45:
363:
having met Royal
College criteria. For the graduates of these particular jurisdictions, the College assesses their training to determine the extent to which they have successfully met and completed the Royal College training requirements. When the training is deemed comparable and acceptable, the IMGs are ruled eligible to take the Royal College certification examination. Success at the certification examination will lead to Royal College certification. The Royal College accepts training from some international jurisdictions that have similar residency training accreditation systems to Canada.
250:
2927:
166:
351:(Fellow of The Royal College of Surgeons of Canada) depending on their qualifications. Since 1997, the Royal College has also offered category of resident membership called "resident affiliate” in an attempt to engage residents at an early stage of their careers. Those who choose to join the Royal College receive complimentary membership during the time they are registered in a Royal College-accredited residency program. Approximately 2,000 members are designated as resident members.
612:
422:) progresses not according to how much time a resident or certified physician has practised certain skills, as has been the case in the past in Canada. Instead, it progresses under a system in which residents and certified physicians must achieve and demonstrate core competency levels called "milestones” before they move on, receive credit or are otherwise recognized by the system.
396:
not physicians. The program awards credits to participants who engage in learning activities that enhance their practice. Elements of the MOC Program are recognized by medical associations in other countries, including the
American Medical Association (which allows its members to convert certain MOC credits to AMA PRA Category 1 credits) and the American College of Physicians.
405:
in-training evaluations, exam blueprints, and the
Maintenance of Certification program. All 17 medical schools in Canada also use the framework to assess the abilities of their residents. The Royal College is now updating the framework to further align it with a competency-based approach to medical education. The revised CanMEDS framework launched in 2015.
372:
research and the delivery of high-quality health care to
Canadians. In some cases, the Royal College accredits training programs conjointly with other professional organizations. In addition, Royal College training programs are sometimes cited as requirements for specific levels of remuneration for resident physicians.
1934:
395:
program called
Maintenance of Certification (MOC) that requires Fellows to engage in certain activities to maintain their competence throughout their careers. Introduced in 2000, MOC is a core service delivered by the Royal College and is also open to health care professionals who are not Fellows and
371:
The Royal
College maintains close working relations with the 17 Canadian university medical schools, numerous national professional associations, voluntary health organizations and governmental agencies where it has a respected and influential voice in discussions affecting medical education, medical
408:
Since its creation, CanMEDS has been adopted and adapted around the world. CanMEDS is an educational framework identifying and describing seven roles that lead to optimal health and health care outcomes: medical expert (central role), communicator, collaborator, manager, health advocate, scholar and
261:
established the Royal
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada to oversee postgraduate medical education in Canada. At first, the Royal College offered just two specialty qualifications: Fellowship in general medicine and Fellowship in general surgery. By 2014, the Royal College had expanded its
440:
Resident Duty Hours: In 2013 the
National Steering Committee on Resident Duty Hours, hosted by the Royal College with funding from Health Canada, released a report called Fatigue, Risk and Excellence: Toward a Pan-Canadian consensus on resident duty hours. The steering committee's research process
453:
Among the more notable Royal
College awards is the Teasdale-Corti Humanitarian Award which recognizes physicians and surgeons who, while providing health care or emergency medical services, go beyond the accepted norms of routine practice, which may include exposure to personal risk. The award is
449:
The Royal
College's awards and grants program distributes $ 1 million a year in awards, grants, fellowships and visiting professorships. Awards recognize the importance and potential impact of specialist physicians' work and categories include original research, personal achievements and visiting
362:
An international medical graduate is someone who has completed his or her medical training outside of Canada or the United States and whose medical training is recognized by the World Health Organization. There are 29 international jurisdictions that the Royal College has assessed and deemed as
265:
From the 1940s to the 1970s, the Royal College conducted examinations at two levels in most specialties: Fellowship, the higher qualification, or Certification, a lesser designation. In 1972, the Royal College abolished this dual standard and began to offer a single certification that continues
205:
The Royal College is an association of physicians concerned with setting national standards for medical education and continuing professional development in Canada for 80 medical specialties. As such, the Royal College is neither a licensing nor a disciplinary body. Instead, it is a regulatory
417:
Competency-based medical education, or CBME, is an outcomes-based approach to the design, implementation, assessment and evaluation of a medical education program using an organizing framework of competencies. In 2012, the Royal College began a multi-year plan to design, develop, implement and
425:
In 2013, the Royal College announced Competence by Design, the name that the organization has given to its reorientation toward a CBME model of learning and assessment (The CanMEDS Framework, first introduced in 1997, sets out the competencies and principles considered essential for Canadian
404:
In 1996, the Royal College adopted CanMEDS, a medical education framework it developed that emphasizes the essential competencies of a physician. Revised in 2005, the CanMEDS competencies have now been integrated into the Royal College's accreditation standards, objectives of training, final
213:, with the exception of family physicians, must be certified by the Royal College before they obtain a provincial or territorial licence to practice. The only exception is in the province of Quebec, where the Royal College shares the responsibility for certifying physicians with the
280:
Since the mid-1980s, the Royal College has broadened its activities to study areas of special interest in Canadian healthcare, including injury prevention and patient safety. In 2005, the Royal College set a specific goal to improve the health of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.
