Fax - Knowledge

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predecessor. This is not continued to the end of the fax transmission, but only for a limited number of lines until the process is reset, and a new "first line" encoded with MH is produced. This limited number of lines is to prevent errors propagating throughout the whole fax, as the standard does not provide for error correction. This is an optional facility, and some fax machines do not use MR in order to minimise the amount of computation required by the machine. The limited number of lines is 2 for "Standard"-resolution faxes, and 4 for "Fine"-resolution faxes.

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entered the field, but the printer and special paper were expensive luxuries, AM radio transmission was very slow and vulnerable to static, and the newspaper was too small. After more than ten years of repeated attempts by Finch and others to establish such a service as a viable business, the public, apparently quite content with its cheaper and much more substantial home-delivered daily newspapers, and with conventional spoken radio bulletins to provide any "hot" news, still showed only a passing curiosity about the new medium.

214: 42: 528: 1508: 1078:, that is, both the encoder and decoder collect statistical information about the transmitted image from the pixels transmitted so far, in order to predict the probability for each next pixel being either black or white. For each new pixel, JBIG looks at ten nearby, previously transmitted pixels. It counts, how often in the past the next pixel has been black or white in the same neighborhood, and estimates from that the probability distribution of the next pixel. This is fed into an 1245: 389:

come. Up until this point facsimile machines were very expensive and hard to operate. In 1966, Xerox released the Magnafax Telecopiers, a smaller, 46 lb (21 kg) facsimile machine. This unit was far easier to operate and could be connected to any standard telephone line. This machine was capable of transmitting a letter-sized document in about six minutes. The first sub-minute, digital fax machine was developed by

4455: 1217: 104:, and then transmitting it through the telephone system in the form of audio-frequency tones. The receiving fax machine interprets the tones and reconstructs the image, printing a paper copy. Early systems used direct conversions of image darkness to audio tone in a continuous or analog manner. Since the 1980s, most machines transmit an audio-encoded digital representation of the page, using 1299: 4465: 348: 54: 4444: 1494: 4475: 377: 365: 3026: 463: 644: 1192:; therefore, many of the inkjet-based fax machines claim to have color fax capability. There is a standard called ITU-T30e (formally ITU-T Recommendation T.30 Annex E ) for faxing in color; however, it is not widely supported, so many of the color fax machines can only fax in color to machines from the same manufacturer. 636: 614:, with each scanned line transmitted as a continuous analog signal. Horizontal resolution depended upon the quality of the scanner, transmission line, and the printer. Analog fax machines are obsolete and no longer manufactured. ITU-T Recommendations T.2 and T.3 were withdrawn as obsolete in July 1996. 401:

first machine. In later years it would be combined with copier equipment to create the hybrid machines we have today that copy, scan and fax. Some of the lesser known capabilities of the Xerox fax technologies included their Ethernet enabled Fax Services on their 8000 workstations in the early 1980s.

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Fax classes denote the way fax programs interact with fax hardware. Available classes include Class 1, Class 2, Class 2.0 and 2.1, and Intel CAS. Many modems support at least class 1 and often either Class 2 or Class 2.0. Which is preferable to use depends on factors such as hardware, software, modem

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The ITU-T T.6 recommendation adds a further compression type of Modified Modified READ (MMR), which simply allows a greater number of lines to be coded by MR than in T.4. This is because T.6 makes the assumption that the transmission is over a circuit with a low number of line errors, such as digital

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optimized for written text, achieving average compression factors of around 20. Typically a page needs 10 s for transmission, instead of about three minutes for the same uncompressed raw data of 1728×1145 bits at a speed of 9600 bit/s. The compression method uses a Huffman codebook for run

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A proprietary compression scheme employed on Panasonic fax machines is Matsushita Whiteline Skip (MWS). It can be overlaid on the other compression schemes, but is operative only when two Panasonic machines are communicating with one another. This system detects the blank scanned areas between lines

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used by legacy fax machines that need to connect through a VoIP service. Scanned documents are limited to the amount of time the user takes to load the document in a scanner and for the device to process a digital file. The resolution can vary from as little as 150 DPI to 9600 DPI or more.

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Group 3 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendations T.30 and T.4. Group 3 faxes take between 6 and 15 seconds to transmit a single page (not including the initial time for the fax machines to handshake and synchronize). The horizontal and vertical resolutions are allowed by the T.4 standard

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A major breakthrough in the development of the modern facsimile system was the result of digital technology, where the analog signal from scanners was digitized and then compressed, resulting in the ability to transmit high rates of data across standard phone lines. The first digital fax machine was

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In 1964, Xerox Corporation introduced (and patented) what many consider to be the first commercialized version of the modern fax machine, under the name (LDX) or Long Distance Xerography. This model was superseded two years later with a unit that would set the standard for fax machines for years to

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Modified Huffman (MH), specified in T.4 as the one-dimensional coding scheme, is a codebook-based run-length encoding scheme optimised to efficiently compress whitespace. As most faxes consist mostly of white space, this minimises the transmission time of most faxes. Each line scanned is compressed

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Class 2.1 is an improvement of Class 2.0 that implements faxing over V.34 (33.6 kbit/s), which boosts faxing speed from fax classes "2" and 2.0, which are limited to 14.4 kbit/s. The relevant ITU-T recommendation is T.32 Amendment 1. Class 2.1 fax devices are referred to as

