1158:
163:
175:
809:, a few miles from Montreal. A communique to police advising that Pierre Laporte has been executed refers to him derisively as the "minister of unemployment and assimilation". In another communique issued by the "Liberation cell" holding James Cross, his kidnappers declare that they are suspending indefinitely the death sentence against him, that they will not release him until their demands are met, and that he will be executed if the "fascist police" discover them and attempt to intervene. The demands they make are:
4223:
136:
655:
1119:, more commonly known as the "Van Doos", the most famous French-Canadian regiment in the Canadian Army, was deployed to Montreal to guard buildings. It was understood that deploying troops from English-speaking regiments in Quebec as an aid to civil power would be politically problematic. Throughout the operation, the Army made a point of deploying primarily French-Canadian soldiers to guard buildings in Quebec. The
1298:
Manifesto the FLQ stated: "In the coming year (Quebec
Premier Robert) Bourassa will have to face reality; 100,000 revolutionary workers, armed and organized." Given this declaration, seven years of bombings, and communiques throughout that time that strove to present an image of a powerful organization spread secretly throughout all sectors of society, the authorities took significant action.
951:
602:
150:
1134:, and the military deployment requisitioned and controlled by Quebec's government gave every appearance that martial law had been imposed. However, a significant difference was that the military remained in a support role to the civil authorities (in this case, Quebec authorities) and never had a judicial role. It still allowed for the criticism of the government, and the
197:
1324:
so under
Trudeau there was a tendency on the part of the government to cut military spending and to shift the role of the Canadian Forces to acting more as an internal security force. In 1968–69, Trudeau had seriously considered pulling out of NATO and stayed only to avoid damaging relations with the United States and Western Europe.
2378:
In a series of polls conducted over the next few weeks, public support for the course of action undertaken by the
Government of Canada continued to be overwhelming (72 to 84% approval rate). In a poll conducted on December 19 by the Canadian Institute of Public Opinion, Canadians indicated that their
1242:
wrote: "It was unprecedented. On the basis of facts then and revealed later, it was unjustified. It was also a brilliant success. Shock was the best safeguard against bloodshed. Trudeau's target was not two frightened little bands of terrorists, one of which soon strangled its helpless victim: it was
555:. In a statement delivered to the French embassy Pearson declared, "The people of Canada are free. Every province in Canada is free. Canadians do not need to be liberated. Indeed, many thousands of Canadians gave their lives in two world wars in the liberation of France and other European countries."
1323:
The deployment of the military as an aid to civil power was very unpopular with the senior leadership of the
Canadian Forces. In the 1950s the primary purpose of the Canadian Army was to fight against the Red Army in Central Europe if World War Three broke out. During the Pearson years and even more
1181:
the police had full power to arrest, interrogate, and hold anyone whom they believed was associated with the FLQ: "A person who was a member to this group, acted or supported it in some fashion became liable to a jail term not to exceed five years. A person arrested for such a purpose could be held
1301:
The events of
October 1970 marked a significant loss of support for the violent wing of the Quebec sovereigntist movement. This came after it had gained support over nearly ten years and increased support for political means of attaining independence, including support for the sovereigntist Parti
1125:
was based in Quebec City, but it was felt that having the "Van Doos" perform guard duty in
Montreal, the largest city in Quebec, would be less likely to offend public opinion. The Canadian Army saw no action during its deployment, which lasted until November 12. Only one soldier was killed when he
1327:
On April 3, 1969, Trudeau announced that Canada would stay in NATO after all, but he drastically cut military spending and pulled out half of the 10,000 Canadian soldiers and airmen stationed in West
Germany. In the same speech Trudeau stated that safeguarding Canada against external and internal
1297:
again, "the deliberate use of the military to enforce the will of one group of
Canadians over the will of another group of Canadians is detrimental to the credibility of the armed forces." The size of the FLQ organization and the number of sympathizers in the public was not known. However, in its
2660:
The decision to vote against the motion (which passed with a majority vote) was not viewed favourably; the approval rating for the NDP dropped to seven percent in public opinion polls. Still, Douglas maintained that
Trudeau was going too far: "The government, I submit, is using a sledgehammer to
2353:
There was widespread editorial approval of the action taken by the federal government; only Claude Ryan, in Le Devoir, condemned it as did René Lévesque, leader of the Parti Québécois. Polls taken shortly afterward showed that there was as much as 92% approval for the action taken by the
Federal
1335:
The October Crisis, much to the dismay of the generals, was used by Trudeau as an argument for transforming the Canadian Forces into a force whose "Priority One" was internal security. Many officers knew very well that the "Priority One" of internal security was "a greater threat than any other
685:
from his home. The kidnappers are disguised as delivery men bringing a package for his recent birthday. Once the maid lets them in, they pull out a rifle and a revolver and kidnap Cross. This is followed by a communiqué to the authorities containing the kidnappers' demands, which included the
1262:
Pierre Laporte was eventually found killed by his captors, while James Cross was freed after 59 days as a result of negotiations with the kidnappers who requested exile to Cuba rather than facing trial in Quebec. The cell members responsible for Laporte's death were arrested and charged with
1205:
could detain a suspect for seven days before charging them with a crime. In addition, the attorney general could order, before the seven days expired, that the accused be held for up to 21 days. The prisoners were not permitted to consult legal counsel, and many were held
1332:, which stated the "Priority One" of the Canadian Forces would be upholding internal security rather than preparing for World War III, which of course meant a sharp cut in military spending since the future enemy was now envisioned to be the FLQ rather than the Red Army.
1328:
threats would be the number-one mission of the Canadian Forces, guarding North America in co-operation with the United States would be the number-two mission, and NATO commitments would be the number-three mission. In early 1970 the government introduced a white paper
863:
December 3: Montreal, Quebec: After being held hostage for 62 days, kidnapped British Trade Commissioner James Cross is released by the FLQ Liberation Cell after negotiations between lawyers Bernard Mergler and Robert Demers. Simultaneously, the five known kidnappers,
840:
Controversially, police reports (which were not released to the public until 2010) state that Pierre Laporte was accidentally killed during a struggle. The FLQ subsequently wanted to use his death to its advantage by convincing the government that they should be taken
932:
57:
1031:
gave sweeping powers of arrest and internment to the police. The provisions took effect at 4 a.m. and, shortly after that, hundreds of suspected FLQ members and sympathizers were rounded-up. In total, 497 people were arrested, including union activist
1247:
and the thousands of grim troops pouring into Montreal froze the cheers, dispersed the coffee-table revolutionaries, and left them frightened and isolated while the police rounded up suspects whose offence, if any, was dreaming of blood in the streets".