2070:
Cornelia Fluit; Sanneke Bolhuis; Richard Grol; Marieke Ham; Remco Feskens; Roland Laan; Michel Wensing (2012). "Evaluation and feedback for effective clinical teaching in postgraduate medical education: Validation of an assessment instrument incorporating the CanMEDS roles".
616:
473:
The International Medical Educator of the Year Award is given to an international medical educator who has demonstrated lasting impact and a commitment to enhancing ethics and humanism in residency education. In 2019, the prize was awarded to Dr.
1920:
220:
To become certified, a physician must pass Royal College examinations. Access to these examinations is usually gained by completing a Royal College-accredited residency program at a Canadian university. Access is also available for
300:
The work of the Royal College centres around its prime objective — to ensure the highest possible standards of specialist training and specialist care. The Royal College undertakes work under the following six areas:
2523:
2174:
Jonathan Sherbino; Jason R. Frank; Leslie Flynn; Linda Snell (December 2011). ""Intrinsic Roles" rather than "armour": renaming the "non-medical expert roles" of the CanMEDS framework to match their intent".
225:
who complete a Royal College-recognized residency program in the United States. Certain international training programs approved by the Royal College provide limited access to Royal College examinations.
2822:
437:
Physician employment: In 2013, the Royal College released the results of a Canada-wide study that showed an increasing number of specialists cannot find jobs relevant to their skills and training.
905:
2977:
450:
professorships. Grants support professional development and research, with categories covering continuing professional development grants, travelling fellowships and medical education grants.
2982:
1948:
Sophia Chou; Gary Cole; Kevin McLaughlin; Jocelyn Lockye (12 August 2008). "CanMEDS evaluation in Canadian postgraduate training programmes: tools used and programme director satisfaction".
664:
2021:
Fred Trompa, Myrra Vernooij-Dassena, b, Richard Grola, Anneke Kramera, Ben Bottemaa (October 2012). "Assessment of CanMEDS roles in postgraduate training: The validation of the Compass".
277:
to research and develop modern techniques for evaluating specialist physicians. In 1987, the Royal College merged the centre into a bilingual McLaughlin Centre based in Ottawa, Ontario.
2114:
1871:
2778:
983:
1613:
640:
The Toronto Notes 2012: Comprehensive Medical Reference and Review for the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Exam Part 1 and the United States Medical Licensing Exam Step 2
2987:
501:
1336:
984:"| Qualifying to Practice Medicine in Ontario | International Medical Graduates | Applicant Information | College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario"
262:
activities to recognize 80 disciplines, granting Fellowships in 30 specialties, 35 subspecialties, two special programs and 13 Areas of Focused Competence (AFC-diplomas).
2393:
2527:
2056:
1699:
1501:
582:
1213:
462:, a physician couple who devoted their professional careers to healing, teaching, and improving the condition of the population residing in the poverty stricken
206:
authority that helps ensure that the training and evaluation of medical and surgical specialists and two special programs maintain certain standards of quality.
2967:
2739:
1362:
Parboosingh, John T.; Gondocz, S. Tunde (1 September 1993). "The Maintenance of Competence Program of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada".
783:
2585:
954:
2992:
2843:
2603:
2425:
2146:
1728:
1245:
937:
839:
2478:
912:
853:
1627:
1286:
1991:
Frank, Jason R. (2004). "The CanMEDS project: the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada moves medical education into the 21st century".
1169:
426:
physicians). As of 2014, the Royal College's move toward CBME and Competence by Design was received with mixed reactions from Royal College Fellows.