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What is commonly known as "Class 2" is an unofficial class of fax devices that perform T.30 session management themselves, but the T.4/T.6 data compression is performed by software on a controlling computer. Implementations of this "class" are based on draft versions of the standard that eventually

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Beginning in the late 1930s, the Finch Facsimile system was used to transmit a "radio newspaper" to private homes via commercial AM radio stations and ordinary radio receivers equipped with Finch's printer, which used thermal paper. Sensing a new and potentially golden opportunity, competitors soon

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On May 19, 1924, scientists of the AT&T Corporation "by a new process of transmitting pictures by electricity" sent 15 photographs by telephone from Cleveland to New York City, such photos being suitable for newspaper reproduction. Previously, photographs had been sent over the radio using this

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Modified READ, specified as an optional two-dimensional coding scheme in T.4, encodes the first scanned line using MH. The next line is compared to the first, the differences determined, and then the differences are encoded and transmitted. This is effective, as most lines differ little from their

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As well as specifying the resolution (and allowable physical size) of the image being faxed, the ITU-T T.4 recommendation specifies two compression methods for decreasing the amount of data that needs to be transmitted between the fax machines to transfer the image. The two methods defined in

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The once ubiquitous fax machine has also begun to disappear from the small office and home office environments. Remotely hosted fax-server services are widely available from VoIP and e-mail providers allowing users to send and receive faxes using their existing e-mail accounts without the need for

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By the late 1970s, many companies around the world (especially Japanese firms) had entered the fax market. Very shortly after this, a new wave of more compact, faster and efficient fax machines would hit the market. Xerox continued to refine the fax machine for years after their ground-breaking

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The ITU-T T.85 "fax profile" constrains some optional features of the full JBIG standard, such that codecs do not have to keep data about more than the last three pixel rows of an image in memory at any time. This allows the streaming of "endless" images, where the height of the image may not be

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Class 2.0 is the official ITU-T version of Class 2 and is commonly known as Class 2.0 to differentiate it from many manufacturer-specific implementations of what is commonly known as "Class 2". It uses a different but standardized command set than the various manufacturer-specific

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Group 2 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendations T.3 and T.30. Group 2 faxes take three minutes to transmit a single page, with a vertical resolution of 96 scan lines per inch. Group 2 fax machines are almost obsolete, and are no longer manufactured. Group 2 fax machines can interoperate with

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As a precaution, thermal fax paper is typically not accepted in archives or as documentary evidence in some courts of law unless photocopied. This is because the image-forming coating is eradicable and brittle, and it tends to detach from the medium after a long time in storage.

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of 204×98 (normal) or 204×196 (fine) dots per square inch. The transfer rate is 14.4 kbit/s or higher for modems and some fax machines, but fax machines support speeds beginning with 2400 bit/s and typically operate at 9600 bit/s. The transferred image formats are called

3064:"4.12 Filing rules: 19.Newspaper extracts or thermal facsimile paper should not be preserved as archives. Such extracts should be photocopied and the copy preserved. The original can then be destroyed." Office of Corporate & Legal Affairs, University College Cork, Ireland 1398:

With the surging popularity of mobile phones, virtual fax machines can now be downloaded as applications for Android and iOS. These applications make use of the phone's internal camera to scan fax documents for upload or they can import from various cloud services.

1208:. Stroke speed is usually expressed as a number of strokes per minute. When the fax system scans in both directions, the stroke speed is twice this number. In most conventional 20th century mechanical systems, the stroke speed is equivalent to drum speed. 1414:

T.30 specifies the procedures that a sending and receiving terminal use to set up a fax call, determine the image size, encoding, and transfer speed, the demarcation between pages, and the termination of the call. T.30 also references the various modem

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files, or in proprietary formats that require the use of the service provider's software. Faxes can be sent or retrieved from anywhere at any time that a user can get Internet access. Some services offer secure faxing to comply with stringent

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In 2018 two-thirds of Canadian doctors reported that they primarily used fax machines to communicate with other doctors. Faxes are still seen as safer and more secure and electronic systems are often unable to communicate with each other.

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compression algorithm, or more precisely a "fax profile" subset of JBIG (ITU-T T.85). JBIG-compressed pages result in 20% to 50% faster transmission than MMR-compressed pages, and up to 30 times faster transmission if the page includes

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An emerging standard that allows a telephone based fax session to negotiate a fax transfer over the internet, but only if both sides support the standard. The standard is partially based on T.30 and is being developed by Hylafax+

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Qwip in the mid-1970s, facsimile machines worked by optical scanning of a document or drawing spinning on a drum. The reflected light, varying in intensity according to the light and dark areas of the document, was focused on a

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Class 1 (also known as Class 1.0) fax devices do fax data transfer, while the T.4/T.6 data compression and T.30 session management are performed by software on a controlling computer. This is described in ITU-T recommendation

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worked on chemical-mechanical fax-type devices and in 1846 Bain was able to reproduce graphic signs in laboratory experiments. He received British patent 9745 on May 27, 1843, for his "Electric Printing Telegraph".

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T.4 is the umbrella specification for fax. It specifies the standard image sizes, two forms of image-data compression (encoding), the image-data format, and references, T.30 and the various modem standards.

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converted the varying tone into a variable current that controlled the mechanical movement of a pen or pencil to reproduce the image on a blank sheet of paper on an identical drum rotating at the same rate.

