433:, a powerful member of parliament and a supporter of the Fadayan, "arranged for a special Act to be passed quashing the death sentence on Tahamsebi and declaring him (Tahamsebi) to be a soldier of Islam," to the further consternation of Iranian secularists. However, following the fall of Mossaddegh Tahmasebi was arrested again and tried in 1952. He was sentenced to death and executed in 1955. In addition, Ayatollah Kashani ended his alliance with Mossadegh and become close to the Shah after the assassination.
1782:
668:
682:
540:, and sentenced to death "on a charge of 'warring on Allah' as symbolized by the decision" to send Khomeini into exile. The three men who carried out the "sentence" – Mohammad Bokara'i, Morteza Niknezhad and Reza Saffar-Harandi – "were arrested and charged as accomplices", but the story of both the trial and the sentence was not revealed until after the revolution.
586:
According to Farhad Kazemi of
Iranica, "the main carriers" of the Fedāʾīān’s legacy in the Islamic Republic, are the Coalition of Islamic Associations, which "grew from the former members and sympathizers" of the Fedāʾīān who have developed connections to "Ayatollah Khomeini and his lieutenants since
374:
Hussein Emami, the assassin and a founding member of the Fada'iyan, was promptly arrested and sentenced to death for the crime. The
Iranian intelligentsia united in calling for an example to be made of him. Emami, however, was spared the gallows. According to Taheri, he roused religious defenders and
337:
We are alive and God, the revengeful, is alert. The blood of the destitute has long been dripping from the fingers of the selfish pleasure seekers, who are hiding, each with a different name and in a different colour, behind black curtains of oppression, thievery and crime. Once in a while the divine
456:
The country was saved by Islam and with the power of faith ... The Shah and prime minister and ministers have to be believers in and promoters of, Shi'ism, and the laws that are in opposition to the divine laws of God … must be nullified. … The intoxicants, the shameful exposure and carelessness of
409:
was assassinated by the group. Razmara's assassination was said to have moved Iran "further away from a spirit of compromise and moderation in relation to the oil problem" and "so frightened the ruling classes that concession after concession was made to nationalist demands in an attempt to pacify
444:
law and appoint strict
Islamists to high positions. The Fada'iyan attempted to assassinate Mossadeq and the danger from the Fada'iyan "was one of the primary factors accounting for Mosaddeq's decision to move the prime minister's office to his own residence." Another assassination attempt on 15
495:
Fada'ian-e Islam launched a campaign of character assassination against the Marja and reportedly called for excommunication of
Borujerdi and the defrocking of religious scholars who opposed the campaign of the Fada'iyan. Navvab safavi didn't like Broujerdi's idea of Shia-Sunni rapprochement
449:, "Mosaddeq's dynamic and capable aide" and foreign minister. That left Fatemi "badly wounded and effectively disabled for almost eight months." The attempted assassination was planned by the group's second in command, Abolhossein Vahedi, and carried out by a teenage member of the group.
282:) and succeeded in freeing of some of its assassins from punishment with the help of the group's powerful clerical supporters. Eventually the group was suppressed and Safavi was executed by the Iranian government in the mid-1950s. The group survived as supporters of the Ayatollah
457:
women, and sexually provocative music … must be done away with and the superior teachings of Islam … must replace them. With the implementation of Islam's superior economic plan, the deprivation of the Muslim people of Iran, and the dangerous class difference would end.
490:
Our intention is to borrow from people. What we take is for establishing a government based on the model of Imam Ali's government. Our goal is sacred and prior to these tools. When we established an Aliid government-like state, then we give people their money back.
299:
757:
Although these and future assassinations gave the
Fedayan much publicity, their inner core contained no more than a handful of zealots. Their total membership was less than a hundred. Most were young semiliterate apprentices in the Tehran
338:
retribution puts them in their place, but the rest of them do not learn a lesson. … Damn you! You traitors, imposters, oppressors! You deceitful hypocrites! We are free, noble and alert. We are knowledgeable, believers in God and fearless.
