53:—rotating and rubbing the rough lens surface against a tool with the desired surface shape, with a mixture of abrasives and fluid in between. Typically a carved pitch tool is used to polish the surface of a lens. The mixture of abrasive is called slurry and it is typically made from cerium or zirconium oxide in water with lubricants added to facilitate pitch tool movement without sticking to the lens. The particle size in the slurry is adjusted to get the desired shape and finish.
64:, for some convenient wavelength of light (perhaps the wavelength at which the lens is to be used, or a visible wavelength for which a source is available). Inexpensive lenses may have deviations of form as large as several wavelengths (λ, 2λ, etc.). More typical industrial lenses would have deviations no larger than a quarter wavelength (λ/4). Precision lenses for use in applications such as
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To reduce the amount of surface roughness and subsurface damage, additional grinding at a smaller grit size can be done. Typically, two or three stages of grinding are used, with the second and third stages having a size that is decreasing. For example, a typical set of grit stages is 30 micrometer,
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Free-abrasive grinding is a technique to grind down the surface of a material before polishing. It involves the use of small particles of grit to grind away small chips of material from the surface of an optical workpiece. The grit particles are known as free abrasives. The particles are added to a
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Standards for specifying surface quality include the U.S. Military
Performance Specification MIL-PRF-13830B and ISO 10110. MIL-PRF-13830B was formerly MIL-O-13830a. Other standards include MIL-C-48497a and MIL-F-48616, which are formally inactive and apply only to coatings. All three of these
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During polishing, the lens may be tested to confirm that the desired shape is being produced, and to ensure that the final shape has the correct form to within the allowed precision. The deviation of an optical surface from the correct shape is typically expressed in fractions of a
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include base radius with tolerance, conic and polynomial coefficients, best-fit sphere reference, sag table reference, sag error tolerance, slope errors versus bandwidth, wavefront per specified test, tilt, and decenter.
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Surface quality is the condition of the surface of an optical component. It indicates the presence of imperfections, such as scratches and pits. It is typically rated according to scratch-dig (S-D) specifications.
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After grinding, there is a small amount of surface roughness, which is based on the size of the grit. There is also a small amount of fracturing below the surface of the material, known as subsurface damage (SSD).
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have surfaces with a tenth of a wavelength (λ/10) tolerance or better. In addition to surface profile, a lens must meet requirements for surface quality (scratches, pits, specks, etc.) and accuracy of dimensions.
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military standards lack specifications for statistical surface parameters, such as root-mean-square roughness, slope error, and ripple. An extension and improvement to MIL-PRF is the ANSI/OEOSC OP1.002 standard.
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In order to avoid the irrecoverable loss of going under minimum thickness, opticians strive to meet all other specifications for an optical component at the maximum allowable thickness within tolerance.
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Stitching interferometry can be used for testing aspheres. It involves performing subaperture tests that are stitched together into a single-high resolution image.
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Optical coating specifications include apertures, reflection, transmission, absorption, phase shift, adhesion, abrasion resistance, and damage threshold.
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Specifications for prisms include pyramidal error, beam path, beam displacement and deviation, base angle, roof edge chips, wavefront, and polarization.
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Optics are polished in a slurry of abrasive particles, a fluid carrier, and optional additives. Types of abrasive particles that can be used include
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liquid slurry, which goes between a grinding plate and the material. Sliding motions between the grinding plate and the material are used.
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then 15 micrometer, then 9 micrometer. An alternate set of typical grit stages is 20 micrometer, then 12 micrometer, then 5 micrometer.
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Shorey, Aric B.; Golini, Don; Kordonski, William (October 2007). "Surface finishing of complex optics".
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There are various materials that can be used for optical components, including various types of glass,
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components. It spans a wide range of manufacturing procedures and optical test configurations.
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Types of lapping include planetary lapping, double-sided lapping, and cylindrical lapping.
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a glass blank. This can be done, for example, with ring tools. Next, the lens surface is
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is the standard type of interferometer that is used in optical fabrication.
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Instructional videos of the processes, within a flash web interface.
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The specifications for optical components vary based on their type:
416:. SPIE field guides. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE Press. pp. 45–48.
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typically begins with the generation of the optic's rough shape by
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720:. SPIE field guides. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE Press. p. 12.
695:. SPIE field guides. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE Press. p. 87.
613:. SPIE field guides. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE Press. p. 11.
588:. SPIE field guides. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE Press. p. 10.
528:. SPIE field guides. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE Press. p. 38.
498:. SPIE field guides. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE Press. p. 27.
473:. SPIE field guides. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE Press. p. 26.
670:. SPIE field guides. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE Press. p. 7.
558:. SPIE field guides. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE Press. p. 8.
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Direct surface surveying (no intervening optics, for example
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249:Materials for infrared optical components include
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638:"Understanding Surface Quality Specifications"
112:measurements and calculation of melt pedigree
49:to its final form. Typically this is done by
18:Fabrication and testing of optical components
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37:The manufacture of a conventional spherical
30:is the process of manufacturing and testing
401:(10). Optical Society of America: 14–16.
126:curve generation processes and equipment
781:Production and manufacturing by product
760:Virtual Lens Plant, Canon Camera Museum
385:
7:
106:Physical characterization techniques
740:Optical Shop Testing - 2nd Edition
718:Field guide to optical fabrication
693:Field guide to optical fabrication
668:Field guide to optical fabrication
611:Field guide to optical fabrication
586:Field guide to optical fabrication
556:Field guide to optical fabrication
526:Field guide to optical fabrication
496:Field guide to optical fabrication
471:Field guide to optical fabrication
439:Field guide to optical fabrication
414:Field guide to optical fabrication
174:Unconventional techniques include
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28:Optical manufacturing and testing
222:, diamond, aluminum oxide, and
297:Surface imperfections (optics)
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786:Glass engineering and science
742:, John Wiley and Sons, 1992,
342:computer-generated holograms
180:magnetorheological finishing
176:single-point diamond turning
317:surface profile measurement
202:Types of abrasives include
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206:, industrial diamond, and
86:Glass blank manufacturing
395:Optics and Photonics News
716:Williamson, Ray (2011).
691:Williamson, Ray (2011).
666:Williamson, Ray (2011).
609:Williamson, Ray (2011).
584:Williamson, Ray (2011).
554:Williamson, Ray (2011).
524:Williamson, Ray (2011).
494:Williamson, Ray (2011).
469:Williamson, Ray (2011).
437:Williamson, Ray (2011).
412:Williamson, Ray (2011).
323:Foucault knife-edge test
167:Precision glass moulding
348:Interferometric testing
132:processes and equipment
103:schedules and equipment
242:, and crystal quartz.
186:Free-abrasive grinding
138:Loose grit fabrication
81:Fabrication techniques
648:on December 16, 2023.
355:Fizeau interferometer
381:Notes and references
370:Optical lens design
275:Specifications for
110:Index of refraction
336:Auxiliary optics (
310:Testing techniques
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140:techniques:
90:Batch mixing
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327:Ronchi test
257:(ZnS), and
178:(SPDT) and
163:techniques
120:techniques
770:Categories
97:techniques
74:holography
62:wavelength
230:Materials
214:Polishing
150:Polishing
101:Annealing
364:See also
261:(GaAs).
253:(ZnSe),
154:figuring
47:polished
43:grinding
344:, etc.)
315:Direct
240:silicon
182:(MRF).
95:Casting
51:lapping
32:optical
776:Optics
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418:ISBN
353:The
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