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of text, and then compresses several blank scan lines into the data space of a single character. (JBIG implements a similar technique called "typical prediction", if header flag TPBON is set to 1.)

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sent from New York to London on November 29, 1924, became the first photo picture reproduced by transoceanic radio facsimile. Commercial use of Ranger's product began two years later. Also in 1924,

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lengths of black and white runs in a single scanned line, and it can also use the fact that two adjacent scanlines are usually quite similar, saving bandwidth by encoding only the differences.

540:, eliminating the need for a stand-alone fax machine. These solutions are often ideally suited for users who only very occasionally need to use fax services. In July 2017 the United Kingdom's 1380:

requirements to keep medical information and financial information private and secure. Utilizing a fax service provider does not require paper, a dedicated fax line, or consumable resources.

524:(which may be secured). Such systems have the advantage of reducing costs by eliminating unnecessary printouts and reducing the number of inbound analog phone lines needed by an office. 229:

marked a further development in fax technology, allowing users to send signatures over long distances, thus allowing the verification of identification or ownership over long distances.

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transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), normally to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device. The original document is scanned with a

1437:: ITU modem standards used in facsimile. The first three were ratified prior to 1980, and were specified in the original T.4 and T.30 standards. V.34 was published for fax in 1994. 1395:. A virtual (email) fax can be printed out and then signed and scanned back to computer before being emailed. Also the sender can attach a digital signature to the document file. 562:

solutions because of the need to communicate with pharmacies and nursing homes which may not have access to the NHS email system and may need something in their paper records.

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has been criticised in Japan for introducing data errors and delays in reporting, slowing response efforts to contain the spread of infections and hindering the transition to

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In "basic mode", the JBIG encoder must split the image into horizontal stripes of 128 lines (parameter L0 = 128) and restart the arithmetic encoder for each stripe.

1001:(T.44), and T.45 for grayscale, palette, and colour content. Fax machines can negotiate at the start of the T.30 session to use the best technique implemented on both sides. 569:

Hospitals are the leading users for fax machines in the United States where some doctors prefer fax machines over emails, often due to concerns about accidentally violating

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Group 4 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendations T.563, T.503, T.521, T.6, T.62, T.70, T.411 to T.417. They are designed to operate over 64 kbit/s digital

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Computer modems are often designated by a particular fax class, which indicates how much processing is offloaded from the computer's CPU to the fax modem.

558:, generally viewed as digitally advanced in the NHS, was engaged in a process of removing its fax machines in early 2019. This involved quite a lot of 1275:

A CNG tone is an 1100 Hz tone transmitted by a fax machine when it calls another fax machine. Fax tones can cause complications when implementing

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Initially a niche product, fax machines became ubiquitous in offices in the 1980s and 1990s. They have largely been rendered obsolete as a whole by

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Group 1 faxes conform to the ITU-T Recommendation T.2. Group 1 faxes take six minutes to transmit a single page, with a vertical resolution of 96

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and other computerized systems capable of receiving and storing incoming faxes electronically, and then routing them to users on paper or via an

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nationwide. Convenience-store fax machines commonly print the slightly re-sized content of the sent fax in the electronic confirmation-slip, in

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any hardware or dedicated fax lines. Personal computers have also long been able to handle incoming and outgoing faxes using analog modems or

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Radio fax is still in limited use today for transmitting weather charts and information to ships at sea. The closely related technology of

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with rolls of thermal paper as their printing technology, but since the mid-1990s there has been a transition towards plain-paper faxes:

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said that no more fax machines could be bought from 2019 and that the existing ones must be replaced by secure email by March 31, 2020.

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was said to be the world's largest purchaser of fax machines because the digital revolution has largely bypassed it. In June 2018 the

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The Western Union "Deskfax" fax machine, announced in 1948, was a compact machine that fit comfortably on a desktop, using special

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The chip in a fax machine. Only about one quarter of the length is shown. The thin line in the middle consists of photosensitive

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that was the first telefax machine to scan any two-dimensional original, not requiring manual plotting or drawing. An account of

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Group 3 and 4 faxes are digital formats and take advantage of digital compression methods to greatly reduce transmission times.

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circuits. The allowed resolutions, a superset of those in the T.4 recommendation, are specified in the T.6 recommendation.

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pass through - this is where the T.30 fax call is carried in a VoIP call encoded as audio. This is sensitive to network

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Although businesses usually maintain some kind of fax capability, the technology has faced increasing competition from

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so that the current in a circuit varied with the amount of light. This current was used to control a tone generator (a

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Group 3 fax machines transfer one or a few printed or handwritten pages per minute in black-and-white (bitonal) at a

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Several different telephone-line modulation techniques are used by fax machines. They are negotiated during the fax-

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Later, other compression techniques were added as options to ITU-T recommendation T.30, such as the more efficient

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The most basic fax mode transfers in black and white only. The original page is scanned in a resolution of 1728

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and clock synchronization. When using voice high-compression encoding techniques such as, but not limited to,

486:, while faxed contracts with copies of signatures are, fax machines enjoy continuing support in business. In 380: 1411:

T.6 specifies a compression scheme that reduces the time required to transmit an image by roughly 50-percent.

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This type of faxing is not related to the e-mail–to–fax service that still uses fax modems at least one way.

