303:
356:
339:
1505:
320:
1515:
31:
293:
The ability of facultative anaerobic pathogens to survive without oxygen is important since their infection is shown to reduce oxygen levels in their host's gut tissue. Moreover, the ability of facultative anaerobes to limit oxygen levels at infection sites is beneficial to them and other bacteria,
228:
to changes in oxygen availability. Activities of these two regulators are indicative of spatial effects that may affect gene expression in the microaerobic range. It has also been observed that these oxygen-sensitive proteins are protected within the cytoplasm by oxygen consumers within the cell
285:
Since facultative anaerobes are able to grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen, they can survive in many different environments, adapt easily to changing conditions, and thus have a selective advantage over other bacteria. As a result, most life-threatening
241:
Facultative anaerobes are able to grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen due to the expression of both aerobic and anaerobic respiratory chains using either oxygen or an alternative electron acceptor. For example, in the absence of oxygen,
862:
Jennewein, Jonas; Matuszak, Jasmin; Walter, Steffi; Felmy, Boas; Gendera, Kathrin; Schatz, Valentin; Nowottny, Monika; Liebsch, Gregor; Hensel, Michael; Hardt, Wolf-Dietrich; Gerlach, Roman G.; Jantsch, Jonathan (December 2015).
725:
Rolfe, M. D., Ocone, A., Stapleton, M. R., Hall, S., Trotter, E. W., Poole, R. K., ... & Green, J. (2012). Systems analysis of transcription factor activities in environments with stable and dynamic oxygen concentrations.
865:"Low-oxygen tensions found in S almonella -infected gut tissue boost S almonella replication in macrophages by impairing antimicrobial activity and augmenting S almonella virulence: Hypoxia and Salmonella replication"
193:). This indicates that topoisomerase I and its associated relaxation of chromosomal DNA is required for transcription of genes required for aerobic growth, while the opposite is true for DNA gyrase. Additionally, in
180:
that underwent mutations to be either obligate aerobes or anaerobes, there were varying levels of chromatin-remodeling proteins. The obligate aerobes were later found to have a defective DNA gyrase subunit A gene
201:(PFK) exists as a dimer under aerobic conditions and as a tetramer under anaerobic conditions. Given PFK’s role in glycolysis, this has implications for the effect of oxygen on the glucose metabolism of
70:
need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. They gather in the upper part of the test tube but not the very top.
64:
can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolise energy aerobically or anaerobically. They gather mostly at the top because aerobic respiration generates more ATP than fermentation.
76:
do not require oxygen as they use fermentation to make ATP. Unlike obligate anaerobes, they are not poisoned by oxygen. They can be found evenly spread throughout the test tube.
266:
as an electron acceptor. This flexibility allows facultative anaerobes to survive in a number of environments, and in environments with frequently changing conditions.
912:
907:
667:
Yamamoto, N., & Droffner, M. L. (1985). Mechanisms determining aerobic or anaerobic growth in the facultative anaerobe
Salmonella typhimurium.
920:
294:
as dioxygen can form reactive oxygen species (ROS). These species are toxic to bacteria and can damage their DNA, among other constituents.
1211:
951:
438:"The selective advantage of facultative anaerobes relies on their unique ability to cope with changing oxygen levels during infection"
807:"Intermediary Metabolism in Protists: a Sequence-based View of Facultative Anaerobic Metabolism in Evolutionarily Diverse Eukaryotes"
589:
564:
539:
514:
1201:
1128:
1539:
1325:
1444:
1544:
101:
1166:
805:
Ginger, Michael L.; Fritz-Laylin, Lillian K.; Fulton, Chandler; Cande, W. Zacheus; Dawson, Scott C. (2010-12-01).
687:
Doelle, H. W. (1974). Dimeric and tetrameric phosphofructokinase and the
Pasteur effect in Escherichia coli K-12.
1320:
1243:
1206:
1002:
346:
338:
156:
752:"Oxygen regulated gene expression in Escherichia coli: Control of anaerobic respiration by the FNR protein"
58:
are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest.
1396:
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1294:
944:
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355:
176:
89:
1436:
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136:
73:
49:
230:
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972:
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625:
263:
213:
1401:
1286:
1281:
1174:
1144:
997:
982:
384:
287:
198:
93:
39:
1431:
1330:
1139:
1051:
1044:
918:
Anaerobic
Bacteria and Anaerobic Bacteria in the decomposition (stabilization) of organic matter.
787:
475:
259:
217:
1508:
1371:
1337:
1304:
1161:
1156:
1114:
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886:
844:
826:
779:
771:
643:
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535:
510:
467:
459:
404:
55:
273:
use a facultative anaerobic metabolism to enhance their ATP production, and some can produce
1223:
1099:
1034:
876:
834:
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763:
633:
502:
449:
310:
118:
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45:
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206:
109:
67:
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479:
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17:
791:
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1353:
1094:
1012:
960:
394:
822:
1376:
221:
52:. They gather at the top of the tube where the oxygen concentration is highest.