479:
2497:
668:
542:
522:
214:
2997:
516:
340:
In 2014, the Royal College had more than 44,000 members worldwide, including Fellows, residents, and honorary, retired, and emeritus members.
2121:
1875:
434:
The Royal College engages regularly in work to affect health policy, especially in the areas of physician employment and resident duty hours.
1714:
1056:
289:
1526:
2962:
2782:
1853:
1130:
2680:
1586:
1195:
2891:
879:
1836:
1563:
1536:
1259:
1114:
1085:
648:
2796:
44:
1340:
328:
Administers the Maintenance of Certification Program, a mandatory continuing professional development program for all members, and
2319:
William F. Iobst; Jonathan Sherbino; et al. (2010). "Competency-based medical education in postgraduate medical education".
2972:
2400:
556:
727:
441:
and subsequent report were widely received as robust and a major step forward in the controversial debate about duty hours.
1653:
1854:"Quick Tips for the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC) Maintenance of Certification (MOC) Program"
1514:
757:
590:
813:
418:
sustain a program of CBME. Under CBME, medical education (for residents in training and specialist physicians who pursue
3002:
1807:
1220:
491:
375:
The Royal College co-sponsored the 10th Annual International Conference on Medical Regulation, which took place at the
506:
1754:
1482:
Translation, Government of Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Research and Knowledge (17 October 2005).
2847:
1666:
2654:
791:
2892:"The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada :: International Medical Educator of the Year Award"
958:
511:
496:
1023:
392:
376:
249:
2607:
2276:
Jason R. Frank; Linda S. Snell; et al. (2010). "Competency-based medical education: theory to practise".
1732:
475:
2482:
857:
2629:
1631:
1293:
191:
2328:
1173:
2501:
1729:"PARA - Professional Association of Resident Physicians of Alberta : Article 23 : Remuneration"
2050:
1285:
Indigenous Physicians Association of Canada and the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.
270:
73:
2440:
1044:
The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada: The evolution of Specialty Medicine: 1979–2004
2757:
2372:
222:
210:
195:
2333:
784:"Home – Health Match BC – British Columbia Physician, Nurse, and Allied Health Recruitment – Canada"
1715:"Family physicians and other specialists: Working and learning together. Conjoint Discussion Paper"
1461:
1447:
470:. Past recipients have worked throughout the world, including in Africa, Europe and South America.
2550:"Health Human Resource Planning in Canada, Physician and Nursing Workforce Issues—Summary Report"
2354:
2301:
2243:
2200:
2096:
1973:
1399:"Continuing medical education and continuing professional development: international comparisons"
1005:
234:
187:
2160:
1076:
Frontiers of Medicine: A History of Medical Education and Research at the University of Alberta
2721:
2460:
2419:
2346:
2293:
2235:
2192:
2140:
2088:
2038:
1965:
1832:
1693:
1559:
1532:
1495:
1428:
1379:
1239:
1110:
1081:
1052:
1048:
1042:
931:
854:"Physician | Professions | Working in Manitoba | Immigrate to Manitoba, Canada"
833:
644:
419:
258:
1826:
1590:
1553:
709:
638:
269:
In 1968, the Royal College established the McLaughlin Examination and Research Centre at the
2870:"IMHL Class 4 participant Joanne Liu Named Winner of 2013 Teasdale-Corti Humanitarian Award"
2711:
2452:
2338:
2285:
2227:
2184:
2080:
2030:
1957:
1418:
1410:
1371:
455:
274:
141:
2563:
1287:"First Nations, Inuit and MĂ©tis Health Core Competencies for Continuing Medical Education"
883:
613:"The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada :: Information by Discipline"
543:"Health week: Status quo budgets, living wills and outmoded clinical practice – iPolitics"
179:
145:
91:
oversee medical education and professional development, advocate and public voice, network
2630:"Fatigue, Riask & Excellence: Toward a Pan-Canadian Consensus on Resident Duty Hours"
2218:
ason R. Frank; Deborah Danoff (2007). "The CanMEDS 2005 physician competency framework".
1263:
735:
2926:
2800:
2007:
1318:
165:
2716:
1828:
Toronto Notes 2012: Comprehensive medical reference and review for MCCQE I and USMLE II
1528:
Toronto Notes 2012: Comprehensive medical reference and review for MCCQE I and USMLE II
1423:
1398:
1105:
The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, 1960–1980: the pursuit of unity
1103:
1074:
2549:
2481:. University of Calgary Medicine (n.d.) Postgraduate Medical Education. Archived from
2956:
1961:
1375:
1151:
2358:
2204:
2100:
1977:
560:
2586:"Study shows growing number of new specialist physicians can't find jobs in Canada"
2305:
2247:
1784:
The Governor General of Canada His Excellency the Right Honourable David Johnston.