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There are several indicators of fax capabilities: group, class, data transmission rate, and conformance with

417:), the current determining the frequency of the tone produced. This audio tone was then transmitted using an 4287: 4272: 4116: 4067: 3990: 3890: 3568: 3454: 3449: 1309: 1010: 961: 541: 179: 765:

significantly evolved to become Class 2.0. All implementations of "Class 2" are manufacturer-specific.

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By the late 1940s, radiofax receivers were sufficiently miniaturized to be fitted beneath the dashboard of

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transmitted and reconstructed the first color facsimile, a natural-color photograph of silent film star

3158:—A '97 essay with technical details on compression and error codes, and call establishment and release. 2887: 2246: 660:

Rapidfax first sold in late 1960s, which incorporated digital data compression technology developed by

100:), which processes the contents (text or images) as a single fixed graphic image, converting it into a 41: 3004:"T.30 : Procedures for document facsimile transmission in the general switched telephone network" 2344: 2229: 1200:

Stroke speed in facsimile systems is the rate at which a fixed line perpendicular to the direction of

527: 425:. At the receiving end, a handset's speaker was attached to an acoustic coupler (a microphone), and a 4025: 3985: 3955: 3712: 3647: 3538: 3174: 2326: 1962: 1919: 1595: 1316: 1075: 998: 948:"Super Group 3" faxes use V.34bis modulation that allows a data rate of up to 33.6 kbit/s. 661: 531:

Professional laser fax machine for office use with the Super G3 standard for faster fax transmission.

483: 479: 451: 394: 332: 35: 31: 2589: 2420: 2076:[On transmitting and receiving apparatuses for the electrical transmission of photographs]. 1804: 1205: 4035: 3975: 3734: 3696: 3553: 3494: 3479: 3357: 3276: 3197: 3141: 1034: 982: 967: 590: 283: 497:

They are available for sending to both domestic and international recipients from over 81% of all

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The implementation of a personal computer-based digital facsimile information distribution system

1937: 1124: 1115: 871: 822: 498: 309: 152: 2982:"T.30: Procedures for document facsimile transmission in the general switched telephone network" 2590:"Online criticism of outdated paper-and-fax coronavirus infection reports spark change in Japan" 2050: 4302: 4224: 4138: 4121: 4084: 3970: 3930: 3760: 3729: 3595: 3489: 3367: 3352: 3342: 3246: 3155: 2832: 2826: 2308: 1790: 1726: 1678: 1513: 1392: 1356: 611: 545: 506: 287: 267: 3104: 2858: 1864: 4307: 4267: 4247: 4214: 4143: 4101: 4015: 3870: 3855: 3830: 3805: 3765: 3615: 3474: 3469: 3459: 3377: 3211: 3166: 2955: 2805:"T.6: Facsimile coding schemes and coding control functions for Group 4 facsimile apparatus" 2029: 1970: 1927: 1443:

The ITU standard for sending a fax-image file via e-mail to the intended recipient of a fax.

1224: 1149: 1079: 418: 197: 171: 160: 105: 58: 2568:"Tokyo test centers trade fax machines for computers with new coronavirus reporting system" 2303:

Perratore, Ed (September 1992). "GammaFax MLCP-4/AEB: High-End Fax, Long-Range Potential".

3935: 3790: 3558: 3521: 3347: 3337: 3261: 3231: 3226: 3216: 2714:"OK, it's early 2019. Has Leeds Hospital finally managed to 'axe the fax'? Um, yes and no" 2259: 2255: 2203: 2192: 1847: 1755: 1549: 1170: 1089:

ITU-T T.30 allows fax machines to negotiate one of two options of the T.85 "fax profile":

1044:. In this case, the number of lines for which the differences are encoded is not limited. 426: 279: 275: 46: 3533: 1966: 1923: 1649: 4133: 4005: 3980: 3940: 3910: 3785: 3620: 3506: 3291: 3286: 3241: 1201: 1182: 1178: 1153: 321: 120: 2095: 1244: 17: 4493: 4282: 4055: 4045: 3960: 3850: 3845: 3835: 3820: 3642: 3501: 1574: 1422: 1360: 1220: 1145: 901: 467: 439: 336: 298: 237: 202: 62: 2967: 2074:"Uber Gebe- und Empfangsapparate zur elektrischen Fernubertragung von Photographien" 1467:, some fax tonal signals may not be correctly transported across the packet network. 548:

said that the NHS had at least 11,620 fax machines in operation and in December the

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Prior to the introduction of the ubiquitous fax machine, one of the first being the

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which allows people to send and receive faxes using their own computers, utilizing

1363:. No software, fax server or fax machine is needed. Faxes are received as attached 1352: 1288: 1060: 222: 156: 155:

made several improvements on Bain's design and demonstrated a telefax machine. The

1216: 492: 123:, but are still used in some medical administration and law enforcement settings. 3136: 2132: 2119: 1889: 1827:"1851 Great Exhibition: Official Catalogue: Class X.: Frederick Collier Bakewell" 1672: 1188:

One of the advantages of inkjet printing is that inkjets can affordably print in

727:) can transmit and receive pre-digitized documents at near-realtime speeds using 4360: 4010: 3920: 3905: 3865: 3825: 3684: 3051: 3003: 2828:

Business telecom systems: a guide to choosing the best technologies and services

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In many corporate environments, freestanding fax machines have been replaced by

510: 317: 226: 207: 183: 2943: 2922:"T.4: Standardization of Group 3 facsimile terminals for document transmission" 2516: 1840: 1748: 347: 53: 4365: 4072: 3770: 3679: 3635: 3605: 3583: 3573: 3548: 1569: 1559: 1489: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1418: 1388: 878: 847: 829: 811: 732: 517: 405: 325: 2367: 2312: 769:

implementations of "Class 2". The relevant ITU-T recommendation is T.32.