1483:
1468:
1386:
1119:
751:
696:
327:
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183:
168:
124:
830:
775:
647:
494:
463:
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1309:
1267:
1179:
1073:
506:
147:
890:
848:
471:
783:
987:
964:
929:
676:
274:
247:
130:
85:
35:
1417:
1381:
1017:
767:
638:
302:
270:
255:
251:
113:
881:
864:
735:
454:
436:
André, Antonin C.; Debande, Lorine; Marteyn, Benoit S. (August 2021).
30:
1463:
1218:
97:
1391:
708:
Pasteur L (1857). "Mémoire sur la fermentation applée lactique" .
151:
29:
189:
933:
187:), while obligate anaerobes were defective in topoisomerase I (
534:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 261–271, 273–296.
107:
Some examples of facultatively anaerobic bacteria are
1430:
1410:
1362:
1251:
1242:
1194:
1087:
1025:
1011:
971:
38:can be identified by growing them in test tubes of
607:"On the Anaerobic Metabolism of Three Species of
584:(2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 85–105.
216:(TFs) that includes the major oxygen-responsive
669:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
557:Bacteria in Biology, Biotechnology and Medicine
27:Beings that can respire with and without oxygen
945:
372:Examples of pathogenic facultative anaerobes.
8:
580:Carlile MJ, Watkinson SC, Gooday GW (2001).
750:Unden, Gottfried; Trageser, Martin (1991).
100:is present, but is capable of switching to
48:need oxygen because they cannot ferment or
1248:
1022:
952:
938:
930:
150:are also facultative anaerobes, including
880:
838:
710:Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences
695:(2), 220-222. PII: 0014-5793(74)80516-8 (
637:
559:(5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 444–454.
453:
205:K-12 in relation to the mechanism of the
174:It has been observed that in mutants of
421:
677:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.82.7.2077
745:
743:
7:
1514:
431:
429:
427:
425:
736:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.120091
605:Schöttler, U. (November 30, 1979).
212:There may exist a core network of
25:
1513:
1504:
1503:
354:
337:
318:
301:
1202:Bacterial cellular morphologies
908:Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria
618:Marine Ecology Progress Series
530:Ryan KJ; Ray CG, eds. (2004).
82:facultative anaerobic organism
1:
493:Müller, Volker (2001-04-19).
823:10.1016/j.protis.2010.09.001
532:Sherris Medical Microbiology
197:K-12 it has been noted that
913:Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria
290:are facultative anaerobes.
1561:
1445:Bacteria (classifications)
1167:Primary nutritional groups
224:control the adaptation of
1499:
1321:Bacterial outer membrane
495:"Bacterial Fermentation"
347:Streptococcus pneumoniae
157:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
756:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
507:10.1038/npg.els.0001415
1316:Gram-negative bacteria
1295:Gram-positive bacteria
364:Haemophilus influenzae
277:through this process.
177:Salmonella typhimurium
77:
74:Aerotolerant anaerobes
34:Aerobic and anaerobic
1540:Anaerobic respiration
1171:Substrate preference
869:Cellular Microbiology
716:(913–916): 1032–1036.
442:Cellular Microbiology
390:Anaerobic respiration
214:transcription factors
137:Shewanella oneidensis
104:if oxygen is absent.
62:Facultative anaerobes
50:respire anaerobically
33:
18:Facultative anaerobic
1545:Cellular respiration
1152:Microbial metabolism
555:Singleton P (1999).
264:trimethylamine oxide
1402:Non-motile bacteria
998:Pathogenic bacteria
630:1979MEPS....1..249S
385:Aerobic respiration
269:Several species of
229:membrane, known as
199:phosphofructokinase
94:aerobic respiration
40:thioglycolate broth
1331:Lipopolysaccharide
923:2009-02-05 at the
768:10.1007/BF00445650
639:10.3354/meps001249
260:dimethyl sulfoxide
78:
56:Obligate anaerobes
1527:
1526:
1426:
1425:
1372:Bacterial capsule
1338:Periplasmic space
1305:Lipoteichoic acid
1190:
1189:
1162:Microbial ecology
1157:Nitrogen fixation
882:10.1111/cmi.12476
875:(12): 1833–1847.
455:10.1111/cmi.13338
405:Obligate anaerobe
231:terminal oxidases
160:and many aquatic
16:(Redirected from
1552:
1517:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1455:Former groupings
1249:
1100:Human microbiome
1023:
954:
947:
940:
931:
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894:
884:
859:
853:
852:
842:
802:
796:
795:
747:
738:
723:
717:
706:
700:
685:
679:
675:(7), 2077-2081.
