marya Kamenskaya, the daughter of his cousin, the subsequently famous artist
106:
386:
without casualties. These feats, which facilitated Russia's rapid victory, rehabilitated Tolstoy in the eyes of the command, and from 31 October 1808 he was allowed to serve in the Preobrazhensky Regiment as a lieutenant.
188:. In addition to its exploratory goals, the expedition was also meant to help establish diplomatic and economic relations between Russia and Japan, for which the party included a large diplomatic delegation headed by
606:(repaid). When he had lost his eleventh child, a charming and clever girl, he crossed out the last of the names of the killed and said, "Well, thank God, at least my curly-haired gipsy girl will live."
469:
cards with him, saying openly that in gambling, as in war, he knows neither friend nor brother, and whoever wants to take his money into his own pocket—from him he has the right to win money.
307:, from where Tolstoy wound his way overland to Petersburg on carts, on sleighs, and partly on foot. One of the few written testimonies of this odyssey is found in the "Notes" of the writer
114:
cadet corps he mastered shooting and fencing, which made him an extremely dangerous opponent in duels. Upon finishing school Tolstoy went into service not in the navy, but in the elite
978:
804:, Tolstoy, who was seated in the audience, stood up after Repetilov's speech and shouted, "I never took bribes, because I never served !", a quip that was greeted with applause.
664:
Owing to his notorious past and to his close acquaintance with many authors, Tolstoy became the prototype for some of the characters in their books, the most famous of whom was
793:
the character Repetilov refers to Tolstoy in a monologue, calling him a "nighttime robber and duellist" with "unclean hands", who was "exiled to Kamchatka and came back as an
391:
Tolstoy had cheated him in a card game; Naryshkin challenged Tolstoy to a duel and was also killed. After this, Tolstoy was for several months confined to a guardhouse in the
743:", with, however, the label "unwed"—an allusion to his long-lasting ménage with the gypsy Tugayeva. Further on in the story, Pushkin displays his friendship with Tolstoy:
418:, fourth rank. Moreover, Tolstoy was once again rehabilitated and received the rank of colonel. At the end of the war he finally left the army and settled down in Moscow.
674:(1823–1831) Tolstoy appears as the duellist Zaretsky, Lensky's second in his duel with the main character, Onegin. Pushkin depicts Zaretsky/Tolstoy in the following way:
647:. His widow Avdotya outlived him by fifteen years and died a violent death: she was stabbed by her own cook in 1861. The Tolstoy's house on Sivtsev Vrazhek near the old
343:
Immediately upon Tolstoy's arrival in Petersburg, he was greeted with new problems: he was arrested at the city gates and sent to the guardhouse. Moreover, a special
303:, was probably full of adventures, the details of which only Tolstoy knew. According to his accounts, a merchant ship picked him up in Alaska and dropped him off at
248:, then rounded Africa and came back across the Baltic Sea to Kronstadt. The voyage lasted a total of more than three years, from August 7, 1803, to August 19, 1806.
268:. Further details of Tolstoy's travels are known only through his own not always credible accounts. From Kamchatka Tolstoy reportedly managed to get to one of the
311:, which only resurfaced in 1892. Vigel, who traveled around Russia at the beginning of the nineteenth century to study Russian daily life, met Tolstoy in
1094:
316:
quarrel, and as a dangerous person was put ashore at Kamchatka and made his way across land back to Petersburg. What hasn't been said about him . . . ."
739:
These lines show that Pushkin had made peace with Tolstoy: Pushkin refers to him as an "honorable man", who has transformed from an "arch-rake" into a "
264:
Similar behavior more than once caused Tolstoy to be put under arrest. Finally, Krusenstern lost patience and abandoned the passenger during a stop at
374:, in which Dolgorukov died. A while after, Tolstoy, risking his life, headed a reconnaissance detachment during an operation of the shores of the
354:
Tolstoy's scandalous past also disrupted his military career. He was demoted from the elite Preobrazhensky regiment to a post in the little-known
1109:
1089:
1114:
963:
Tolstoy was also most likely used as a model for the cruel and bloodthirsty duellist Dolokhov, who fights Pierre Bezukhov in War and Peace.
321:
515:"Why are you troubling me", said F. I., "how can you help me? They'll put me on the black board, and I cannot endure that. Clear out!"
86:
family. Fyodor Tolstoy's place of birth is not known for certain; most likely he was born on the ancestral estate of the Tolstoys near
115:
379:
82:
Tolstoy was one of seven children of Count Ivan Andreyevich Tolstoy (1747–1811) and his wife Anna Fyodorovna, who came from the
1046:
138:
518:
Avdotya Maksimovna did not let him alone, found out how much money he needed, and the next day brought him the needed sum.