393:, which built on digital data compression technology originally developed at 65:

which came in rolls. The roll was inserted into a compartment in the machine.

4350: 3815: 3630: 3311: 2959: 2859:"Supra Technical Support Bulletin: Class 2 Fax Commands For Supra Faxmodems" 1861:"Istituto Tecnico Industriale, Italy. Italian biography of Giovanni Caselli" 1627: 1554: 1527: 1477: 1131: 619: 443: 414: 410: 313: 188: 164: 137: 89: 2448:"Taro Kono, Japan's administrative reform minister, declares war on faxes" 1793:

English patent no. 12,352 (filed: 2 December 1848; issued: 2 June 1849).

635: 4345: 4335: 4252: 4077: 3900: 2686: 2661:"NHS 'Struggling To Keep Up' As It Holds On To Thousands Of Fax Machines" 2639:"Digital doldrums: NHS remains world's largest purchaser of fax machines" 2520: 2277:, Daniel M. Costigan, Chilton Book Company, 1971, pages 112–114, 213, 239 1589: 1584: 1384: 1383:

Another alternative to a physical fax machine is to make use of computer

1065: 1057: 502: 490:, faxes are still used extensively as of September 2020 for cultural and 475: 447: 302: 271: 249: 112: 4340: 4325: 3161: 2145: 1616: 1564: 1544: 1323: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 622:

per inch. Group 1 fax machines are obsolete and no longer manufactured.

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U.S. patent no. 386,815 (filed: June 13, 1888; issued: July 31, 1888).

274:, the forerunner of today's "fax" machines. A photograph of President 4370: 4330: 3652: 3444: 3397: 3296: 3271: 2122:

U.S. patent no. 386,814 (filed: May 31, 1888; issued: July 31, 1888).

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Vertical: 400 or 391 (note not 392) scan lines per inch ("Superfine")

101: 2981: 462: 643: 4355: 4292: 3600: 3372: 3256: 2741:"Why are fax machines still the norm in 21st-century health care?" 2542:"Japan's reliance on fax machines lambasted by coronavirus doctor" 2230:"The Newspaper of the Air: Early Experiments with Radio Facsimile" 1611: 1464: 1452: 1215: 1189: 1141: 1120: 783: 657: 648: 642: 634: 586: 582: 570: 559: 526: 521: 487: 461: 390: 346: 253: 212: 116: 108:

to transmit areas that are all-white or all-black, more quickly.

52: 40: 1886:"The Hebrew University of Jerusalem – Giovanni Caselli biography" 421:(a speaker, in this case) attached to the microphone of a common 4297: 3316: 3251: 1600: 1446: 1364: 1071: 1053: 994: 990: 924: 740: 736: 724: 716: 594: 290:

in period costume, using red, green and blue color separations.

3401: 3170: 2394:"In High-Tech Japan, the Fax Machines Roll On (Published 2013)" 2617:"Faxing is old tech. So why is it also growing in popularity?" 2421:"Low-tech Japan challenged in working from home amid pandemic" 2038:] (in German) (2nd ed.). Leipzig, Germany: S. Hirzel. 1368: 1292: 1239: 610:

Group 1 and 2 faxes are sent in the same manner as a frame of

593:, most fax machines have been designed to connect to standard 217:

Input (left) and output (right) of a telautograph transmission

2017:] (in German). Graz, Austria: Ulrich Mosers Buchhandlung. 1355:

service, allowing users to send and receive faxes from their

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A Facsimile transceiver for Pickup and Delivery of Telegrams

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Fax: The Principles and Practice of Facsimile Communication

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Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy

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Fax machines from the 1970s to the 1990s often used direct

210:, a pioneer in mechanical image scanning and transmission. 2307:. Vol. 17, no. 9. McGraw-Hill. pp. 82, 84. 2270: 2268: 1123:(formerly CCITT) fax group 3 or 4. Group 3 faxes have the 505:

size. Use of fax machines for reporting cases during the

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Children read a wirelessly transmitted newspaper in 1938.

2167:"Photos Sent Over Telephone Wire by Cleveland to N.Y.", 1256: 2368:"Why is hi-tech Japan using cassette tapes and faxes?" 708:

Vertical: 400 or 391 scan lines per inch ("Ultrafine")

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invented the wireless photoradiogram, or transoceanic

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was published in 1896. Around 1900, German physicist

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Vertical: 100 or 98 scan lines per inch ("Standard")