1213:
Several of those detained were upset by the method of their interrogation. However, most of those interviewed after had little cause to complain, and several even commented on the courteous nature of the interrogations and searches. In addition, the
797:, giving wide-reaching powers of arrest to police. The City of Montreal had already made such a request on the previous day. These measures came into effect at 4:00 a.m. Prime Minister Trudeau makes a broadcast announcing the imposition of the
1149:
Nevertheless, many Canadians found the sight of tanks outside the federal parliament disconcerting. Moreover, police officials sometimes abused their powers without just cause, and some prominent artists and intellectuals associated with the
786:
October 16: Premier Bourassa formally requests that the government of Canada grant the government of Quebec "emergency powers" that allow them to "apprehend and keep in custody" individuals. This results in the implementation of the
1110:
The two named Canadian Forces operations were Operation Ginger (to mount guards on the Government of Canada buildings and significant residences outside of Quebec) and Operation Essay (to provide aid to Quebec's civil power). The
844:
October 18: While denouncing the acts of "subversion and terrorism – both of which are so tragically contrary to the best interests of our people", columnist, politician, and future Premier of Quebec René Lévesque criticizes the
1129:
Outside Quebec, mainly in the Ottawa area, the federal government deployed troops under its own authority to guard federal offices and employees. The combination of the increased powers of arrest granted by the
1371:, the party and parliamentary leader of the sovereigntist Bloc Québécois, introduced a motion in the House of Commons demanding an official apology from the federal government, now led by Prime Minister
475:
After the crisis, movements that pushed for electoral votes as a means to attain autonomy and independence grew stronger. At the time, support also grew for the sovereignist political party known as the
1257:
804:
October 17: Montreal, Quebec: The Chénier cell of the FLQ announces that hostage Pierre Laporte has been executed. He was strangled and then stuffed in the trunk of a car and abandoned in the bush near
759:: The negotiations between the lawyers Lemieux and Demers are put to an end. The Government of Quebec formally requests the intervention of the Canadian army in "aid of the civil power" pursuant to the
849:: "Until we receive proof (of the size the revolutionary army) to the contrary, we will believe that such a minute, numerically unimportant fraction is involved, that rushing into the enactment of the
3698:
3283:
2696:
That particular backing was Stanfield's only regret in a long political life. He later admitted that he wished he had joined his lone dissenting colleague, David MacDonald, who voted against the
3593:
1679:
1107:(Quebec's provincial police force), to guard vulnerable points and prominent individuals at risk. This freed up police resources to pursue more proactive tasks in dealing with the crisis.
1336:
potential role." By the end of the 1970s, the Canadian Forces had been transformed by Trudeau into an internal security force that was not capable of fighting a major conventional war.
3774:
3513:
2914:
4565:
4212:
3568:
4560:
4097:
4187:
3535:
591:
4239:
3779:
3749:
1218:, Louis Marceau, was instructed to hear complaints of detainees, and the Quebec government agreed to pay damages to any person unjustly arrested. On February 3, 1971,
4072:
442:, which limited civil liberties and granted the police far-reaching powers, allowing them to arrest and detain 497 people. The Government of Quebec also requested
922:, are arrested after being found hiding in a 6m tunnel in a rural farming community. They would later be charged with the kidnapping and murder of Pierre Laporte.
690:. The terms of the ransom note are the same as those found in June for the planned kidnapping of the U.S. consul. At this time, the police do not connect the two.
896:
aircraft. Jacques LanctĂ´t is the same man who, earlier that year, had been arrested and then released on bail for the attempted kidnapping of the Israeli consul.
578:, located north of Montreal in the Laurentian Mountains, and found firearms, ammunition, 140 kilograms (300 lb) of dynamite, detonators, and the draft of a
1650:
1093:
and much more commonly used, the solicitor-general of Quebec requisitioned the military's deployment from the chief of the Defence Staff in accordance with the
3718:
2383:, was more favourable than before, while their view of Stanfield and Douglas, who had expressed reservations for the act, was less favourable than previously.
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2822:
1186:
being put in place, police had mobilized to arrest suspects of the unlawful organization. The police conducted 3000 searches, and 497 people were detained.
4244:
3900:
1434:
520:
department store, armed forces recruiting offices, railway tracks, statues, and army installations. In a strategic move, FLQ members stole several tons of
1513:, a 2004 documentary film by Ad Hoc Films Montreal / Tele-Quebec, Richard Cross, his wife and his daughter remember how they suffered during October 1970.
3952:
3588:
1339:
By 1982 all the convicted participants had been paroled and all of those sent to Cuba had returned to Canada, some completing short sentences in Canada.
729:
October 13: Prime Minister Trudeau is interviewed by the CBC with respect to the military presence. In a combative interview Trudeau asks the reporter,
4157:
3693:
2631:
Public opinion polls showed that nearly nine in 10 citizens – both Anglo and French-speaking – supported Trudeau's hard-line tactics against the FLQ.
3335:
2046:
1851:
1819:
1067:
This act was imposed after the negotiations with the FLQ had broken down, and the premier of Quebec was facing the next stage in the FLQ's agenda.
4550:
4515:
4192:
1082:. They respectively showed 6% and 9% disapproval while the remaining 5% of each population was undecided. Since then, the government's use of the
3987:
2614:
2096:
1571:
The federal government also deployed troops to protect federal employees and structures in a number of cities outside of Quebec, particularly in
2643:
2589:
2528:"The Importance of the Quebec "October Crisis, 1970" to the "Quiet Revolution" in the Province of Quebec (and the rest of Canada (ROC) as well)"
1157:
4555:
4545:
4480:
3680:
1492:
in 2000, in which the events of the crisis were discussed in great detail. The program featured interviews with former Canadian Prime Minister
853:
was a panicky and altogether excessive reaction, especially when you think of the inordinate length of time they want to maintain this regime."
3156:
3088:
2723:
2285:
2070:
3703:
2230:
1793:
4449:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4042:
3554:
2922:
4197:
3759:
3744:
3739:
3629:
3356:
2527:
1423:
493:
402:
201:
2882:
779:
announces that popular support for FLQ is rising and states "We are going to win because there are more boys ready to shoot members of
722:
sends troops from the Royal 22 RĂ©giment to guard federal property in the Montreal region, by request of the federal government. Lawyer
3116:
1552:
4002:
3269:
3245:
3226:
Munroe, H.D. "The October Crisis revisited: Counterterrorism as a strategic choice, political result, and organizational practice".
3175:
2918:
2454:
2317:
1889:
1607:
1057:
1004:
990:
783:
than there are policemen." The rally frightens many Canadians, who view it as a possible prelude to outright insurrection in Quebec.
641:
2097:"Letters from the Quebec Authorities requesting the Implementation of the War Measures Act (October 15-16, 1971) - Quebec History"
1879:
4535:
4142:
4122:
3764:
3640:
1230:, 435 of whom had already been released. The other 62 were charged, of whom 32 were accused of crimes of such seriousness that a
726:
is appointed by the FLQ to negotiate the release of James Cross and Pierre Laporte. The Quebec government appoints Robert Demers.
2997:
2971:
1266:
The response by the federal and provincial governments to the incident still sparks controversy. This is the only time that the
4505:
4177:
3561:
2189:
968:
619:
501:
443:
31:
2673:
4530:
4485:
3945:
1078:, it was noted that 89% of English-speaking Canadians and 86% of French-speaking Canadians supported the introduction of the
972:
767:, rise in the National Assembly and agree with the decision. On the same day separatist groups are permitted to speak at the
623:
2004:
1950:
4490:
3769:
3216:
3210:
2801:
1946:
Tetley, William. The October Crisis, 1970 : An Insider View, pg 202. Demers, Robert. "Memories of October 70 (2010)"
1704:
1271:
806:
574:
and a communiqué announcing the kidnapping of the Israeli consul. In June, police raided a home in the small community of
513:
449:
Although negotiations led to Cross's release, Laporte was murdered by the kidnappers. The crisis affected the province of
1506:, a 2001 documentary film by Ad Hoc Films Montreal / Tele-Quebec, portrays events leading to the death of Pierre Laporte.