461:
In the years to follow, he enjoyed a close association with the government. In 1954, he attended the
Islamic Conference in Jordan and traveled to Egypt. There he learned about Hasan al-Banna, the founder of Muslim Brotherhood
1720:
386:, to demand he be tried by a religious court. Khomeini and many of the Shia clergy pressured the Shah to give Emami a pardon, taking advantage of the Shah's political difficulties at that time, such as the occupation of
1541:
1402:
Y. Richard, “Ayatollah
Kashani: Precursor of the Islamic Republic?” in N. Keddie, ed., Religion and Politics in Iran: Shiism from Quietism to Revolution, New Haven, 1983, pp. 76–79. cite from
1837:
317:
terrorist groups. Its membership is said to have been made up of youth employed in "the lower echelons of the Tehran bazaar." Its program went beyond generalities about following the
259:. Safavi sought to purify Islam in Iran by ridding it of 'corrupting individuals' by means of carefully planned assassinations of certain leading intellectual and political figures.
2196:
1770:
572:
and establishment of the
Islamic Republic of Iran, there were "three abortive attempts" made by "old members or sympathizers" of the Fada'ian to restore the organization.
2136:
1981:
2201:
2026:
1889:
520:
In 1955, Navvab Safavi and "other members of the
Fedayeen of Islam, including Emami," were finally executed. The group continued however, turning, according to author
1938:
436:
Although the Fada'iyan strongly supported the nationalization of Iran's foreign-owned oil industry, they turned against the leader of the nationalization movement,
2221:
1996:
2226:
2051:
2001:
1884:
371:
argues that
Khomeini was closely associated with Navvab Safavi and his ideas, and that Khomeini's assertion "amounted to a virtual death sentence on Kasravi."
321:
to demand prohibitions of alcohol, tobacco, opium, films, gambling, wearing of foreign clothing, the enforcement of amputation of hands of thieves, and the
1896:
2246:
1966:
1512:"Premier of Iran Is Shot to Death In a Mosque by a Religious Fanatic; Premier of Iran Slain in Mosque, Cabinet in Emergency Session, Victim of Assassin"
1654:
1511:
524:, to Ayatollah Khomeini as a new spiritual leader, and reportedly being "reconstructed" by Khomeini disciple, and later controversial "hanging judge,"
1879:
1852:
2006:
1991:
781:
The Fedāʾīān’s importance in Persian politics was due to several related factors. First, they were exceptionally successful as a rebel organization
1986:
1763:
1748:
1943:
1916:
1584:
1054:
750:
2216:
2063:
548:
The organization dispersed but after the death of Ayatullah Borujerdi, the Fada'ian-e Islam sympathizers found a new leader in Ayatullah
1830:
1296:
Islam, peace, and conflict: based on six events in the year 1979, which were harbingers of the present day conflicts in the Muslim world
405:
was assassinated, in retaliation for his advice against nationalizing the oil industry. Three weeks later the former education minister
2211:
2093:
1756:
139:
1786:
1485:
1138:
899:
838:
202:
2206:
2160:
2073:
2021:
1976:
1971:
1921:
1655:"'They Were Going Together with the Ikhwan': The Influence of Muslim Brotherhood Thinkers on Shi'i Islamists during the Cold War"
359:, who was stabbed and killed in 1946. Kasravi is said to have been the target of Ayatollah Khomeini's demand in his first book,
2241:
2167:
870:
The Fada'iyan-e Islam were the first Shiite Islamist organization to employ terrorism as a primary method of political activism
2036:
2231:
2174:
2011:
1926:
1070:
430:
313:
mobilization against foreign domination" in the Middle East after World War II, and has been said to presage more famous
2131:
1901:
1862:
1847:
1825:
822:
123:
2119:
2078:
1867:
1857:
553:
537:
414:, on 4 February 1949, was carried out by Fakhr-Arai; Fakhr-Arai was first attributed to be a member of the communist
486:, rejected his ideas, questioning him about robberies that his organization committed on gun point. Safavi replied:
2031:
865:
799:
48:
858:
Guardians of the Islamic Revolution: Ideology, Politics, and the Development of Military Power in Iran (1979–2009)
2236:
1459:
2126:
2058:
1802:
1842:
653:
627:
532:
in 1965. Mansour is reported to have been "tried" by a secret Islamic court, made up of Khomeini followers
2083:
2016:
1695:
240:
132:
2109:
411:
856:
605:
2146:
2068:
2041:
1812:
888:
Urban Unrest in the Middle East: A Comparative Study of Informal Networks in Egypt, Iran, and Lebanon
406:
275:
715:
364:
1438:
418:, but he was later found to more likely be a religious fundamentalist member of Fada'iyan-e Islam.