4379: 4316: 4238: 4202: 4159: 4100: 4034: 3743: 3435: 3325: 3204: 2345:"Enforceability of Fax and Scanned Signature Pages" 2242: 2240: 2238: 357: 2944:"International digital facsimile coding standards" 2327:"Manual of fax machine Brother 8070, see 3rd page" 689:Vertical: 200 or 196 scan lines per inch ("Fine") 27:Method of transmitting images, often of documents 1770:"Alexander Bain: The real father of television?" 1749:"Improvement in copying surfaces by electricity" 1449:The ITU standard for sending Fax over IP (FoIP). 1016:independently of its predecessor and successor. 478:-based alternatives. In some countries, because 450:. Such boards could provide voice telephony via 446:, produced the first computer fax board, called 2146:"The History of Fax – from 1843 to Present Day" 312:transmitted the first photograph via satellite 45:This fax machine from 1999 used relatively new 3132:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015) 308 pp. 2888:"Fax Developer's Guide: Classes 2 and 2.0/2.1" 2489:"In High-Tech Japan, the Fax Machines Roll On" 2232:. theradiohistorian.org. Retrieved 2017-05-15. 2180: 2178: 2036:Electrical transmission of images and similar 1351:One popular alternative is to subscribe to an 1096:In "option mode", there is no such constraint. 639:The Dacom DFC-10—the first digital fax machine 3413: 3182: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2197:Western Union Technical Review, Vol. 3, No, 1 1204:is crossed in one direction by a scanning or 57:Like many fax machines, this 1990 model used 8: 664:for transmission of images from satellites. 4428:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 3130:Faxed: The Rise and Fall of the Fax Machine 739:compression. T.38 is designed to work with 705:Horizontal: 400 or 408 scan lines per inch 683:Horizontal: 200 or 204 scan lines per inch 678:Vertical: 100 scan lines per inch ("Basic") 30:"T.30" redirects here. For other uses, see 4464: 3420: 3406: 3398: 3189: 3175: 3167: 2031:Elektrisches Fernphotograhie und Ähnliches 2011:Die Bildtelegraphie im Dienste der Polizei 978:An additional method is specified in T.6: 672:to vary among a set of fixed resolutions: 3198:Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes 2687:"NHS told to ditch 'absurd' fax machines" 2015:Tele-photography in service to the police 1990:Telegraphic Journal and Electrical Review 1974: 1931: 1339:Learn how and when to remove this message 1086:known until the last row is transmitted. 1052:In 1999, ITU-T recommendation T.30 added 2641:. National Health Executive. 5 July 2017 2366:Fitzpatrick, Michael (3 November 2015). 1758:U.S. patent no. 5,957 (5 December 1848). 1727:"Mr. Bain's electric printing telegraph" 793: 2053:[Electrical tele-photography]. 1949:Bidwell, Shelford (February 10, 1881). 1906:Bidwell, Shelford (November 18, 1880). 1850:U.S. patent no. 20,698 (June 29, 1858). 1640: 993:(T.82, T.85) for bi-level content, and 2615:Coopersmith, Jonathan (16 June 2021). 2096:"Edouard Belin - Belinograph Inventor" 1677:. Harvard Business Press. p. 13. 1671:Shapiro, Carl; Varian, Hal R. (1999). 1622:Transmitting Subscriber Identification 354: 206:, invented in 1929 by German inventor 159:was invented by the Italian physicist 3137:Transmitting Photographs by Telegraph 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2446:Osaki, Tomohiro (27 September 2020). 466:Laser fax having a compact, built-in 7: 4474: 2766:Haigney, Sophie (18 November 2018). 2487:Fackler, Martin (13 February 2013). 2392:Fackler, Martin (13 February 2013). 1863:. Itisgalileiroma.it. Archived from 1321:adding citations to reliable sources 697:Horizontal: 300 scan lines per inch 675:Horizontal: 100 scan lines per inch 550:Department of Health and Social Care 2942:Hunter, R.; Robinson, A.H. (1980). 2566:Takahashi, Ryusei (4 August 2020). 351:A two-page fax message sent in 2006 2627:from the original on May 26, 2023. 2517:"Japan and the fax: A love affair" 972:Relative Element Address Designate 651:. The read-out circuit is at left. 589:) recommendations. Since the 1968 556:Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust 25: 3145:article, 12 May 1877, p. 297 2831:. Focal Press. pp. 191–192. 2712:Hill, Rebecca (4 February 2019). 2049:Korn, Arthur (14 December 1905). 1841:"Improved pantographic telegraph" 1592:—image transmission over HF radio 731:to send digitised images over an 700:Vertical: 300 scan lines per inch 4473: 4463: 4454: 4453: 4442: 4063:Free-space optical communication 3029: This article incorporates 3024: 1803:Bakewell, F.C. (November 1851). 1768:Ruddock, Ivan S. (Summer 2012). 1533:Called subscriber identification 1506: 1492: 1297: 1243: 743:services and often supported by 375: 363: 200:first, then since the 1930s the 3156:Group 3 Facsimile Communication 3075:"Online Fax vs Traditional Fax" 3042:General Services Administration 1308:needs additional citations for 1144:/line and 1145 lines/page (for 369:LDX system, Scanner and Printer 2825:Peterson, Kerstin Day (2000). 2540:Osborne, Samuel (6 May 2020). 2343:Adams, Ken (7 November 2007). 2171:(Montreal), May 20, 1924, p.10 2051:"Elektrische Fernphotographie" 1698:Haigney, Sophie (2018-11-19). 1: 2768:"The Fax Is Not Yet Obsolete" 2472:(in Japanese). Archived from 2427:. The Mainichi. 26 April 2020 2215:Sipley, Louis Walton (1951). 2055:Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift 1700:"The Fax Is Not Yet Obsolete" 1648:Rouse, Margaret (June 2006). 1148:). The resulting raw data is 597:lines and telephone numbers. 397:for satellite communication. 