1243:
the affluent dilettantes of revolutionary violence, cheering on the anonymous heroes of the FLQ. The proclamation of the
686:
exchange of Cross for "political prisoners", a number of convicted or detained FLQ members, and the CBC broadcast of the
4520:
4510:
4475:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4231:
4207:
3428:
3328:
1223:
258:
103:
3997:
2131:
1142:
was able to go about its everyday business free of any restrictions, including the criticism of the government and the
768:
749:
4580:
3723:
3577:
3361:
1921:
1418:
1151:
48:
2157:
1270:
had been put in place during peacetime in Canada. A few critics (most notably Tommy Douglas and some members of the
827:(both countries that they feel a strong connection to because of their struggle against colonialism and imperialism).
3260:
3146:
4495:
4127:
4087:
4067:
4037:
3810:
1354:
1239:
2830:
1631:
961:
612:
4540:
4047:
3938:
3838:
3293:
1368:
3024:
1102:
327:
4147:
4032:
3895:
2500:
2366:
2341:
1360:
1086:
in peacetime has been a subject of debate in Canada as it gave police sweeping powers of arrest and detention.
1480:
is partially set in Montreal during the October Crisis and features fictional FLQ members planning a bombing.
664:(FLQ yes) in July 1971. The FLQ conducted several bombings of post boxes which typically bore a decal of the
496:
detonated over 200 bombs. While mailboxes, particularly in the affluent and predominantly Anglophone city of
4525:
4500:
4470:
4202:
4017:
3918:
3907:
3845:
3384:
3321:
1016:
877:
856:
November 6: Police raid the hiding place of the FLQ's Chénier cell. Although three members escape the raid,
546:
505:
299:
226:
1409:
of key events in Quebec's October Crisis, was published in Canada and the United States at the end of 1971.
4152:
3658:
3634:
3624:
3619:
2205:
1493:
1406:
1307:
3052:
1497:
1302:
Québécois, which went on to take power at the provincial level in 1976. In 1987, after the defeat of the
460:
At the time opinion polls in Quebec and throughout Canada showed widespread support for the usage of the
4022:
3866:
2056:
1861:
1829:
1389:
1312:
1231:
3796:
3708:
1193:
also violated and limited many human rights of people being incarcerated: "Everyone arrested under the
1137:
764:
477:
2618:
2100:
1765:
693:
October 8: Broadcast of the FLQ Manifesto in all French- and English-speaking media outlets in Quebec.
4167:
4162:
4007:
3992:
3674:
2647:
2554:
2249:
1488:
1317:
1293:, the defence critic in the Conservative shadow cabinet, warned when Trudeau stated he would use the
1207:
1201:(an individual's right to have a judge confirm that they have been lawfully detained) was suspended.
1095:
780:
1680:"A headless statue of Queen Victoria, the FLQ and Quebec's fractious relationship with the monarchy"
1177:
was invoked in peacetime. The FLQ was declared an unlawful association, which meant that, under the
1099:. Troops from Quebec bases and elsewhere in the country were dispatched, under the direction of the
4222:
4112:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3713:
2074:
1532:
1282:
and that the precedent set by this incident was dangerous. Federal Progressive Conservative leader
1166:
1162:
1114:
772:
322:
3803:
2379:
opinion of Trudeau, Bourassa, Caouette, and Robarts, who had all expressed strong support for the
508:
on February 13, 1969, which caused extensive damage and injured 27 people. Other targets included
465:
4092:
4077:
4052:
3890:
3029:
2581:
2478:
2254:
2234:
1797:
1770:
1655:
1442:
1290:
1215:
911:
509:
489:
3859:
3609:
3389:
1070:
At the time, opinion polls in Quebec and the rest of Canada showed overwhelming support for the
873:
744:, call for negotiating "exchange of the two hostages for the political prisoners". FLQ's lawyer
733:, what he would do in his place. When Ralfe asks Trudeau how far he would go, Trudeau replies, "
654:
575:
567:
294:
2945:
2754:
704:, while he is playing football with his nephew on his front lawn. These members kidnap Laporte.
4269:
3492:
3394:
3299:
3288:
3265:
3241:
3181:
3171:
3152:
3084:
2864:
2774:
2719:
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2450:
2395:
2323:
2313:
2281:
1885:
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1738:
1613:
1603:
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1303:
1061:
1012:
907:
881:
712:
571:
536:
185:
2713:
2531:
2020:
1126:
tripped over his loaded rifle while on guard duty and inadvertently shot and killed himself.
401:) was a chain of political events in Canada that started in October 1970 when members of the
4132:
4057:
3982:
3754:
3688:
3523:
3108:
2889:
2766:
2573:
1459:
1283:
1033:
937:
776:
454:
419:
82:
3120:
2793:
1182:
without bail for up to ninety days." It is estimated that within the first 24 hours of the
3852:
3482:
3379:
3371:
2193:
2008:
1954:
1348:
1279:
931:
893:
865:
674:
427:
394:
343:
286:
274:
262:
221:
3415:
1041:
697:
338:
56:
3487:
3477:
3454:
3433:
3423:
3255:
3211:"The Events Preliminary to the Crisis" in chronological order – 1960 to October 5, 1970
1976:
1483:
1469:
1398:
1372:
1037:
919:
900:
857:
745:
723:
708:
701:
678:
665:
552:
414:
406:
376:
304:
282:
236:
216:
111:
1451:, based on the events of the October Crisis and the effect that implementation of the
833:
A "voluntary tax" of 500,000 dollars to be loaded aboard the plane prior to departure.
4464:
4082:
4062:
3529:
3518:
3399:
2585:
1448:
1198:
1053:
1049:
1023:
at the request of the Premier of Quebec, Robert Bourassa; and the Mayor of Montreal,
1008:
869:
793:
734:
719:
687:
469:
231:
2186:
4107:
4102:
4012:
3824:
3438:
3307:
2680:
1902:
1520:
1045:
1024:
915:
903:
announces that all troops stationed in Quebec will be withdrawn by January 5, 1971.
889:
525:
435:
270:
247:
240:
107:
1476:
3235:
2001:
1947:
3912:
3647:
3497:
3460:
3405:
1413:
1219:
1075:
950:
836:
The name of the informer who had sold out the FLQ activists earlier in the year.
756:
741:
740:
October 14: Sixteen prominent Quebec personalities, including René Lévesque and
682:
601:
579:
563:
410:
380:
2739:
535:
On July 24, 1967, the nationalist cause received support from French President
4182:
3884:
3546:
1527:
1007:
reporter Tim Ralfe how far he was willing to go to stop the FLQ, he replied: "
517:
3313:
2868:
2778:
2327:
1742:
4027:
3817:
3303:
3185:
2755:"The Psychology of Politics: George Ryga's Captives of the Faceless Drummer"
2501:"Chronology of the October Crisis, 1970, and its Aftermath – Quebec History"
2464:
2367:"Chronology of the October Crisis, 1970, and its Aftermath – Quebec History"
2342:"Chronology of the October Crisis, 1970, and its Aftermath – Quebec History"
2231:"Chronology of the October Crisis, 1970, and its Aftermath – Quebec History"
1966:
1925:
1794:"Chronology of the October Crisis, 1970, and its Aftermath – Quebec History"
1750:
1617:
1402:
1202:
730:
497:
167:
558:
By 1970, 23 members of the FLQ were in prison, including four convicted of
17:
4172:
2577:
1730:
860:
is arrested and charged with the kidnapping and murder of Pierre Laporte.
540:
521:
431:
180:
3310:
about his experience of the crisis, first broadcast on October 16, 2015.
2853:
2770:
4117:
3831:
3653:
2479:"Socialist History Project – Socialists and the October Crisis, Part 2"
1464:
1316:
without Quebec's ratification, a pro-independence political party, the
975: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
824:
752:(University of Montreal) students to boycott classes in support of FLQ.