354:
The Royal College website includes a directory of all current and retired Fellows.
2161:"The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada :: CanMEDS Framework"
1678:
691:"College of Physicians and Surgeons of New Brunswick – Licensure in New Brunswick"
2456:
2342:
2289:
2084:
1462:"Continuing Medical Education – College of Medicine – University of Saskatchewan"
463:
459:
238:
761:
2231:
2188:
2034:
817:
310:
284:
Today, the headquarters for the Royal College is located at 774 Echo Drive in
2869:
1811:
1677:
Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine.
1414:
665:"Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada - Alberta Physician Link"
690:
305:
Prescribes the requirements for specialty education in 80 areas of medical,
2844:"Chamberlain Froese wins prestigious humanitarian award from Royal College"
2725:
2464:
2350:
2297:
2239:
2196:
2092:
2042:
1969:
1483:
1432:
2699:
1785:
1762:
1383:
409:
professional. The overarching goal of CanMEDS is to improve patient care.
313:
128:
2740:"Changes needed to reduce fatigue of Canada's medical residents: report"
559:. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Archived from
2658:
1921:"Agreement with the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada"
1786:"Convocation of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada"
1628:"Multiple routes to certification: Find the route that's right for you"
1170:"The Surgical Spotlight :: FALL 2012 :: HONOURS & AWARDS"
380:
306:
288:. The building, constructed in 1921, was formerly the monastery of the
103:
331:
Sets standards for professional and ethical conduct among its members.
2564:"More than one in six new specialists can't find work: Royal College"
467:
285:
230:
199:
116:
99:
17:
2781:. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Archived from
2526:. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Archived from
2373:"Residents prepare for switch to competency-based medical education"
1630:. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Archived from
1589:. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Archived from
1109:. The College= Collège royal des médecins et chirurgiens du Canada.
253:
The Royal College headquarters at 774 Echo Drive in Ottawa, Canada
248:
2657:. Canadian Association of Internes and Residents. Archived from
1755:"10th International Conference on Medical Regulation - Sponsors"
2920:
2604:"Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons | Vancouver Sun"
1196:"Royal College supports new federal patient safety legislation"
156:
1654:"COS Receives High Praise for 2013 RCPSC Accreditation Review"
2265:. Ottawa: Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.
1898:
2823:"Dedicated surgeon in Angola receives Teasdale-Corti award"
229:
Since its founding, the Royal College has been granted the
2947:
2942:
2932:
1899:"Welcome to the Nova Scotia College of Family Physicians"
347:(Fellow of The Royal College of Physicians of Canada) or
2938:
College of Physicians & Surgeons of British Columbia
2937:
391:
The Royal College develops and administers a continuing
2439:
William F. Iobst; Kelly J. Caverzagie (November 2013).
1337:"Old Ottawa South - Monastery of the Precious Blood"
1319:"Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada"
643:. Toronto Notes for Medical Students. 29 July 2018.
557:"Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada"
2441:"Milestones and Competency-Based Medical Education"
502:
List of Canadian organizations with royal patronage
322:
Assesses the acceptability of residents' education,
198:to oversee the medical education of specialists in
184:
Collège royal des médecins et chirurgiens du Canada
151:
135:
122:
110:
95:
87:
79:
69:
51:
38:
Collège royal des médecins et chirurgiens du Canada
2978:Organizations based in Canada with royal patronage
1614:"International Medical Graduate Living in Ontario"
1102:
1080:. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta Press.
1073:
949:
947:
176:Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
33:Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
2983:Medical and health organizations based in Ontario
2779:"Royal College Teasdale-Corti Humanitarian Award"
2655:"New pan-Canadian consensus report on duty hours"
1935:"MKSAP 16—your go-to source for RCPSC MOC credit"
343:Fellows of the Royal College use the designation
2948:College of Physicians & Surgeons of Manitoba
1937:. American College of Physicians. 13 March 2023.
2943:College of Physicians & Surgeons of Alberta
2263:The CanMEDS 2005 physician competency framework
1152:"Parachute – Preventing Injuries. Saving Lives"
2933:College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario
1397:Peck C, McCall M, McLaren B, Rotem T (2000).