415:
398:
267:
1594:
1958:
1931:
1682:
1641:
1566:
1558:
1516:
1199:
1191:
641:
613:
569:
529:
426:
425:, the assassin of Razmara, was also pardoned by the Iranian Parliament during the premiership of
287:
136:
2141:
1911:
1820:
1737:
1729:
1674:
1134:
1050:
895:
883:
746:
695:
557:
549:
533:
483:
437:
387:
325:
of women, and an elimination from school curriculum of all non-Muslim subjects such as music.
207:
827:
The "terrorist group" that Kermit Roosevelt and Donald Wilber mobilized was the Fadaian Islam
1797:
1725:
1666:
1633:
1550:
1183:
1042:
632:
525:
505:
497:
422:
222:
197:
159:
1589:
636:
617:
463:
402:
380:
271:
252:
128:
1489:
1105:
621:
1872:
777:
648:
620:. Mozafar was born in a rural and religious family. Mozafar Zolghadr decided to murder
446:
279:
1261:, Mark j. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne (Eds.), Syracuse University Press, 2004, p. 66
2190:
1686:
1570:
1203:
367:, (meaning that their blood must be shed by the faithful). Secularist Iranian author
356:
352:
302:
263:
256:
1422:
1405:
2046:
795:
687:
599:
391:
58:
1622:"Islamic Utopia in Pre-Revolutionary Iran: Navvab Safavi and the Fada'ian-e Eslam"
579:
by Moḥammad-Mahdī ʿAbd-e Ḵodāʾī, Shaikh Moḥammad-ʿAlī Lavāsānī, and Jawād Wāḥedī;
1948:
1554:
1187:
673:
528:. It is thought to have carried out the assassination of Iranian Prime Minister
471:
368:
348:
310:
1128:
17:
2114:
2088:
1637:
1046:
891:
823:"Finding Mossadegh. (Reconstructing the story of a coup that changed history)"
663:
521:
237:
149:
1741:
1678:
397:
In November 1949 the group killed court minister (and former prime minister)
1034:
410:
the intensely aroused public indignation." An assassination attempt on Shah
248:
298:
635:, the member of Fada'iyan-e Islam who assassinated Iranian Prime Minister
1319:رسول جعفریان، ”جریان ها و سازمان های مذهبی سیاسی ایران“، ص٢٧١ ، ١٣٩٤ شمسی
383:
314:
283:
233:
1645:
1621:
1562:
1195:
1130:
Devil's Game: How the United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam
743:
The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the roots of modern U.S.-Iranian relations
1463:
978:
890:. SUNY series in the Social and Economic History of the Middle East.
609:
452:
After the coup that removed Mosaddeq, Safavi congratulated the Shah:
441:
440:, when he became prime minister, because of his refusal to implement
376:
318:
95:
1670:
482:
Safavi was not supported by the ulama and the Shia Marja, Ayatullah
776:
FEDĀʾĪĀN-E ESLĀM. (1999). In Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved from
278:) and attempted assassinations (the Shah of Iran, foreign minister
1542:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
322:
297:
262:
The group executed a series of successful assassinations (author
1781:
1174:
Zabih, Sepehr (September 1982). "Aspects of Terrorism in Iran".