626: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3930:
2250:"Michel Chartrand, Fiery Labor Union Leader in Quebec, Is Dead at 93"
1572:
559:
450:
155:
141:
86:
3284:
CBC Digital Archives – The October Crisis: Civil Liberties Suspended
1286:
initially supported Trudeau's actions but later regretted doing so.
30:
This article is about the 1970 event in Canada. For other uses, see
3081:
Trudeau's Darkest Hour: War Measures in Time of Peace, October 1970
1651:"Jan. 1, 1969: When FLQ bombs rang in the new year for Montrealers"
1878:
Bothwell, Robert; Drummond, Ian M.; English, John (January 1989).
1156:
930:
653:
1705:"Wolfe monument on Plains a rare reminder of FLQ spree of terror"
1274:) believed that Trudeau was excessive in advising the use of the
413:
from his Montreal residence. These events saw the Prime Minister
885:
820:
3934:
3550:
3317:
2674:"Remembering Robert Stanfield: A Good-Humoured and Gallant Man"
2071:"The Globe and Mail: Series – Pierre Elliott Trudeau 1919–2000"
1968:
1970: Pierre Trudeau says 'Just watch me' during October Crisis
1468:
which tells a version of the October Crisis based on a book by
1258:
Royal Commission of Inquiry into Certain Activities of the RCMP
1234:
judge refused them bail. Regarding Trudeau's invocation of the
700:
of the FLQ approach the home of the Quebec Minister of Labour,
528:, they also threatened, via their official communication organ
464:. The response was criticized by prominent politicians such as
2615:"Quebec terrorists FLQ kidnapped 2 & began the Oct crisis"
1542:, a 2015 play, was performed at the Vancouver Fringe Festival.
944:
711:
broadcasts a letter from captivity from Pierre Laporte to the
595:
551:". De Gaulle was promptly rebuked by Canadian Prime Minister
3148:
Just Watch Me: The Life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau: 1968–2000
2759:
Theatre Research in Canada / Recherches théâtrales au Canada
2280:. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
2185:
interview of Bernard Mergler published on December 7, 1970,
2740:"Bloc seeks official apology for October Crisis detentions"
2555:"The October Crisis of 1970: Human Rights Abuses Under the
1523:
2010, is a documentary relating the events of October 1970.
935:
Canadian Forces stand guard in downtown Montreal. (Image:
582:
to be used in the kidnapping of the United States consul.
3221:" in chronological order – October 5 to December 29, 1970
1530:
about some of the incidents of the October Crisis titled
1426:
chose not to stage it as it was deemed too controversial.
1089:
Simultaneously, under provisions quite separate from the
446:, with Canadian Forces being deployed throughout Quebec.
423:
for the first time in Canadian history during peacetime.
2055:(Television broadcast). October 15, 1970. Archived from
1860:(Television broadcast). October 11, 1970. Archived from
1455:
had on people in Quebec, was released in September 1974.
1367:
In October 2020, 50 years following the October Crisis,
1263:
kidnapping and first-degree murder after they returned.
1226:, reported that 497 persons had been arrested under the
910:: The three members of the Chénier Cell still at large,
771:. Robert Lemieux organizes 3,000 students in a rally in
570:, were arrested in Montreal when they were found with a
61:
Troop movements during the surrender of the Chenier Cell
2134:[Revelations on the murder of Pierre Laporte].
1828:(Television broadcast). October 8, 1970. Archived from
1310:
to resolve the passage by a previous government of the
3004:(in Canadian French). Radio Canada. September 24, 2010
2978:(in Canadian French). Radio Canada. September 23, 2010
1173:
The October Crisis was the only occasion in which the
1600:
F.L.Q. : the anatomy of an underground movement
379:
kidnapped and murdered by the FLQ; British diplomat
4230:
3968:
3876:
3788:
3732:
3699:
Mouvement national des Québécoises et des Québécois
3667:
3602:
3506:
3470:
3447:
3414:
3370:
2449:(4th ed.). Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.
2407:– via Archeion – MemoryBC – Aberta on Record.
1996:
1994:
1766:"Pearson Rebukes De Gaulle on Call for Free Quebec"
480:, which formed the provincial government in 1976.
2310:The October Crisis, 1970 : an insider's view
2187:http://www.tou.tv/tout-le-monde-en-parlait/S05E16
673:October 5: Montreal, Quebec: Two members of the "
2000:Demers, Robert. "Memories of October 70 (2010)"
524:from military and industrial sites. Financed by
3240:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 3–152.
3053:"Fringe 2015: Just Watch Me: A Trudeau Musical"
405:(FLQ) kidnapped the provincial Labour Minister
41:
3775:Rassemblement démocratique pour l'indépendance
3168:F.L.Q.: the anatomy of an underground movement
2312:. Montréal : McGill-Queen's University Press.
2002:https://sites.google.com/site/octobercrisis70/
1948:https://sites.google.com/site/octobercrisis70/
888:by the government of Canada after approval by
763:. All three opposition parties, including the
3946:
3562:
3329:
696:October 10: Montreal, Quebec: Members of the
592:Timeline of the Front de libération du Québec
444:military aid to support the civil authorities
8:
4566:Terrorist incidents in North America in 1970
3138:Robert Bourassa – La passion de la politique
3079:Bouthillier, Guy; Cloutier, Édouard (2010).
2700:when it came before the House that November.
2644:"Top Ten Greatest Canadians – Tommy Douglas"
2164:. Faculty.marianopolis.edu. October 17, 1970
1593:
1591:
1135:
1120:
1112:
1100:
659:
544:
3901:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada
3780:Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale
3750:Mouvement de libération nationale du Québec
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2278:The October Crisis, 1970: An Insider's View
2132:"Révélations sur la mort de Pierre Laporte"
2121:FLQ: The Anatomy of an Underground Movement
1917:The October Crisis, 1970: An Insider's View
1438:, two 1973 documentary films by Robin Spry.
1435:Reaction: A Portrait of a Society in Crisis
775:to show support for the FLQ; labour leader
658:A mailbox in Montreal bearing the graffiti
4561:Terrorist incidents in Canada in the 1970s
3953:
3939:
3931:
3569:
3555:
3547:
3336:
3322:
3314:
3261:The October Crisis, 1970: An Insiders View
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
1873:
1871:
1375:, son of Pierre Trudeau, for invoking the
38:
4158:1972 Montreal Museum of Fine Arts robbery
1320:, was also created at the federal level.
991:Learn how and when to remove this message
927:War Measures Act and military involvement
642:Learn how and when to remove this message
2863:(in French). No. 71. pp. 4–8.
2829:. Film Reference Library. Archived from
1486:produced a two-hour documentary program
1422:was inspired by the October Crisis. The
1040:and her partner, future Quebec Minister
1011:." Three days later, on October 16, the
438:, supported Trudeau's invocation of the
4193:2011 Montreal Museum of Fine Arts theft
1587:
1564:
830:The re-hiring of the "gars de Lapalme".
816:The release of 23 "political prisoners"
383:kidnapped and later released by the FLQ
287:
275:
263:
27:1970 series of events in Quebec, Canada
3694:Les Intellectuels pour la souveraineté
3306:, an interview with former journalist
2944:Collard, Nathalie (October 11, 2000).
2753:Innes, Christopher (January 1, 1985).
1447:, a historical film drama directed by
3304:Witness: The October Crisis in Canada
3193:Haggart, Ron; Golden, Audrey (1971).