825:
336:
145:
564:
A notorious quarrel between them began in 1820 after Pushkin fell into disgrace because of his poems and was exiled to
557:
One of the best-known aspects of Count Tolstoy's life in Moscow was his not always friendly relationship with the poet
398:
Less than a year afterwards, Tolstoy returned to the war, this time as a volunteer in the defense of Moscow during the
151:
1104:
94:
family to send them to military schools. Thus, Fyodor Tolstoy, along with both his brothers, were educated at the
997:
399:
304:
155:
35:
1099:
800:
Tolstoy loved to dwell on this line, bringing it up on many occasions. At one of the first performances of
644:
440:
363:
348:
588:
95:
1084:
1079:
784:
436:
370:. There Tolstoy was in his element: he actively participated in the battles, including the battle of
366:
helped the count in the end to get a post as an aide-de-camp on the front during the recently begun
415:
996:. Translated by George Calderon. Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Library, 1997.
636:
403:
631:
915:
665:
558:
456:
428:
213:
1029:
Besedy o russkoi kul'ture : byt i traditsii russkogo dvorianstva XVIII-nachalo XIX veka
615:
432:
269:
217:
99:
54:
1047:
https://web.archive.org/web/20061009035753/http://vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/PAPERS/ECCE/CRAZY.HTM
474:
444:
411:
407:
375:
189:
122:
954:
904:
17:
716:
651:
was not preserved: it was destroyed in the 1950s to make way for the "Kremlin" clinic.
565:
296:
201:
181:
66:
1073:
670:
452:
448:
273:
233:
161:
943:
794:
789:
538:
483:
308:
300:
245:
142:
1061:
1024:
771:
367:
524:"From you yourself. You gave me little; I hid it all. Now take it, it's yours.
998:
http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=2011192
577:
355:
197:
265:
257:
221:
209:
185:
41:
502:
549:
332:
105:
1036:
Graf Bezbrezhnyi: dve zhizni grafa Fedora Ivanovicha Tolstogo-Amerikantsa
1005:
The Tolstoys : Twenty-Four Generations of Russian history, 1353–1983
569:
312:
288:
87:
406:, he was severely wounded in the knee. On the recommendation of General
383:
371:
292:
277:
700:
573:
392:
281:
237:
205:
83:
561:. Pushkin and Tolstoy met for the first time in the spring of 1819.
212:
and set across the Pacific Ocean towards Japan, making stops at the
121:
His comrades at that time, among others, the future literary critic
30:
This article is about Fyodor Ivanovich Tolstoy, the adventurist and
276:
island, where he spent several months among Alaskan natives of the
648:
630:
548:
501:
344:
331:
261:
Krusenstern returned, all his records had already been destroyed.
241:
160:
104:
40:
614:
One of Tolstoy's best-known acquaintances during these years was
395:
fortress, and on 2 October 1811 he was dismissed from the army.
856:
Faddei Bulgarin, Воспоминания, vol 5, Saint Petersburg, 1848
587:
A while later the known bibliographer and friend of Pushkin
541:. All the other children were born dead or died in infancy.
382:
managed to cross the ice of the gulf and occupy the city of
118:, perhaps owing to the assistance of influential relatives.
618:, who reminisced about Tolstoy a decade later in his book,
45:
Fyodor Tolstoy in his later years, by Philip Reichel, 1846.
378:, thanks to which the corps under the command of General
287:
At any rate, Tolstoy's return to European Russia via the
252:
example, once he intoxicated the priest accompanying the
783:
The other famous poet who used Tolstoy as a model was
521:"Where did you get the money?" Tolstoy was surprised.
983:
Twenty-Four Generations of Russian History, 1353–1983
61:; 17 February 1782 – 5 November 1846), also known as
527:
F. I. was deeply moved and got married to his gypsy.
414:mentioned Tolstoy's bravery, Tolstoy received the
34:. For his cousin, the artist Fyodor Tolstoy, see
926:Александр Герцен, Сочинения, Женева, 1879, том 6
895:Пушкин в воспоминаниях современников, 1. С. 413
882:
880:
624:
603:
509:
466:
955:Лотман, Ю. М. Комментарии к «Евгению Онегину».
821:
819:
817:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
362:Only Tolstoy's friendship with the commander
65:, was a Russian nobleman from the well-known
8:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
27:Russian nobleman and adventurer (1782–1846)
934:
932:
1031:. Saint Petersburg: Iskusstvo-SPB, 1994.
905:Лотман. Комментарии к «Евгению Онегину».
813:
553:Fyodor Tolstoy, in a drawing by Pushkin
351:forbade him from entering the capital.