4550:Telecommunications equipment 4449:Telecommunication portal 4230:Telecommunications equipment 3543: 2287:An Exxon Sale To Harris Unit 1789:Bakewell, Frederick Collier 1161:firmware, and expected use. 434:Computer facsimile interface 381:Magnafax Telecopier by Xerox 264:Radio Corporation of America 115:-based technologies such as 3966:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 2206:(January 1949); page 17-26. 1809:American Journal of Science 49:technology on normal paper. 4566: 3670:Telecommunications history 2893:. Multi-Tech Systems. 2017 2596:. The Mainichi. 2 May 2020 1805:"On the copying telegraph" 1286: 1032: 1008: 247: 221:The 1888 invention of the 180:Henry Sutton's "telephane" 170:In 1880, English inventor 135: 29: 4437: 4278:Public Switched Telephone 4090:telecommunication circuit 4051:Fiber-optic communication 3796:Francis Blake (telephone) 3591:Optical telecommunication 3386: 2515:Oi, Mariko (2012-07-31). 2078:Physikalische Zeitschrift 1984:(Staff) (March 1, 1881). 1725:(Staff) (20 April 1844). 1175:thermal transfer printers 1101:Matsushita Whiteline Skip 745:analog telephone adapters 729:ITU-T recommendation T.38 482:on contracts are not yet 374: 362: 4189:Orbital angular-momentum 3626:Satellite communications 3465:Communications satellite 2228:Schneider, John (2011). 1500:Telecommunication portal 1056:(ITU-T T.82) as another 61:on relatively expensive 4068:Molecular communication 3891:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 3720:Undersea telegraph line 3455:Cable protection system 3162:ITU T.30 Recommendation 3128:Coopersmith, Jonathan, 2960:10.1109/PROC.1980.11751 2948:Proceedings of the IEEE 2262:, November 1991, page 2 2217:A Half Century of Color 1110:Typical characteristics 1011:Modified Huffman coding 542:National Health Service 176:scanning phototelegraph 4210:Communication protocol 3996:Charles Sumner Tainter 3811:Walter Houser Brattain 3756:Edwin Howard Armstrong 3564:Information revolution 3037:Federal Standard 1037C 3031:public domain material 2807:. ITU-T. November 1988 1777:Scottish Local History 1378:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act 1228: 1029:Modified Modified READ 983:Modified Modified READ 778:Data transmission rate 652: 640: 532: 471: 352: 343:Telephone transmission 262:As a designer for the 259: 218: 66: 50: 18:Facsimile transmission 4530:ITU-T recommendations 4184:Polarization-division 3916:Narinder Singh Kapany 3881:Erna Schneider Hoover 3801:Jagadish Chandra Bose 3781:Alexander Graham Bell 3512:online video platform 3050: (in support of 2028:Korn, Arthur (1907). 2009:Korn, Arthur (1927). 1791:"Electric telegraphs" 1539:Error correction mode 1219: 646: 638: 626:Group 3 fax machines. 530: 480:electronic signatures 465: 350: 257: 244:Wireless transmission 216: 56: 44: 4510:Computer peripherals 4026:Vladimir K. Zworykin 3986:Almon Brown Strowger 3956:Charles Grafton Page 3611:Prepaid mobile phone 3539:Electrical telegraph 2293:, February 22, 1985. 1706:. Emerson Collective 1596:Slow-scan television 1317:improve this article 1076:adaptive compression 452:Analog Expansion Bus 333:slow-scan television 76:), sometimes called 36:Fax (disambiguation) 32:T30 (disambiguation) 4545:Scottish inventions 4535:Japanese inventions 4505:American inventions 3976:Johann Philipp Reis 3735:Wireless revolution 3697:The Telephone Cases 3554:Hydraulic telegraph 3142:Scientific American 3077:. eFax. 16 May 2013 2984:. ITU-T. 2014-05-15 2924:. ITU-T. 2011-03-14 2594:Mainichi Daily News 2470:"FAXサービス｜サービス｜ローソン" 2425:Mainichi Daily News 2258:– Edward C. Chung, 2120:"Art of telegraphy" 1967:1881Natur..23..344B 1924:1880Natur..23...58B 1731:Mechanics' Magazine 1474:image/t38 MIME-type 1035:Group 4 compression 803:Data rates (bit/s) 591:Carterfone decision 458:In the 21st century 305:delivery vehicles. 142:Scottish inventors 4525:Italian inventions 4515:English inventions 4174:Frequency-division 4151:Telephone exchange 4021:Charles Wheatstone 3951:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 3926:Innocenzo Manzetti 3861:Reginald Fessenden 3596:Optical telegraphy 3429:Telecommunications 2494:The New York Times 2399:The New York Times 2291:The New York Times 2254:2016-03-03 at the 2202:2016-03-10 at the 2191:2016-02-08 at the 1986:"Tele-photography" 1951:"Tele-photography" 1846:2021-05-14 at the 1839:Caselli, Giovanni 1754:2021-05-14 at the 1652:. SearchNetworking 1359:using an existing 1357:personal computers 1255:. You can help by 1229: 806:Modulation method 653: 641: 533: 499:convenience stores 472: 353: 310:United States Army 308:In the 1960s, the 260: 219: 153:Frederick Bakewell 67: 51: 4520:German inventions 4487: 4486: 4225:Store and forward 4220:Data transmission 4134:Network switching 4085:Transmission line 3931:Guglielmo Marconi 3896:Internet pioneers 3761:Mohamed M. Atalla 3730:Whistled language 3395: 3394: 3358:irc / irc6 / ircs 3101:www.itwissen.info 2693:. 9 December 2018 2570:. The Japan Times 2450:. The Japan Times 2072:Korn, A. (1904). 1684:978-0-87584-863-1 1514:Telephones portal 1403:Related standards 1393:unified messaging 1349: 1348: 1341: 1273: 1272: 1152:using a modified 944: 943: 837:9600, 7200, 4800 612:analog television 507:COVID-19 pandemic 484:recognized by law 423:telephone handset 386: 385: 335:is still used by 326:Courier satellite 288:Rudolph Valentino 268:Richard H. Ranger 132:Wire transmission 16:(Redirected from 4557: 4540:Office equipment 4477: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4457: 4456: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4318:Notable networks 4308:Wireless network 4248:Cellular network 4240:Types of network 4215:Computer network 4102:Network topology 4016:Thomas A. Watson 3871:Oliver Heaviside 3856:Philo Farnsworth 3831:Daniel Davis Jr. 3806:Charles Bourseul 3766:John Logie Baird 3475:Data compression 3470:Computer network 3422: 3415: 