978:
976:
710:"Yukon Medical Council – Physician Licensing"
8:
2700:"Duty Hours and Professional Responsibility"
2055:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1713:The College of Family Physicians of Canada.
1698:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1531:. . Toronto Notes for Medical Students Inc.
1500:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
32:
2635:. Standing Committee on Resident Duty Hours
1872:"CPD/CME – Calculating House for the RCPSC"
1852:University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine.
2988:Educational organizations based in Ontario
2925:
1831:. Toronto Notes for Medical Students Inc.
164:
31:
2715:
2332:
1422:
2681:"More sleep urged for residency doctors"
2498:"New MDCM Curriculum – Design Resources"
480:National Autonomous University of Mexico
194:established in 1929 by a special Act of
2010:. Queens University School of Medicine.
1870:Canadian Fertility; Andrology Society.
534:
319:Accredits specialty residency programs,
2799:. HLWIKI International. Archived from
2758:"The end of 24-hour residency shifts?"
2424:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2417:
2145:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2138:
2048:
2006:Queens University School of Medicine.
1897:College of Physicians of Nova Scotia.
1691:
1493:
1244:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1237:
936:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
929:
838:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
831:
728:"Canadian Society of Plastic Surgeons"
583:"Economy – Government of Saskatchewan"
517:College of Family Physicians of Canada
2846:. McMaster University. Archived from
2177:Advances in Health Sciences Education
367:Work with other medical organizations
290:Sisters Adorers of the Precious Blood
7:
2968:Medical associations based in Canada
2765:Canadian Medical Association Journal
2380:Canadian Medical Association Journal
1656:. Canadian Ophthalmological Society.
1993:The Evolution of Specialty Medicine
1759:BUKSA Strategic Conference Services
387:Continuing professional development
1806:Canadian Psychiatric Association.
430:Health and educational policy work
413:Competency-based medical education
25:
2993:Organizations established in 1929
325:Conducts certifying examinations,
2023:Patient Education and Counseling
1962:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008.03111.x
1376:10.1001/jama.1993.03510090077016
43:
2552:. Policy Research Networks Inc.
1484:"Publications in Ethics – CIHR"
880:"CPSS Registration Information"
358:International medical graduates
2698:Lemire, Francine (July 2013).
2566:. Canadian Medical Association
1919:American Medical Association.
1028:Office of Professional Affairs
523:Collège des médecins du Québec
215:Collège des médecins du Québec
1:
2998:1929 establishments in Canada
1825:Klostranec, Jesse M. (2012).
27:Canadian regulatory authority
2457:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.09.029
2343:10.3109/0142159X.2010.500709
2290:10.3109/0142159x.2010.501190
2085:10.3109/0142159x.2012.699114
1555:Handy General Knowledge 2007
1525:Klostranec, Jesse M (2012).
587:www.saskimmigrationcanada.ca
492:Canadian Medical Association
2963:Medical education in Canada
1101:Shephard, David AE (1985).
1041:Dinsdale, Henry B. (2004).
507:Royal College of Physicians
57:; 95 years ago
3019:
1047:. Self published. p.
714:www.yukonmedicalcouncil.ca
316:plus two special programs,
190:which acts as a national,
2704:Canadian Family Physician
2232:10.1080/01421590701746983
2189:10.1007/s10459-011-9318-z
2035:10.1016/j.pec.2012.06.028
1587:"Royal College Directory"
1072:Corbet, Elise A. (1990).
653:– via Google Books.
512:Royal College of Surgeons
497:Medical Council of Canada
42:
37:
1415:10.1136/bmj.320.7232.432
708:Council, Yukon Medical.
476:Melchor Sánchez Mendiola
393:professional development
377:Ottawa Convention Centre
257:In June 1929, a special
1156:www.parachutecanada.org
955:"CPD/CME Accreditation"
454:named in honour of Dr.
2973:Medical royal colleges
2524:"Message from the CEO"
1612:Health Force Ontario.
478:, MD, MHPE, PhD, from
254:
192:nonprofit organization
183:
2261:Frank, J. R. (2005).
1808:"FAQs for Physicians"
788:www.healthmatchbc.org
732:www.plasticsurgery.ca
271:University of Alberta
252:
211:specialists in Canada
74:Medical royal college
1446:Bailey, Patricia G.