711:but now grown plain and kind in stead,
683:Lensky's estate, there lives and still
724:unswerving friend, correct landowner,
7:
764:his converse gave Onegin pleasure...
760:of sense and judgement. For his part
707:arch-rake, pothouse tribune-persona,
687:thrives to this moment, in a station
176:, as well as the accompanying sloop
886:Filipp Vigel, Записки, Moscow: 1892
679:Five versts or so from Krasnogórie,
537:mentally, died at the age of 17 of
410:, who in a letter to Field Marshal
756:but for the effect that he created
25:
1095:Explorers from the Russian Empire
732:so, if we want to change, we can!
695:Zarétsky, sometime king of brawls
200:and the Atlantic Ocean, past the
1021:, Moscow: Prosveschchenie, 1971.
752:by my Eugene, not for his heart,
208:, after which the ship rounded
184:, set sail in August 1803 from
139:a circumnavigation of the world
874:Мемуары Марьи Каменской , 1894
1:
1110:Burials at Vagankovo Cemetery
1090:Circumnavigators of the globe
1115:Counts of the Russian Empire
1017:Bondi, Sergei Mikhailovich,
1007:. London: H. Hamilton, 1983.
655:Fyodor Tolstoy in literature
280:tribe. He acquired multiple
979:"Six Centuries of Tolstoys"
748:He was no fool; appreciated
218:Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands
152:Adam Johann von Krusenstern
1131:
1043:Fiodor Tolstoi-Amerikanets
1038:. Moscow: Minuvshee, 2006.
987:New York Times Book Review
29:
1041:Tolstoy, Sergei Lvovich,
1025:Lotman, Yuri Mikhailovich
992:Tolstoy, Il'ia L'vovich.
691:of philosophic isolation,
545:Relationship with Pushkin
506:Sarra, Tolstoy's daughter
400:French invasion of Russia
337:Battle of Ratan and Sävar
58:
994:Reminiscences of Tolstoy
728:and even honourable man:
668:. In his novel in verse
601:of eleven men in duels.
380:Michael Barclay de Tolly
240:, sailed past China and
224:. After visiting Japan,
196:took a route across the
156:Fyodor Petrovich Tolstoy
137:In 1803 Tolstoy went on
59:Фёдор Ива́нович Толсто́й
51:Fyodor Ivanovich Tolstoy
36:Fyodor Petrovich Tolstoy
18:Fyodor Ivanovich Tolstoy
1062:Article in the journal
635:Tolstoy's grave in the
150:("Hope"), captained by
116:Preobrazhensky regiment
1034:Polikovskii, Aleksei.
985:, by Nikolai Tolstoy.
916:А. С. Пушкин. Чаадаеву
703:of the gambling-halls,
639:
629:
608:
554:
534:
507:
479:
340:
169:
110:
46:
634:
552:
505:
441:Konstantin Batyushkov
335:
180:under the command of
164:
108:
44:
808:Notes and references
785:Alexander Griboyedov
620:My Past and Thoughts
463:Card games and duels
437:Aleksandr Griboyedov
1019:Chernoviki Pushkina
989:, November 6, 1983.
942:, trans. Johnston,
847:S. L. Tolstoy, 1926
416:Cross of St. George
141:as a member of the
78:Childhood and youth
1003:Tolstoy, Nikolai.
977:Robinson, Harlow.
645:Vagankavo Cemetery
640:
637:Vagankovo Cemetery
555:
508:
404:Battle of Borodino
364:Mikhail Dolgorukov
341:
170:
111:
47:
1105:Russian duellists
666:Aleksandr Pushkin
589:Sergei Sobolevsky
559:Aleksandr Pushkin
457:Aleksandr Pushkin
429:Evgeny Baratynsky
96:Naval Cadet Corps
16:(Redirected from
1122:
1060:
957:
952:
946:
936:
927:
924:
918:
913:
907:
902:
896:
893:
887:
884:
875:
872:
857:
854:
848:
845:
828:
823:
787:. In his comedy
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
733:
729:
725:
721:
712:
708:
704:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
622:(Былое и думы):
616:Aleksandr Herzen
532:
477:
433:Vasily Zhukovsky
408:Nikolai Rayevsky
270:Aleutian islands
232:set off towards
100:Saint Petersburg
60:
21:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1070:
1069:
1058:
1055:
1014:
974:
969:
961:
960:
953:
949:
937:
930:
925:
921:
914:
910:
903:
899:
894:
890:
885:
878:
873:
860:
855:
851:
846:
831:
824:
815:
810:
781:
767:
763:
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:
751:
750:
747:
735:
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
714:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
698:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
662:
657:
598:
547:
533:
531:
496:
478:
475:Faddei Bulgarin