665:
659:
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595:
577:
571:
570:
552:
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484:
483:
457:
433:
358:
341:
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311:Escherichia coli
305:
226:Escherichia coli
195:Escherichia coli
119:Escherichia coli
46:Obligate aerobes
21:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1495:
1450:Bacterial phyla
1434:
1422:
1406:
1364:
1358:
1349:Arabinogalactan
1254:
1238:
1186:
1083:
1027:
1015:
1007:
993:Lysogenic cycle
974:
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925:Wayback Machine
904:
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435:
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400:Obligate aerobe
381:
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342:
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283:
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143:Yersinia pestis
71:
68:Microaerophiles
65:
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53:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1240:
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1214:
1209:
1207:cell structure
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1180:Saccharophilic
1177:
1169:
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1159:
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1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:Microaerophile
1066:
1065:
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1059:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1031:
1029:
1020:
1009:
1008:
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902:External links
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817:(5): 642–671.
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410:Microaerophile
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207:Pasteur effect
110:Staphylococcus
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1459:Schizomycetes
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1301:
1300:Teichoic acid
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:Peptidoglycan
1269:
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1264:
1263:Cell membrane
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769:
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746:
744:
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737:
734:(7), 120091.
733:
729:
722:
719:
715:
712:(in French).
711:
705:
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591:0-12-738446-4
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568:
566:0-471-98880-4
562:
558:
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548:
543:
541:0-8385-8529-9
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533:
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518:
516:9780470016176
512:
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481:
477:
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451:
448:(8): e13338.
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162:invertebrates
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91:
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83:
75:
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63:
57:
51:
47:
41:
37:
32:
19:
1489:Mendosicutes
1474:Gracilicutes
1454:
1354:Mycolic acid
1344:Mycobacteria
1342:
1314:
1293:
1229:Coccobacilli
1129:in pregnancy
1095:Extremophile
1079:Aerotolerant
1056:
1013:Biochemistry
975:microbiology
961:Microbiology
872:
868:
857:
814:
810:
800:
762:(2): 65–76.
759:
755:
731:
728:Open biology
727:
721:
713:
709:
704:
692:
688:
683:
672:
668:
663:
653:February 14,
651:. Retrieved
621:
617:
608:
600:
581:
575:
556:
550:
531:
525:
498:
488:
445:
441:
395:Fermentation
362:
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326:
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284:
281:As pathogens
268:
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211:
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194:
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141:
135:
129:
123:
117:
108:
106:
102:fermentation
81:
79:
61:
1377:Slime layer
1057:Facultative
1045:Facultative
611:(Annelida)"
169:polychaetes
88:that makes
1534:Categories
1484:Mollicutes
1479:Firmicutes
1469:Prokaryota
1387:Glycocalyx
1212:plasticity
1175:Lipophilic
1028:preference
1003:Resistance
697:core.ac.uk
624:: 249–54.
416:References
328:Salmonella
275:dihydrogen
148:eukaryotes
146:. Certain
125:Salmonella
1437:evolution
1411:Composite
1310:Endospore
1268:Cell wall
1244:Structure
1135:Placental
1074:Nanaerobe
1052:Anaerobic
983:Infection
831:1434-4610
776:0003-6072
689:FEBS Lett
648:1616-1599
582:The Fungi
480:233027658
464:1462-5814
288:pathogens
237:Functions
1509:Category
1432:Taxonomy
1365:envelope
1255:envelope
1145:Salivary
1062:Obligate
1040:Obligate
988:Exotoxin
965:Bacteria
921:Archived
891:26104016
849:21036663
792:33083164
472:33813807
379:See also
271:protists
248:fumarate
246:can use
164:such as
154:such as
131:Listeria
86:organism
36:bacteria
1519:Commons
1418:Biofilm
1397:Fimbria
1382:S-layer
1363:Outside
1224:Bacilli
1140:Uterine
1125:Vaginal
1035:Aerobic
1018:ecology
973:Medical
840:3021972
811:Protist
784:1854188
626:Bibcode
256:nitrite
252:nitrate
244:E. coli
203:E. coli
1464:Monera
1234:Spiral
1026:Oxygen
889:
847:
837:
829:
790:
782:
774:
646:
609:Nereis
588:
563:
538:
513:
478:
470:
462:
166:nereid
134:spp.,
98:oxygen
84:is an
1392:Pilus
1346:only:
1326:Porin
1318:only:
1297:only:
1219:Cocci
1195:Shape
1115:Mouth
1088:Other
788:S2CID
614:(PDF)
476:S2CID
262:, or
152:fungi
1435:and
1253:Cell
1120:Skin
1110:Lung
1016:and
887:PMID
845:PMID
827:ISSN
780:PMID
772:ISSN
655:2010
644:ISSN
586:ISBN
561:ISBN
536:ISBN
511:ISBN
468:PMID
460:ISSN
220:and
218:ArcA
190:topI
184:gyrA
140:and
114:spp.
1287:DAP
1282:NAG
1277:NAM
1105:Gut
877:doi
835:PMC
819:doi
815:161
764:doi
634:doi
503:doi
499:eLS
450:doi
361:d)
344:c)
325:b)
308:a)
222:FNR
96:if
92:by
90:ATP
72:5:
66:4:
60:3:
54:2:
44:1:
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258:,
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80:A
42::
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1127:(
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