3051:Duhatschek, Paula (August 31, 2015).
3023:Armstrong, Jane (February 18, 2006).
2998:"Crise d'octobre (II): le dénouement"
2972:"La crise d'Octobre (I): l'engrenage"
2595:from the original on February 7, 2021
1632:"Front de libération du Québec (FLQ)"
562:. On February 26, 1970, two men in a
7:
2794:"Action: The October Crisis of 1970"
2397:Operation Ginger and Operation Essay
973:adding citations to reliable sources
813:The publication of the FLQ manifesto
624:adding citations to reliable sources
4571:Anti-Anglophone sentiment in Quebec
4213:National Historic Sites in Montreal
4198:Concordia University Netanyahu riot
3630:Act Respecting the Future of Quebec
3264:. McGill-Queen's University Press.
2698:Public Order Temporary Measures Act
2530:. McGill University. Archived from
2233:. .marianopolis.edu. Archived from
2158:"Statement by René Lévesque on the
1796:. .marianopolis.edu. Archived from
1358:(which in turn was replaced by the
1019:the governor general to invoke the
819:An airplane to take them to either
2888:. New Yorker Films. Archived from
2248:Douglas, Martin (April 17, 2010).
1881:Canada since 1945: power, politics
1649:Ha, Tu Thanh (December 30, 2016).
1553:Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro
1430:Action: The October Crisis of 1970
532:, that more attacks were to come.
116:Loss of public support for the FLQ
73:October 5 – December 28, 1970
25:
3719:Réseau de Résistance du Québécois
2919:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
2854:"Pierre Falardeau tourne Octobre"
1536:was released on October 12, 2006.
1496:, former Quebec justice minister
4221:
4143:Montreal Metropolitan Commission
4123:Black Power movement in Montreal
3760:Partenaires pour la souveraineté
3745:Le front de libération populaire
3704:Marxist–Leninist Party of Quebec
3681:Forum jeunesse du Bloc Québécois
3641:Reference Re Secession of Quebec
3228:Terrorism and Political Violence
3105:The Making of the October Crisis
2099:. April 30, 2006. Archived from
1540:Just Watch Me: A Trudeau Musical
1419:Captives of the Faceless Drummer
1169:, used during the October Crisis
1015:, under Trudeau's chairmanship,
949:
600:
195:
173:
161:
148:
134:
55:
3237:Canadian Annual Review for 1970
3117:"Memories of October 70 (2010)"
2138:(in French). September 24, 2010
1884:. University of Toronto Press.
1678:Peritz, Ingrid (May 21, 2017).
960:needs additional citations for
611:needs additional citations for
361:1 soldier killed in an accident
32:October Crisis (disambiguation)
4551:November 1970 events in Canada
4516:December 1970 events in Canada
2852:Landry, Gabriel (March 1974).
892:. They are flown to Cuba by a
884:, are granted safe passage to
539:who, standing on a balcony in
1:
4576:Front de libération du Québec
4556:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
4546:October 1970 events in Canada
4481:Premiership of Pierre Trudeau
3740:Front de libération du Québec
3357:Front de libération du Québec
2802:National Film Board of Canada
1224:Minister of Justice of Canada
791:, allowing the suspension of
514:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
494:Front de libération du Québec
455:metropolitan area of Montreal
403:Front de libération du Québec
202:Front de libération du Québec
4178:École Polytechnique massacre
2447:A military history of Canada
1462:shot in 1994 a movie titled
1306:, which sought to amend the
899:December 23: Prime Minister
666:royal coat of arms of Canada
457:, and ended on December 28.
98:Canadian government victory
3724:Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society
3578:Quebec sovereignty movement
3362:Quebec sovereignty movement
3234:Saywell, John, ed. (1971).
2946:"MĂ©dias: La Belle Province"
2566:Journal of Canadian Studies
2553:Clement, Dominique (2008).
1764:Walz, Jay (July 26, 1967).
500:, were common targets, the
49:Quebec sovereignty movement
4597:
4128:Sir George Williams affair
3770:Parti socialiste du Québec
3765:Parti république du Québec
3252:Detailed factual coverage.
3151:. Alfred A. Knopf Canada.
3099:. Montreal: Trait d'union.
3083:. Montréal: Baraka Books.
2827:Canadian Film Encyclopedia
2206:"www.canadiansoldiers.com"
1919:, by Prof. William Tetley.
1355:Emergency Preparedness Act
1255:
1003:When Trudeau was asked by
589:
29:
4219:
4073:Burning of the Parliament
3584:
3352:
3294:The Canadian Encyclopedia
3202:Laurendeau, Marc (1975).
2445:Desmond., Morton (1999).
2007:October 21, 2020, at the
1953:October 21, 2020, at the
1821:FLQ manifesto read on-air
1636:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1238:, the Canadian historian
1136:
1121:
1113:
1101:
374:
352:
313:
207:
126:
65:
54:
46:
4148:Montreal Urban Community
4043:Capitulation of Montreal
3896:Republic of Lower Canada
3166:Fournier, Louis (1984).
3002:Tout le monde en parlait
2976:Tout le monde en parlait
2718:. Lorimer. p. 210.
2308:Tetley, William (2007).
2276:Tetley, William (2007).
2210:www.canadiansoldiers.com
1598:Fournier, Louis (1984).
1517:Tout le monde en parlait
1361:Emergency Management Act
1330:Defence in the Seventies
1197:was denied due process.
4536:Kidnapping in the 1970s
4203:Dawson College shooting
4018:Great Peace of Montreal
3908:Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day
3385:Jacques Cossette-Trudel
3136:Denis, Charles (2006).
3103:D'Arcy, Jenish (2019).
3097:Ma guerre contre le FLQ
1979:. Event occurs at 6:05
1853:A letter from captivity
1519:«La crise d'Octobre I»
1064:and a junior producer.
1048:, Dr. Henri Bellemare,
878:Jacques Cossette-Trudel
506:Montreal Stock Exchange
488:From 1963 to 1970, the
426:The premier of Quebec,
375:Quebec Labour Minister
300:Jacques Cossette-Trudel
227:Donald Stovel Macdonald
4506:1970 murders in Canada
4003:Saint-Sulpice Seminary
3988:Notre-Dame de Montréal
3839:Le Journal de Montréal
3659:2012 Montreal shooting
3635:Quebec Contingency Act
3603:Events and legislation
3289:"Terrorism and Canada"
3204:Les Québécois violents
3145:English, John (2009).
2712:Rioux, Marcel (1971).
2507:. Marianopolis College
2192:March 8, 2013, at the
1494:Pierre Elliott Trudeau
1369:Yves-François Blanchet
1308:Constitution of Canada
1170:
942:
769:Université de Montréal
750:Université de Montréal
669:
660:
545:
502:largest single bombing
398:
208:Commanders and leaders
102:Capture and arrest of
4531:Kidnappings in Canada
4486:1970 crimes in Canada
4208:2012 student movement
3867:Why I Am a Separatist
3733:Defunct organizations
3457:(kidnapped, murdered)
3230:21.2 (2009): 288–305.
3197:. Toronto: New Press.
3170:. Toronto: NC Press.
3095:Coté, Robert (2003).
2915:"Black October – DVD"
2237:on February 13, 2007.
1922:"October Crisis 1970"
1602:. Toronto: NC Press.