363:(Key to the Secrets), that "all those who criticized Islam" are
251:
orientation. The group was founded in 1946, and registered as a
244:
1752:
582:
by Abu’l-Qāsem Rafīʿī, a former security chief of the Fada'ian.
1176:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
624:
but his gun did not fire. After that he arrested and executed.
91:
639:
in March 1951. He was described as a "religious fanatic" by
1486:"روی کفن مظفر ذوالقدر چه حرفی برای نخست وزیر نوشته شده بود"
935:
Spirit of Allah : Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution
839:
Iran: between tradition and modernity By Ramin Jahanbegloo
470:), who was killed by Egyptian government in 1949, and met
394:
troops. Khomeini himself asked the Shah for the pardon.
1838:
Front of Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader
790:
788:
182:
1093:
The Mossadegh Era : Roots of the Iranian Revolution
1035:"The Fadaˈiyan-e Islam: Fanaticism, Politics and Terror"
961:
959:
1539:
Zabih, Sepehr (1982). "Aspects of Terrorism in Iran".
164:اسلام برتر از همه چیز است و هیچ چیز برتر از اسلام نیست
778:
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fedaian-e-esla
2102:
1957:
1811:
913:
911:
175:
155:
145:
122:
111:
101:
87:
72:
64:
54:
44:
32:
1719:
979:Fundamentalist Islam at Large: The Drive for Power
169:Islam is above anything and nothing is above Islam
1982:Assembly of Qom Seminary Scholars and Researchers
27:Shia fundamentalist group/political party in Iran
2027:Association of the Women of the Islamic Republic
1890:Society of Pathseekers of the Islamic Revolution
1460:"یکی ازافتخارات خدابنده،شهید ذوالقدر است/تصویر"
488:
454:
335:
255:in 1989. It was founded by a theology student,
236:of Islam" or "Self-Sacrificers of Islam") is a
1997:Islamic Association of Iranian Medical Society
1254:
1252:
552:who appeared on political horizon through the
2052:Islamic Iran Freedom and Justice Organization
2002:Islamic Association of University Instructors
1885:Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution
1764:
929:
927:
716:"List of Legally Registerred Parties in Iran"
333:In a 1945 declaration, Navvad Safavi stated:
266:, court minister (and former prime minister)
8:
1939:Progress and Justice Society of Islamic Iran
796:"Ali Razmara – Prime Minister of Iran"
595:These persons are main member of the group:
576:by Ṣādeq Ḵalḵālī with ʿAbd-Allāh Karbāsčīān;
2007:Association of Followers of the Imam's Line
1897:Association of Islamic Revolution Loyalists
1259:Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran
1041:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 163.
945:
943:
2197:Militant opposition to the Pahlavi dynasty
2137:Council of Nationalist-Religious Activists
1967:Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front
1771:
1757:
1749:
1233:, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 116
998:, Princeton University Press, 1982, p. 259
29:
1880:Front of Transformationalist Principlists
1853:Islamic Association of Physicians of Iran
1073:. The Library of Congress Country Studies
772:
770:
768:
766:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1071:"Iran. Mossadeq and oil nationalization"
850:
848:
846:
504:), he advocated Shia-Sunni unification (
2202:Organisations of the Iranian Revolution
1328:
1307:
1039:From Nationalism to Revolutionary Islam
745:. New York: The New Press. p. 42.
707:
1390:
1378:
1340:
1282:
1270:
1007:
722:. Pars Times. July 30, 2000. p. 4
401:. On 7 March 1951, the Prime Minister
2222:Political parties established in 1989
1944:Modern Thinkers Party of Islamic Iran
1917:Front of Islamic Revolution Stability
884:"Religious Networks and Urban Unrest"
602:, leader of the group Fadayan-e Islam
247:with a strong activist political and
7:
2227:Principlist political groups in Iran
2064:Iranian Call and Reform Organization
1694:Khalaji, Mehdi (November 27, 2009).