3408: 3399: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3168: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3103:. Archived from 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3049: 3044:. Archived from 3028: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3011: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2989: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2929: 2918: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2892: 2884: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2801: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2776:. Archived from 2763: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2527: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2300: 2294: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2263: 2244: 2233: 2226: 2220: 2213: 2207: 2182: 2173: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2142: 2136: 2129: 2123: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2106: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2061:(50): 1131–1134. 2046: 2040: 2039: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1980: 1978: 1976:10.1038/023344a0 1961:(589): 344–346. 1945: 1935: 1933:10.1038/023058a0 1908:"The photophone" 1900: 1894: 1893: 1888:. Archived from 1882: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1872: 1857: 1851: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1800: 1794: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1774: 1765: 1759: 1747:Bain, Alexander 1745: 1739: 1738: 1737:(1080): 268–270. 1722: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1645: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1344: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1324: 1301: 1293: 1268: 1265: 1247: 1240: 1171:thermal printers 1165:Printing process 1136: 1129: 1080:arithmetic coder 1005:Modified Huffman 962:Modified Huffman 937: 936: 914: 913: 891: 890: 867: 866: 860: 859: 794: 773:"super G3". 496: 419:acoustic coupler 379: 378: 367: 366: 355: 266:(RCA), in 1924, 174:constructed the 172:Shelford Bidwell 161:Giovanni Caselli 106:data compression 59:thermal printing 21: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4443: 4441: 4433: 4375: 4312: 4234: 4198: 4155: 4104: 4096: 4037: 4030: 3936:Robert Metcalfe 3791:Tim Berners-Lee 3739: 3559:Information Age 3431: 3426: 3396: 3391: 3382: 3321: 3200: 3195: 3152: 3125: 3123:Further reading 3120: 3119: 3110: 3108: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3034: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3009: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2987: 2985: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2927: 2925: 2920: 2919: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2861:. June 19, 1992 2857: 2856: 2852: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2810: 2808: 2803: 2802: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2665:Huffington Post 2659: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2621:Washington Post 2614: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2550: 2548: 2546:The Independent 2539: 2538: 2534: 2525: 2523: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2376: 2374: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2347:. AdamsDrafting 2342: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2266: 2260:Ohio University 2256:Wayback Machine 2245: 2236: 2227: 2223: 2214: 2210: 2204:Wayback Machine 2193:Wayback Machine 2184:G. H. Ridings, 2183: 2176: 2165: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2148:. Fax Authority 2144: 2143: 2139: 2133:"Telautography" 2130: 2126: 2117: 2113: 2104: 2102: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2008: 2007: 2003: 1983: 1948: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892:on May 6, 2008. 1884: 1883: 1879: 1870: 1868: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1848:Wayback Machine 1838: 1834: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1788: 1784: 1772: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1756:Wayback Machine 1746: 1742: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1709: 1707: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1685: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1550:Fax demodulator 1512: 1507: 1505: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1405: 1345: 1334: 1328: 1325: 1314: 1302: 1291: 1285: 1269: 1263: 1260: 1253:needs expansion 1238: 1214: 1198: 1179:inkjet printers 1167: 1134: 1127: 1112: 1103: 1050: 1037: 1031: 1022: 1013: 1007: 954: 934: 932: 911: 909: 888: 886: 864: 862: 857: 855: 780: 754: 633: 608: 603: 579: 491: 460: 436: 376: 364: 358:External images 345: 280:Herbert E. Ives 276:Calvin Coolidge 272:radio facsimile 252: 246: 140: 134: 129: 47:inkjet printing 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4563: 4561: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4492: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4471: 4461: 4451: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4389: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4322: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4244: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4169:Space-division 4165: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4119: 4114: 4108: 4106: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4048: 4042: 4040: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4006:Camille Tissot 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3981:Claude Shannon 3978: 3973: 3971:Tivadar Puskás 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3941:Antonio Meucci 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3911:Charles K. 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