918:on 29 September 2013
3003:Regulatory colleges
2896:www.royalcollege.ca
2872:. McGill University
2496:McGill University.
2008:"The CanMEDS Roles"
1814:on 25 October 2007.
1488:www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca
758:"Account Suspended"
266:today: Fellowship.
34:
2797:"Lucille Teasdale"
593:on 28 January 2014
545:. 7 February 2014.
255:
188:regulatory college
137:Official language
2785:on 18 March 2014.
2485:on 18 March 2014.
1950:Medical Education
1765:on 5 October 2012
1552:Subburaj, V.V.K.
1058:978-0-9692155-6-1
1024:"Professionalism"
445:Awards and grants
420:lifelong learning
383:in October 2012.
259:Act of Parliament
223:medical residents
172:
171:
16:(Redirected from
3010:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2921:Official website
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2850:on 18 March 2014
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2819:
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2810:
2808:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2610:on 18 March 2014
2606:. Archived from
2600:
2594:
2593:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2530:on April 4, 2013
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2504:on 18 March 2014
2500:. Archived from
2493:
2487:
2486:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2445:Gastroenterology
2436:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2406:on 18 March 2014
2405:
2399:. Archived from
2398:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2336:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2126:
2120:. Archived from
2119:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2046:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1874:. Archived from
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1810:. Archived from
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1761:. Archived from
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1731:. Archived from
1725:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1634:on 21 March 2014
1624:
1618:
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1609:
1603:
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1600:
1598:
1593:on 18 March 2014
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1506:
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1499:
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1452:
1451:
1448:"Medical Ethics"
1443:
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1436:
1426:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1343:on 18 March 2014
1339:. Archived from
1333:
1327:
1326:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1299:on 18 March 2014
1298:
1292:. Archived from
1291:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1266:on 18 March 2014
1262:. Archived from
1256:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1226:on 18 March 2014
1225:
1219:. Archived from
1218:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1176:on 18 March 2014
1172:. Archived from
1166:
1160:
1159:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1108:
1098:
1092:
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1079:
1069:
1063:
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1038:
1032:
1031:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
991:
980:
971:
970:
968:
966:
961:on 18 March 2014
957:. Archived from
951:
942:
941:
935:
927:
925:
923:
917:
911:. Archived from
910:
902:
896:
895:
893:
891:
882:. Archived from
876:
870:
869:
867:
865:
860:on 18 March 2014
856:. Archived from
850:
844:
843:
837:
829:
827:
825:
820:on 18 March 2014
816:. Archived from
810:
804:
803:
801:
799:
794:on 18 March 2014
790:. Archived from
780:
774:
773:
771:
769:
764:on 18 March 2014
760:. Archived from
754:
748:
747:
745:
743:
738:on 18 March 2014
734:. Archived from
724:
718:
717:
705:
699:
698:
687:
681:
680:
678:
676:
671:on 18 March 2014
667:. Archived from
661:
655:
654:
635:
629:
628:
626:
624:
619:on 18 March 2014
615:. Archived from
609:
603:
602:
600:
598:
589:. Archived from
579:
573:
572:
570:
568:
563:on 18 March 2014
553:
547:
546:
539:
456:Lucille Teasdale
275:Laval University
235:Canadian monarch
168:
163:
160:
158:
65:
63:
58:
47:
35:
21:
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2806:
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2803:on 11 June 2017
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2687:. 27 June 2013.
2679:
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2661:on 14 July 2013
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2396:
2394:"Archived copy"
2392:
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2334:10.1.1.475.7292
2321:Medical Teacher
2318:
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2278:Medical Teacher
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2259:
2255:
2220:Medical Teacher
2217:
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2212:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2137:
2130:
2128:
2127:on 4 March 2016
2124:
2117:
2115:"Archived copy"
2113:
2112:
2108:
2079:(11): 893–901.
2073:Medical Teacher
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2015:
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1878:on 3 April 2016
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1260:"Untitled Page"
1258:
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1253:
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1223:
1216:
1214:"Archived copy"
1212:
1211:
1207:
1200:www.newswire.ca
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2382:. 5 July 2013.
2364:
2327:(8): 651–656.
2311:
2284:(8): 638–645.
2268:
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2210:
2183:(5): 695–697.
2166:
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2013:
1998:
1983:
1956:(9): 879–886.
1940:
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1735:on 6 June 2014
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2801:the original
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