821:Masoud Kazemzadeh (4 January 2005).
1831:Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom
1700:Current Trends in Islamist Ideology
1696:"The Dilemmas of Pan-Islamic Unity"
509:
501:
467:
226:
163:
2094:Union of Islamic Iran People Party
1488:. Fars News Agency. Archived from
1095:, Lake View Press, 1982, pp. 25–26
140:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist
25:
2247:Iranian clerical political groups
1593:. 1 December 1952. Archived from
347:Its first assassination was of a
309:The group was part of a "growing
2074:Moderation and Development Party
2022:Will of the Iranian Nation Party
1992:Islamic Association of Engineers
1977:Executives of Construction Party
1972:Association of Combatant Clerics
1922:Resistance Front of Islamic Iran
1780:
1728:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
1520:. Associated Press. 8 March 1951
680:
666:
556:in Qom. In 1965, prime minister
305:, founder of the Fadayan-e Islam
274:, the former education minister
1987:Islamic Association of Teachers
1787:Political organizations in Iran
1653:Bohdan, Siarhei (Summer 2020).
1037:. In Said Amir Arjomand (ed.).
564:Revolution and Islamic Republic
560:was assassinated by the group.
2037:Office for Strengthening Unity
1736:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
937:, Adler and Adler 1985, p. 187
1:
2012:Islamic Iran Solidarity Party
1927:Development and Justice Party
1462:. www.dana.ir. Archived from
1298:, Pentagon Press (2008), p. 5
431:Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani
2132:Movement of Militant Muslims
1902:Summit of Freethinkers Party
1863:Islamic Society of Employees
1848:Islamic Society of Engineers
1826:Combatant Clergy Association
1585:"Iran: Time of the Assassin"
1182:. Sage Publications: 84–94.
996:Iran between Two Revolutions
445:February 1952 badly wounded
2217:1946 establishments in Iran
2120:Party of the Iranian People
1868:Islamic Society of Athletes
1858:Islamic Society of Students
1620:Behdad, Sohrab (Jan 1997).
1555:10.1177/0002716282463001007
1188:10.1177/0002716282463001007
1178:. International Terrorism.
855:Ostovar, Afshon P. (2009).
741:Abrahamian, Ervand (2013).
538:Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti
2263:
2032:Islamic Assembly of Ladies
866:The University of Michigan
49:Mohammad-Mehdi Abdekhodaei
2212:Islamist insurgent groups
2155:
1907:Fadayeen of Islam Society
1793:
1638:10.1080/00263209708701141
1127:Dreyfuss, Robert (2006).
1047:10.1007/978-1-349-06847-0
882:Denoeux, Guilain (1993).
645:and was executed in 1955.
512:) under Islamist agenda.
193:
180:
35:Society of Fadayeen Islam
2059:Popular Party of Reforms
1803:House of Parties of Iran
1718:Katouzian, Homa (2013).
1427:. Encyclopaedia Iranica.
1410:. Encyclopaedia Iranica.
1231:A History of Modern Iran
37:
2207:Iranian neoconservatism
1843:Islamic Coalition Party
1659:The Middle East Journal
1439:"8 Steps to Solidarity"
1421:Kazemi, Farhad (1999).
1404:Kazemi, Farhad (1999).
1294:Syed Viqar Salahuddin,
800:Encyclopædia Britannica
654:Seyyed Mehdi Tabatabaei
379:, or descendant of the
375:used his prestige as a
2242:Islamic fundamentalism
2084:The Green Path of Hope
1734:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1626:Middle Eastern Studies
1033:Farhad Kazemi (1984).