1395:fictionalised account
1390:The Revolution Script
1313:Constitution Act 1982
1232:Quebec Superior Court
1160:
1074:; in a December 1970
934:
657:
590:Further information:
409:and British diplomat
364:1 politician murdered
353:Casualties and losses
4491:1970 in Canadian law
4168:1976 Summer Olympics
4163:Gargantua bar attack
4008:Battle of Long Sault
3993:Governor of Montreal
3919:Vive le Québec libre
3846:Le Journal de Québec
3668:Active organizations
3217:"The October Crisis
3123:on February 24, 2014
2833:on December 15, 2006
2792:Spry, Robin (1973).
2578:10.3138/jcs.42.2.160
2048:FLQ rallies students
2021:"The October Crisis"
1800:on February 13, 2007
1412:Canadian playwright
1346:was replaced by the
1272:New Democratic Party
1152:sovereignty movement
1096:National Defence Act
969:improve this article
807:Saint-Hubert Airport
761:National Defence Act
718:October 12: General
677:" of the FLQ kidnap
620:improve this article
547:Vive le Québec libre
4521:History of Montreal
4511:Communist terrorism
4476:Conflicts in Quebec
4240:Pre-European period
4153:Blue Bird Café fire
4113:St. Lawrence Seaway
4048:American occupation
3962:History of Montreal
3402:(aka Pierre Seguin)
3206:. Montreal: Boreal.
2771:10.3138/tric.6.1.23
2621:on January 31, 2008
2077:on January 18, 2008
1424:Vancouver Playhouse
1167:Canadian War Museum
1163:bomb disposal robot
430:, and the mayor of
4581:Quebec nationalism
4183:Sex Garage protest
4093:Golden Square Mile
4078:Great Fire of 1852
4053:North West Company
3891:Quebec nationalism
3797:L'Action nationale
3345:The October Crisis
3223:—McGill University
3213:—McGill University
3140:. Montreal: Fides.
3030:The Globe and Mail
2925:on October 5, 2007
2715:Quebec in Question
2499:Belanger, Claude.
2255:The New York Times
1771:The New York Times
1684:The Globe and Mail
1656:The Globe and Mail
1383:In popular culture
1291:Michael Forrestall
1171:
943:
715:, Robert Bourassa.
670:
510:Montreal City Hall
490:Quebec nationalist
4496:1970s in Montreal
4458:
4457:
3928:
3927:
3789:Culture and media
3544:
3543:
3493:Jean-Pierre Goyer
3300:BBC World Service
3158:978-0-676-97523-9
3089:978-1-926824-04-8
2895:on March 26, 2006
2725:978-0-88862-191-7
2686:on April 14, 2008
2650:on April 25, 2008
2526:Tetley, William.
2287:978-0-7735-3118-5
2162:– Quebec History"
2103:on April 30, 2006
2059:on April 7, 2004.
1864:on April 7, 2004.
1504:La Belle province
1304:Meech Lake Accord
1179:War Measures Act,
1122:Royal 22 RĂ©giment
1115:Royal 22 RĂ©giment
1062:Nick Auf der Maur
1001:
1000:
993:
941:October 18, 1970)
908:Saint-Luc, Quebec
713:Premier of Quebec
652:
651:
644:
572:sawed-off shotgun
537:Charles de Gaulle
453:, especially the
387:
386:
323:Royal 22 RĂ©giment
122:
121:
16:(Redirected from
4588:
4541:Murder in Quebec
4225:
4133:Murray-Hill riot
4098:Oldest buildings
4058:Bank of Montreal
3983:Fort Ville-Marie
3955:
3948:
3941:
3932:
3755:Option nationale
3714:Québec solidaire
3594:List of subjects
3571:
3564:
3557:
3548:
3524:War Measures Act
3507:Related articles
3338:
3331:
3324:
3315:
3251:
3207:
3198:
3189:
3162:
3141:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3119:. Archived from
3115:Demers, Robert.
3109:Doubleday Canada
3100:
3068:
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3065:
3063:
3048:
3042:
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2921:. Archived from
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2894:
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2873:
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2849:
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2808:
2798:Documentary film
2789:
2783:
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2750:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2679:. Archived from
2678:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:crack a peanut."
2657:
2655:
2646:. Archived from
2640:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2617:. Archived from
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2563:
2557:War Measures Act
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2534:on March 3, 2014
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
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2487:
2485:
2475:
2469:
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2404:
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2386:
2385:
2381:War Measures Act
2375:
2373:
2363:
2357:
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2331:
2305:
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2221:
2220:
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2202:
2196:
2180:
2174:
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2171:
2169:
2160:War Measures Act
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2073:. Archived from
2067:
2061:
2060:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2027:. CBC Television
2017:
2011:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1963:
1957:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1928:on June 14, 2009
1924:. Archived from
1913:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1832:on April 7, 2004
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1774:. pp. 1, 12
1761:
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1640:
1639:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1595:
1576:
1569:
1498:JĂ©rĂ´me Choquette
1460:Pierre Falardeau
1458:Quebec director
1453:War Measures Act
1377:War Measures Act
1344:War Measures Act
1295:War Measures Act
1284:Robert Stanfield
1276:War Measures Act
1268:War Measures Act
1245:War Measures Act
1236:War Measures Act
1228:War Measures Act
1216:Quebec Ombudsman
1195:War Measures Act
1191:War Measures Act
1184:War Measures Act
1175:War Measures Act
1161:Canadian Forces
1144:War Measures Act
1141:
1140:
1132:War Measures Act
1124:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1106:
1105:
1103:Sûreté du Québec
1091:War Measures Act
1084:War Measures Act
1080:War Measures Act
1072:War Measures Act
1034:Michel Chartrand
1029:War Measures Act
1021:War Measures Act
996:
989:
985:
982:
976:
953:
945:
938:Montreal Gazette
851:War Measures Act
847:War Measures Act
799:War Measures Act
789:War Measures Act
777:Michel Chartrand
773:Paul Sauvé Arena
707:October 11: The
663:
647:
640:
636:
633:
627:
604:
596:
550:
518:T. Eaton Company
504:occurred at the
462:War Measures Act
440:War Measures Act
420:War Measures Act
328:Sûreté du Québec
289:
277:
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200:
199:
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179:
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83:Greater Montreal
67:
66:
59:
39:
21:
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4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4226:
4217:
4188:Montreal merger
4088:Victoria Bridge
4038:1870 earthquake
4033:1732 earthquake
3964:
3959:
3929:
3924:
3872:
3853:La Maison-Bleue
3784:
3728:
3709:Parti Québécois
3663:
3625:1995 referendum
3620:1980 referendum
3610:Francœur Motion
3598:
3580:
3575:
3545:
3540:
3502:
3483:Robert Bourassa
3466:
3443:
3410:
3390:Jacques LanctĂ´t
3380:Marc Carbonneau
3372:Liberation Cell
3366:
3348:
3342:
3279:
3256:Tetley, William
3248:
3233:
3201:
3192:
3178:
3165:
3159:
3144:
3135:
3126:
3124:
3114:
3094:
3076:
3074:Further reading
3071:
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3050:
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3007:
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2295:
2288:
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2270:
2260:
2258:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2194:Wayback Machine
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2053:archives.cbc.ca
2045:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2009:Wayback Machine
1999:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1973:archives.cbc.ca
1965:
1964:
1960:
1955:Wayback Machine
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1858:archives.cbc.ca
1850:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1826:archives.cbc.ca
1818:
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1643:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1610:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1549:
1385:
1349:Emergencies Act
1280:civil liberties
1260:
1254:
1154:were detained.
