463:, as in Java or Python, factories are semantically equivalent to constructors. However, in languages such as C++ that allow some objects to be statically allocated, factories are different from constructors for statically allocated classes, as the latter can have memory allocation determined at compile time, while allocation of the return values of factories must be determined at run time. If a constructor can be passed as an argument to a function, then invocation of the constructor and allocation of the return value must be done dynamically at run time, and thus have similar or identical semantics to invoking a factory.
451:). In some languages constructors and factories have identical syntax, while in others constructors have special syntax. In languages where constructors and factories have identical syntax, like Python, Perl, Ruby, Object Pascal, and F#, constructors can be transparently replaced by factories. In languages where they differ, one must distinguish them in interfaces, and switching between constructors and factories requires changing the calls.
551:
to be created, and it is here that the object is actually created. As the factory only returns an abstract interface to the object, the client code does not know – and is not burdened by – the actual concrete type of the object which was just created. However, the type of a concrete object is known
242:
More technically, in languages where factories generalize constructors, factories can usually be used anywhere constructors can be, meaning that interfaces that accept a constructor can also in general accept a factory – usually one only need something that creates an object, rather than needing to
113:
a factory is an abstraction of a prototype object. A constructor is concrete in that it creates objects as instances of a single class, and by a specified process (class instantiation), while a factory can create objects by instantiating various classes, or by using other allocation schemes such as
295:
Factory objects are used in situations where getting hold of an object of a particular kind is a more complex process than simply creating a new object, notably if complex allocation or initialization is desired. Some of the processes required in the creation of an object include determining which
42:
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The third limitation is that, if the class were to be extended (e.g., by making the constructor protected—this is risky but feasible), the subclass must provide its own re-implementation of all factory methods with exactly the same signatures. For example, if class
579:
Adding new concrete types is done by modifying the client code to use a different factory, a modification which is typically one line in one file. This is significantly easier than modifying the client code to instantiate a new type, which would require changing
1644:
Interface-wise, any object that returns an object can be used as a factory, but semantically a factory returns either a newly created object, like a class instance or copy of a prototype, or an object that looks new, like a re-initialized object from an object
1786:
139:, while a factory has no special status and is invoked via an ordinary method call or function call. In these languages, a factory is an abstraction of a constructor, but not strictly a generalization, as constructors are not themselves factories.
1658:), there is an existing object, and constructors are special cases of factory methods, with polymorphic creation being a special case of polymorphic method dispatch. In other languages there is a sharp distinction between constructors and methods.
1048:
Each time the program reads an image, it needs to create a reader of the appropriate type based on some information in the file. This logic can be encapsulated in a factory method. This approach has also been referred to as the Simple
Factory.
169:, reserving the term "factory pattern" or "factory patterns" to more complicated patterns that use factories, most often the factory method pattern; in this context, the concept of a factory itself may be referred to as a
701:
A factory method has a distinct name. In many object-oriented languages, constructors must have the same name as the class they are in, which can lead to ambiguity if there is more than one way to create an object (see
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The second limitation is that, since the pattern relies on using a private constructor, the class cannot be extended. Any subclass must invoke the inherited constructor, but this cannot be done if that constructor is
173:
In other contexts, particularly the Python language, "factory" itself is used, as in this article. More broadly, "factory" may be applied not just to an object that returns objects from some method call, but to a
1783:
571:
relating to the concrete type. The client code deals only with the abstract type. Objects of a concrete type are indeed created by the factory, but the client code accesses such objects only through their
135:. In some languages, constructors are themselves factories. However, in most languages they are not, and constructors are invoked in a way that is idiomatic to the language, such as by using the keyword
714:
are created from two real numbers the real numbers can be interpreted as
Cartesian or polar coordinates, but using factory methods, the meaning is clear, as illustrated by the following example in C#.
1509:
The first limitation is that refactoring an existing class to use factories breaks existing clients. For example, if class
Complex were a standard class, it might have numerous clients with code like:
254:
whose default values are produced by invoking a factory. The factory is passed as an argument to the constructor, and can itself be a constructor, or any thing that behaves like a constructor – a
1038:
Factory methods encapsulate the creation of objects. This can be useful if the creation process is very complex; for example, if it depends on settings in configuration files or on user input.
296:
object to create, managing the lifetime of the object, and managing specialized build-up and tear-down concerns of the object. The factory object might decide to create the object's
231:
Using factories instead of constructors or prototypes allows one to use polymorphism for object creation, not only object use. Specifically, using factories provides
232:
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The simplest example of a factory is a simple factory function, which just invokes a constructor and returns the result. In Python, a factory function
106:
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When factory methods are used for disambiguation like this, the raw constructors are often made private to force clients to use the factory methods.
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from some method call, which is assumed to be "new". More broadly, a subroutine that returns a "new" object may be referred to as a "factory", as in
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All three problems could be alleviated by altering the underlying programming language to make factories first-class class members (see also
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Because in many languages factories are invoked by calling a method, the general concept of a factory is often confused with the specific
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where library code needs to create objects of types which may be subclassed by applications using the framework. They are also used in
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determined by the type of the object on which the method is called. However, this does not work for constructors, as constructors
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The creation of an object requires access to information or resources that should not be contained within the composing class.