983:Middle East Quarterly,
628:Seyyed Muhammad Vahedi
493:
459:
421:In addition to Emami,
340:
306:
133:Islamic fundamentalism
2168:Banned/Exiled parties
969:, (1985), pp. 107–108
412:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
301:
270:, the Prime Minister
76:2 July 1989
2232:Shia Islamist groups
2147:Nation Party of Iran
2079:National Trust Party
2069:Kurdish United Front
2042:Islamic Labour Party
1721:"Fidāʾiyyān-i Islām"
1597:on November 25, 2010
1229:Abrahamian, Ervand,
919:The Spirit of Allah,
591:Members of the group
407:Abdul Hamid Zangeneh
276:Abdul Hamid Zangeneh
1367:The Spirit of Allah
1354:The Spirit of Allah
1218:The Spirit of Allah
1021:The Spirit of Allah
994:Abrahamian, Ervand
981:by Martin Kramer,
967:The Spirit of Allah
478:Conflict with ulama
416:Tudeh Party of Iran
399:Abdolhossein Hazhir
388:Azerbaijan province
268:Abdolhossein Hazhir
106:Manshoor-e-Baradari
38:جمعیت فدائیان اسلام
2103:Anti-establishment
1724:. In Fleet, Kate;
1517:The New York Times
1466:on 19 January 2015
720:Khorasan Newspaper
642:The New York Times
614:Khodabandeh County
570:Iranian Revolution
530:Hassan Ali Mansour
427:Mohammad Mossadegh
307:
288:Iranian Revolution
137:Islamic revivalism
2184:
2183:
2142:Pan-Iranist Party
1912:Ansar-e Hezbollah
1821:The Two Societies
1310:, pp. 70–71.
1056:978-1-349-06849-4
752:978-1-59558-826-5
696:Terrorism in Iran
558:Hassan Ali Mansur
550:Ruhollah Khomeini
534:Morteza Motahhari
484:Hossein Borujerdi
438:Mohammad Mossadeq
216:
215:
203:Political parties
45:General Secretary
16:(Redirected from
2254:
2237:Secret societies
2175:Historic parties
2127:Freedom Movement
1798:Politics of Iran
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1429:
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1424:FEDĀʾĪĀN-E ESLĀM
1418:
1412:
1411:
1407:FEDĀʾĪĀN-E ESLĀM
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1369:, (1985), p. 156
1363:
1357:
1356:, (1985), p. 115
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1234:
1227:
1221:
1220:, (1985), p. 109
1214:
1208:
1207:
1171:
1158:
1157:, (2005), p. 323
1155:The Soul of Iran
1151:
1145:
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1102:
1096:
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1078:
1067:
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1030:
1024:
1023:, (1985), p. 101
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802:. 25 August 2016
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669:
633:Khalil Tahmasebi
606:Mozafar Zolghadr
526:Sadegh Khalkhali
511:
503:
469:
468:الإخوان المسلمين
423:Khalil Tahmasebi
228:
198:Politics of Iran
189:
186:
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165:
115:
83:
81:
30:
21:
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2151:
2098:
2017:Democracy Party
1953:
1807:
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1779:
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1730:Rowson, Everett
1717:
1714:
1712:Further reading
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1091:Zabih, Sepehr,
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894:. p. 177.
881:
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825:. Web.mit.edu.
820:
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637:Haj Ali Razmara
618:Zanjan Province
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568:After the 1979
566:
554:June 1963 riots
546:
518:
480:
403:Haj Ali Razmara
381:Islamic prophet
345:
331:
296:
272:Haj Ali Razmara
253:political party
219:Fadayan-e Islam
212:
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129:Political Islam
113:
79:
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40:
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18:Fadayan-e Islam
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1726:Krämer, Gudrun
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1665:(2): 243–262.
1650:
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1492:on 5 July 2015
1477:
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1345:
1343:, p. 247.
1333:
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1246:, 1993, p. 105
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953:(2000), p. 224
939:
933:Taheri, Amir,
923:
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874:
868:. p. 35.
842:
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649:Jafar Shojouni
646:
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608:: He was from
603:
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476:
447:Hossein Fatemi
365:mahdur ad-damm
361:Kashf al Asrar
344:
341:
330:
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295:
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280:Hossein Fatemi
241:fundamentalist
214:
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1284:
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1136:
1133:. Owl Books.