1138:Parti Québécois
997:
986:
980:
977:
966:
954:
929:
894:Canadian Forces
874:Jacques LanctĂ´t
866:Marc Carbonneau
839:
765:Parti Québécois
675:Liberation Cell
648:
637:
631:
628:
617:
605:
594:
588:
568:Jacques LanctĂ´t
486:
478:Parti Québécois
428:Robert Bourassa
399:Crise d'Octobre
367:
348:
344:Liberation Cell
332:
309:
295:Jacques LanctĂ´t
252:
222:Robert Bourassa
196:
194:
174:
172:
162:
160:
149:
147:
135:
133:
89:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4594:
4592:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4526:Hostage taking
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4501:1970 in Quebec
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4471:October Crisis
4463:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
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4342:
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4317:
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4292:
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4267:
4262:
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4227:
4220:
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4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4138:October Crisis
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4068:List of Mayors
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3893:
3888:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3811:Breaking Point
3807:
3800:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3675:Bloc Québécois
3671:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3615:October Crisis
3612:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3551:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:Robert Lemieux
3485:
3480:
3478:Pierre Trudeau
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3458:
3455:Pierre Laporte
3451:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3434:Francis Simard
3431:
3426:
3424:Bernard Lortie
3420:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:Louise LanctĂ´t
3392:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3297:
3286:
3278:
3277:External links
3275:
3274:
3273:
3253:
3246:
3231:
3224:
3214:
3208:
3199:
3195:Rumours of War
3190:
3176:
3163:
3157:
3142:
3133:
3112:
3101:
3092:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:
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3015:
2989:
2963:
2936:
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2874:
2844:
2814:
2784:
2745:
2731:
2724:
2704:
2665:
2635:
2606:
2572:(2): 160–186.
2545:
2518:
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2410:
2387:
2358:
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2293:
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2240:
2222:
2197:
2175:
2149:
2123:
2114:
2088:
2062:
2038:
2012:
1990:
1977:CBC Television
1958:
1939:
1915:Appendix D of
1908:
1890:
1867:
1843:
1811:
1785:
1756:
1721:
1696:
1670:
1641:
1623:
1608:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1526:An eight-part
1524:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1484:CBC Television
1481:
1473:
1470:Francis Simard
1456:
1439:
1427:
1410:
1399:Northern Irish
1384:
1381:
1373:Justin Trudeau
1318:Bloc Québécois
1253:
1250:
1240:Desmond Morton
1038:Pauline Julien
999:
998:
957:
955:
948:
928:
925:
924:
923:
920:Francis Simard
904:
901:Pierre Trudeau
897:
882:Louise LanctĂ´t
880:and his wife,
861:
858:Bernard Lortie
854:
842:
838:
837:
834:
831:
828:
817:
814:
810:
802:
784:
753:
746:Robert Lemieux
738:
727:
724:Robert Lemieux
716:
705:
702:Pierre Laporte
694:
691:
650:
649:
608:
606:
599:
587:
584:
553:Lester Pearson
526:bank robberies
485:
482:
415:Pierre Trudeau
407:Pierre Laporte
391:October Crisis
385:
384:
377:Pierre Laporte
372:
371:
370:c. 30 arrested
368:
366:
365:
362:
358:
355:
354:
350:
349:
347:
346:
341:
335:
333:
331:
330:
325:
319:
316:
315:
314:Units involved
311:
310:
308:
307:
305:Bernard Lortie
302:
297:
292:
283:Francis Simard
280:
268:
255:
253:
251:
250:
245:
237:Pierre Laporte
234:
229:
224:
219:
217:Pierre Trudeau
213:
210:
209:
205:
204:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
183:
170:
129:
128:
124:
123:
120:
119:
118:
117:
114:
112:Francis Simard
95:
91:
90:
81:
79:
75:
74:
71:
63:
62:
52:
51:
44:
43:
42:October Crisis
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4593:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
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4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4451:
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4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
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4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
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4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:Gavazzi Riots
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:Lachine Canal
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3956:
3951:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:Miscellaneous
3875:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3804:L'aut'journal
3801:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
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3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3689:Climat Québec
3687:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3530:Just watch me
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3519:FLQ Manifesto
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:Other figures
3469:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3400:Yves Langlois
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3369:
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3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3339:
3334:
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3327:
3325:
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3319:
3316:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3270:0-7735-3118-1
3267:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3247:9780802001528
3243:
3239:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3177:9780919601918
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3044:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2937:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2891:
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2875:
2870:
2866:
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2815:
2803:
2799:
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2760:
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2741:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2682:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2546:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2480:
2474:
2471:
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2462:
2458:
2456:9780771065149
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2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2319:9780773576605
2315:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2183:Montreal Star
2179:
2176:
2163:
2161:
2153:
2150:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1893:
1891:9780802066725
1887:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1773:
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1767:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1737:(in French).
1736:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1685:
1681:
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1671:
1658:
1657:
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1609:9780919601918
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1505:
1502:
1500:, and others.
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1489:Black October
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:Michel Brault
1446:
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1342:In 1988, the
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1209:
1208:incommunicado
1204:
1200:
1199:Habeas corpus
1196:
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1180:
1176:
1168:
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1054:Serge Mongeau
1051:
1050:simple living
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:Just watch me
1006:
995:
992:
984:
974:
970:
964:
963:
958:This section
956:
952:
947:
946:
940:
939:
933:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
906:December 28:
905:
902:
898:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:Yves Langlois
867:
862:
859:
855:
852:
848:
843:
835:
832:
829:
826:
822:
818:
815:
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808:
803:
800:
796:
795:
794:habeas corpus
790:
785:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751:
747:
743:
739:
736:
735:Just watch me
732:
728:
725:
721:
720:Gilles Turcot
717:
714:
710:
706:
703:
699:
695:
692:
689:
688:FLQ Manifesto
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:
667:
662:
656:
646:
643:
635:
625:
621:
615:
614:
609:This section
607:
603:
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597:
593:
585:
583:
581:
577:
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569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
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538:
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531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
483:
481:
479:
473:
471:
470:Tommy Douglas
467:
466:René Lévesque
463:
458:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
421:
417:invoking the
416:
412:
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238:
235:
233:
232:Gilles Turcot
230:
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45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4245:16th century
4137:
4108:Richard Riot
4103:Ouimetoscope
4013:Old Montreal
3917:
3883:
3865:
3860:Le Québécois
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3825:Gens du pays
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3679:
3646:
3639:
3614:
3536:FLQ Timeline
3514:Bibliography
3439:Jacques Rose
3416:Chénier Cell
3344:
3308:Vince Carlin
3292:
3259:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3203:
3194:
3167:
3147:
3137:
3125:. Retrieved
3121:the original
3104:
3096:
3080:
3060:. Retrieved
3056:
3046:
3034:. Retrieved
3028:
3025:"FLQ on CBC"
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
3001:
2992:
2980:. Retrieved
2975:
2966:
2954:. Retrieved
2949:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2923:the original
2909:
2897:. Retrieved
2890:the original
2877:
2860:
2847:
2835:. Retrieved
2831:the original
2826:
2823:"Les ordres"
2817:
2805:. Retrieved
2797:
2787:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2734:
2714:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2688:. Retrieved
2681:the original
2668:
2659:
2652:. Retrieved
2648:the original
2638:
2630:
2623:. Retrieved
2619:the original
2609:
2599:December 16,
2597:. Retrieved
2569:
2565:
2556:
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2532:the original
2521:
2509:. Retrieved
2505:History Prof
2504:
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2473:
2446:
2401:. Retrieved
2396:
2390:
2380:
2377:
2370:. Retrieved
2361:
2352:
2345:. Retrieved
2336:
2309:
2277:
2271:
2261:February 16,
2259:. Retrieved
2253:
2243:
2235:the original
2225:
2215:December 14,
2213:. Retrieved
2209:
2200:
2182:
2178:
2168:February 19,
2166:. Retrieved
2159:
2152:
2140:. Retrieved
2136:Radio Canada
2135:
2126:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2101:the original
2091:
2079:. Retrieved
2075:the original
2065:
2057:the original
2052:
2047:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2024:
2015:
1983:November 22,
1981:. Retrieved
1972:
1967:
1961:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:the original
1916:
1911:
1903:Google Books
1901:– via
1897:February 19,
1895:. Retrieved
1880:
1862:the original
1857:
1852:
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1830:the original
1825:
1820:
1814:
1804:February 19,
1802:. Retrieved
1798:the original
1788:
1778:November 18,
1776:. Retrieved
1769:
1759:
1734:
1729:FLQ (1963).