473:
465:
445:Pyotr Vyazemsky
424:
412:Mikhail Kutuzov
376:Gulf of Bothnia
330:
322:Russian America
190:Nikolai Rezanov
135:
123:Faddei Bulgarin
109:A young Tolstoy
80:
75:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1128:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1100:Tolstoy family
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1054:
1053:External links
1051:
1050:
1049:
1039:
1032:
1022:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1001:
990:
973:
970:
968:
965:
959:
958:
947:
928:
919:
908:
897:
888:
876:
858:
849:
829:
812:
811:
809:
806:
780:
777:
745:
676:
661:
658:
656:
653:
597:
594:
568:, then to the
546:
543:
529:
495:
492:
471:
464:
461:
423:
420:
329:
326:
220:, and also at
202:Canary Islands
182:Yuri Lisyansky
134:
131:
79:
76:
74:
71:
67:Tolstoy family
63:"the American"
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1127:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:
971:
966:
964:
956:
951:
948:
944:
941:
940:Eugene Onegin
935:
933:
929:
923:
920:
917:
912:
909:
906:
901:
898:
892:
889:
883:
881:
877:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
859:
853:
850:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
830:
827:
822:
820:
818:
814:
807:
805:
803:
798:
796:
792:
791:
786:
778:
776:
773:
769:
766:
744:
742:
741:paterfamilias
737:
734:
719:
718:
717:paterfamilias
702:
675:
673:
672:
671:Eugene Onegin
667:
659:
654:
652:
650:
646:
638:
633:
628:
623:
621:
617:
612:
607:
602:
595:
593:
590:
585:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:Ekaterinoslav
562:
560:
551:
544:
542:
540:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
504:
500:
494:Personal life
493:
491:
487:
485:
476:
470:
462:
460:
458:
454:
453:Nikolai Gogol
450:
449:Denis Davydov
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
402:. During the
401:
396:
394:
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
357:
352:
350:
346:
338:
334:
327:
325:
323:
317:
314:
310:
306:
305:Petropavlovsk
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
259:
255:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
168:
163:
159:
157:
153:
149:
148:
144:
140:
132:
130:
126:
124:
119:
117:
107:
103:
101:
97:
91:
89:
85:
77:
72:
70:
68:
64:
56:
52:
43:
37:
33:
19:
1063:
1059:(in Russian)
1042:
1035:
1028:
1018:
1004:
993:
986:
982:
981:. Review of
967:Bibliography
962:
950:
939:
922:
911:
900:
891:
852:
826:kologriv.com
802:Woe from Wit
801:
799:
790:Woe from Wit
788:
782:
770:
768:
746:
740:
738:
736:
715:
677:
669:
663:
641:
625:
619:
613:
609:
604:
599:
586:
582:
563:
556:
535:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
510:
497:
488:
484:cardsharping
480:
467:
425:
397:
389:
361:
353:
342:
318:
309:Philip Vigel
301:Volga Region
286:
263:
253:
250:
246:Indian Ocean
229:
225:
193:
177:
173:
171:
166:
146:
136:
127:
120:
112:
92:
81:
62:
50:
48:
31:
1085:1846 deaths
1080:1782 births
772:Juri Lotman
596:Final years
539:consumption
368:Finnish War
349:Alexander I
339:, near Umeå
1074:Categories
779:Griboyedov
578:Bessarabia
198:Baltic Sea
165:The sloop
133:World tour
32:bon vivant
938:Pushkin,
422:In Moscow
372:Idensalmi
356:Neishlott
266:Kamchatka
258:orangutan
222:Kamchatka
214:Marquesas
210:Cape Horn
186:Kronstadt
172:The ship
795:Aleutian
720:(unwed),
570:Caucasus
530:—
472:—
313:Udmurtia
299:and the
289:Far East
226:Nadezhda
216:and the
194:Nadezhda
174:Nadezhda
167:Nadezhda
147:Nadezhda
88:Kologriv
1012:Russian
972:English
660:Pushkin
293:Siberia
282:tattoos
278:Tlingit
244:on the
55:Russian
701:hetman
574:Crimea
455:, and
393:Vyborg
295:, the
272:or to
238:Alaska
206:Brazil
84:Maikov
49:Count
1064:Slovo
649:Arbat
347:from
345:ukase
297:Urals
274:Sitka
242:Macao
234:Sitka
143:sloop
699:and
576:and
384:Umeå
254:Neva
230:Neva
228:and
204:and
178:Neva
73:Life
328:War
98:in
1076::
1045:.
1027:,
931:^
879:^
861:^
832:^
816:^
572:,
459:.
451:,
447:,
443:,
439:,
435:,
431:,
324:.
291:,
236:,
192:.
102:.
90:.
57::
1000:.
945:.
53:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.