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921:(1985), p. 98
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357:Ahmad Kasravi
355:author named
354:
353:anti-clerical
350:
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334:
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316:
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304:
303:Navvab Safavi
300:
293:
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265:
264:Ahmad Kasravi
260:
258:
257:Navvab Safavi
254:
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242:
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235:
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227:فدائیان اسلام
224:
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2047:Worker House
1906:
1813:Principlists
1733:
1703:
1699:
1662:
1658:
1632:(1): 40–65.
1629:
1625:
1599:. Retrieved
1595:the original
1588:
1579:
1549:(1): 84–94.
1546:
1540:
1534:
1522:. Retrieved
1515:
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1490:the original
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1464:the original
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1433:
1423:
1416:
1406:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1366:
1361:
1353:
1348:
1336:
1329:Khalaji 2009
1324:
1315:
1308:Khalaji 2009
1303:
1295:
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1278:
1266:
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1243:
1242:Abrahamian,
1238:
1230:
1225:
1217:
1212:
1179:
1175:
1154:
1149:
1129:
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1108:. Persepolis
1100:
1092:
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1065:
1038:
1028:
1020:
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1003:
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990:
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804:. Retrieved
780:
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736:
724:. Retrieved
719:
710:
688:Islam portal
640:
622:Hossein Ala'
600:Navab Safavi
594:
585:
567:
547:
519:
494:
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88:Headquarters
59:Navab Safavi
1949:YEKTA Front
1932:Green Party
1614:Works cited
1601:12 December
1524:12 December
1391:Behdad 1997
1379:Behdad 1997
1341:Bohdan 2020
1283:Behdad 1997
1271:Behdad 1997
1008:Behdad 1997
806:12 December
674:Iran portal
472:Sayyid Qutb
369:Amir Taheri
349:nationalist
311:nationalist
112:Membership
2191:Categories
2115:Iran Party
2089:NEDA Party
1959:Reformists
1496:18 January
1470:18 January
1444:18 January
1244:Khomeinism
1106:"The Shah"
892:SUNY Press
702:References
522:Baqer Moin
294:Background
232:English; "
150:Shia Islam
80:1989-07-02
1742:1873-9830
1687:225510058
1679:1940-3461
1571:145391253
1204:145391253
985:June 1996
864:(Ph.D.).
726:21 August
516:Crackdown
249:terrorist
243:group in
208:Elections
185:.fadaeian
102:Newspaper
73:Legalised
1732:(eds.).
1706:: 64–79.
1365:Taheri,
1352:Taheri,
1216:Taheri,
1153:Molavi,
1077:21 April
1019:Taheri,
965:Taheri,
951:Khomeini
917:Taheri,
660:See also
544:Khomeini
384:Muhammad
315:Islamist
286:and the
284:Khomeini
234:Fedayeen
146:Religion
124:Ideology
1646:4283846
1563:1043613
1196:1043613
1112:18 June
758:bazaar.
587:1963".
506:Persian
498:Persian
329:History
323:veiling
223:Persian
176:Website
160:Persian
118:<100
78: (
65:Founded
55:Founder
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464:Arabic
442:sharia
392:Soviet
377:seyyed
319:sharia
156:Slogan
114:(1949)
96:Tehran
1683:S2CID
1642:JSTOR
1567:S2CID
1559:JSTOR
1200:S2CID
1192:JSTOR
862:(PDF)
502:تقریب
1738:ISSN
1675:ISSN
1603:2016
1590:Time
1526:2016
1498:2016
1472:2016
1446:2016
1135:ISBN
1114:2011
1079:2022
1051:ISBN
896:ISBN
808:2016
747:ISBN
728:2015
536:and
510:وحدت
474:.
343:Rise
245:Iran
238:Shia
94:and
68:1946
1667:doi
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390:by
187:.ir
183:www
92:Qom
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