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1708:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1683:
1673:
1660:. Retrieved
1654:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1599:
1567:
1539:
1533:October 1970
1531:
1521:Radio Canada
1516:
1510:
1503:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1452:
1445:(Les Ordres)
1441:
1433:
1429:
1417:
1388:
1376:
1366:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1329:
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1322:
1311:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1275:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1244:
1235:
1227:
1212:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1148:
1143:
1131:
1128:
1109:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1046:Gaston Miron
1042:GĂ©rald Godin
1028:
1025:Jean Drapeau
1020:
1002:
987:
978:
967:Please help
962:verification
959:
936:
916:Jacques Rose
890:Fidel Castro
850:
846:
798:
792:
788:
760:
755:October 15:
698:Chénier Cell
638:
632:October 2020
629:
618:Please help
613:verification
610:
566:, including
557:
534:
529:
487:
474:
461:
459:
448:
439:
436:Jean Drapeau
425:
418:
390:
388:
339:Chénier Cell
271:Jacques Rose
248:Jean Drapeau
241:
132:
127:Belligerents
108:Jacques Rose
97:
47:Part of the
36:
3648:Clarity Act
3498:Nigel Hamer
3463:(kidnapped)
3461:James Cross
3406:Nigel Hamer
3057:The Ubyssey
2952:(in French)
2538:January 24,
2511:January 26,
2403:January 16,
2354:government.
1836:January 11,
1731:"La Cognée"
1662:October 12,
1414:George Ryga
1407:Brian Moore
1278:to suspend
1220:John Turner
1076:Gallup Poll
1060:journalist
757:Quebec City
742:Claude Ryan
683:James Cross
580:ransom note
564:panel truck
543:, shouted "
411:James Cross
381:James Cross
4465:Categories
3998:HĂ´tel-Dieu
3885:Pur et dur
3062:October 3,
3036:October 3,
3008:October 3,
2982:October 3,
2956:October 3,
2929:October 3,
2837:October 3,
2807:October 5,
2025:www.cbc.ca
1583:References
1575:, Ontario.
1528:miniseries
1364:in 2007).
1256:See also:
981:March 2021
841:seriously.
781:Parliament
484:Background
18:FLQ crisis
4028:Grey Nuns
3978:Hochelaga
3818:Le Devoir
3429:Paul Rose
2869:0707-9389
2779:1913-9101
2765:: 23–43.
2690:April 13,
2654:April 13,
2625:April 13,
2586:142290392
2484:April 13,
2372:April 13,
2347:April 13,
2328:716062232
2142:March 18,
2107:March 16,
2081:April 13,
1743:0845-3144
1735:La Cognée
1714:March 28,
1689:March 28,
1405:novelist
1289:In 1972,
1252:Aftermath
1203:The Crown
1165:from the
1052:advocate
1036:, singer
912:Paul Rose
731:Tim Ralfe
681:diplomat
530:La Cognée
498:Westmount
259:Paul Rose
186:Saint-Luc
168:Longueuil
104:Paul Rose
4232:Timeline
4173:Overdale
3913:Étapisme
3258:(2006).
3186:11406935
2899:March 7,
2590:Archived
2465:44844868
2190:Archived
2031:March 2,
2005:Archived
1951:Archived
1932:June 23,
1751:19977093
1618:11406935
1547:See also
1403:Canadian
1352:and the
586:Timeline
541:Montreal
522:dynamite
432:Montreal
181:Montreal
78:Location
4118:Expo 67
4023:Citadel
3832:Le Jour
3654:Bill 99
3589:History
3448:Victims
3347:of 1970
3127:May 24,
1709:QCNA EN
1511:L'Otage
1465:Octobre
1044:, poet
1017:advised
1013:Cabinet
825:Algeria
679:British
661:FLQ oui
576:Prévost
285: (
273: (
261: (
3970:Topics
3268:
3244:
3219:per se
3184:
3174:
3155:
3087:
2867:
2861:Érudit
2777:
2722:
2584:
2463:
2453:
2326:
2316:
2284:
1888:
1749:
1741:
1616:
1606:
1573:Ottawa
1443:Orders
1056:, and
1027:. The
918:, and
748:urges
560:murder
516:, the
492:group
451:Quebec
395:French
239:
178:
156:Quebec
153:
142:Canada
139:
94:Result
87:Quebec
85:area,
4450:2000s
4445:1990s
4440:1980s
4435:1970s
4430:1960s
4425:1950s
4420:1940s
4415:1930s
4410:1920s
4405:1910s
4400:1900s
4395:1890s
4390:1880s
4385:1870s
4380:1860s
4375:1850s
4370:1840s
4365:1830s
4360:1820s
4355:1810s
4350:1800s
4345:1790s
4340:1780s
4335:1770s
4330:1760s
4325:1750s
4320:1740s
4315:1730s
4310:1720s
4305:1710s
4300:1700s
4295:1690s
4290:1680s
4285:1670s
4280:1660s
4275:1650s
4270:1640s
4265:1630s
4260:1620s
4255:1610s
4250:1600s
3291:from
2893:(PDF)
2886:(PDF)
2857:(PDF)
2684:(PDF)
2677:(PDF)
2593:(PDF)
2582:S2CID
2562:(PDF)
1559:Notes
3266:ISBN
3242:ISBN
3182:OCLC
3172:ISBN
3153:ISBN
3129:2013
3085:ISBN
3064:2018
3038:2018
3010:2018
2984:2018
2958:2018
2950:Voir
2931:2018
2901:2008
2883:"NĂ´"
2865:ISSN
2839:2018
2809:2009
2775:ISSN
2720:ISBN
2692:2008
2656:2008
2627:2008
2601:2023
2540:2014
2513:2014
2486:2008
2461:OCLC
2451:ISBN
2405:2018
2374:2008
2349:2008
2324:OCLC
2314:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2263:2022
2217:2023
2170:2011
2144:2013
2109:2021
2083:2008
2033:2021
1985:2023
1934:2009
1899:2011
1886:ISBN
1838:2022
1806:2011
1780:2020
1747:OCLC
1739:ISSN
1716:2022
1691:2022
1664:2021
1614:OCLC
1604:ISBN
1432:and
1393:, a
1189:The
886:Cuba
821:Cuba
468:and
389:The
110:and
70:Date
2767:doi
2574:doi
1509:In
1416:'s
1397:by
1210:."
1058:CBC
1005:CBC
971:by
823:or
709:CBC
622:by
288:POW
276:POW
264:POW
4467::
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3282:*
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