235:, and means the code is not tied to specific classes or objects, and thus the class hierarchy or prototypes can be changed or
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The lifetime management of the generated objects must be centralized to ensure a consistent behavior within the application.
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Parallel class hierarchies often require objects from one hierarchy to be able to create appropriate objects from another.
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A factory may be implemented in various ways. Most often it is implemented as a method, in which case it is called a
486:
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an existing object. More concretely, when a constructor is called, there is no object yet on which to dispatch.
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Besides use in design patterns, factories, especially factory methods, have various benefits and variations.
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706:). Factory methods have no such constraint and can have descriptive names; these are sometimes known as
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is a formal factory – it returns an object, but does not create new objects beyond the single instance.
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637:(perhaps it communicates with a production database that isn't always available), then the creation of
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without needing to change code that uses them – they abstract from the class hierarchy or prototypes.
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122:, while a factory can create objects by cloning various prototypes, or by other allocation schemes.
41:
489:. Specific recipes have been developed to implement them in many languages. For example, several "
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Once we realize that two different factories are needed, we change the class (to the code shown
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There are three limitations associated with the use of the factory method. The first relates to
1045:. The program supports different image formats, represented by a reader class for each format.
304:, do complex configuration on the object, or other things. Similarly, using this definition, a
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This will create an object when first called, and always return the same object thereafter.
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Terminology differs as to whether the concept of a factory is itself a design pattern – in
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1555:). But since the constructor is now private, the existing client code no longer compiles.
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The creation of an object makes reuse impossible without significant duplication of code.
1904:
Agerbo, Ellen; Cornils, Aino (1998). "How to preserve the benefits of design patterns".
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for every kind of object it is capable of creating. These methods optionally accept
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30:"Factory pattern" redirects here. For the GoF design patterns using factories, see
447:), sometimes by being called as a function if the factory is a callable object (a
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Constructors can be used anywhere factories can, since they are a special case.
118:. A prototype object is concrete in that it is used to create objects by being
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1906:
Conference on Object
Oriented Programming Systems Languages and Applications
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517:
1884:, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference,
1856:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference.
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In languages where constructors are themselves methods on a class object (
131:. Sometimes it is implemented as a function, in which case it is called a
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1616:(the superclass) rather than the expected instance of the subclass. The
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defining how the object is created, and then return the created object.
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Factories may be invoked in various ways, most often a method call (a
40:
1680:, the built-in Python implementation of mappings or dictionaries.
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A simple factory function implementing the singleton pattern is:
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that returns an object, i.e., a factory. For example, using the
161:) that use factories. Some sources refer to the concept as the
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The client code has no knowledge whatsoever of the concrete
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85:. The factory pattern is the basis for a number of related
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provides its own version of all factory methods, the call
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existing code; the other two relate to extending a class.
509:" instead is a method to build collections of factories.
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there is no "factory pattern", but instead two patterns (
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class has a constructor which creates an object of type
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Chapter 4. The
Factory Pattern: Baking with OO Goodness
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to allow classes to be put under test. If such a class
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Factories, specifically factory methods, are common in
1908:. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: ACM: 134–143.
552:
by the abstract factory. In particular, this means:
661:) is then created, with the virtual factory method
584:
location in the code where a new object is created.
1803:30.8 Classes Are Objects: Generic Object Factories
681:without incurring the side effect of using a real
1809:by Mark Lutz, 4th edition, O'Reilly Media, Inc.,
1620:features of some languages can avoid this issue.
512:In some design patterns, a factory object has a
1929:Eric, Freeman; Robson, Elisabeth; Bates, Bert;
300:(if applicable) dynamically, return it from an
73:that returns objects of a varying prototype or
165:, while others consider the concept itself a
8:
1041:Consider as an example a program that reads
505:" are implementations of this concept. The "
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540:to allow classes to be put under test.
184:(even if functions are not objects) or
7:
1882:Working Effectively with Legacy Code
1854:Working Effectively with Legacy Code
224:an object of some type, rather than
243:specify a class and instantiation.
1852:Feathers, Michael (October 2004).
1718:. Addison-Wesley. pp. 18–19.
633:that can't be put under automated
25:
27:Object that creates other objects
665:overridden to create and return
1215:"Unknown image type."
543:Factories determine the actual
459:In languages where objects are
528:Factory objects are common in
477:Factories are used in various
180:that returns objects, as in a
1:
677:to test the functionality of
560:, not needing to include any
487:Design pattern object library
1676:This class is a subclass of
621:Factory methods are used in
593:Factories can be used when:
267:# collections.defaultdict(])
246:For example, in Python, the
1969:Object-oriented programming
111:prototype-based programming
51:object-oriented programming
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1936:Head First Design Patterns
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641:objects is placed in the
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262:constructor for lists:
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710:. As an example, when
673:. Unit tests then use
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63:creating other objects
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1714:Gamma, Erich (1994).
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65:; formally, it is a
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308:implemented by the
1789:2014-02-19 at the
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481:, specifically in
473:Creational pattern
101:, a factory is an
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1950:978-0-596-55656-3
1891:978-0-13-117705-5
1878:Feathers, Michael
1863:978-0-13-117705-5
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