882:, one of the most prolific of Bayreuth Germanics and racists, and later the author of a full-length biography of Lagarde, summarised his life and work and concluded that "for the comprehension of Lagarde's whole being one must above all remember that he always considered himself the prophet and guide of his people — which of course he actually was." For Schemann his legacy consisted largely of his struggle against the Jews: "Not since the days of Schopenhauer and Wagner is the German thinker so mightily opposed this alien people, which desecrates our holy possessions, poisons our people, and seeks to wrest our property from us so as to completely trample on us, as Lagarde has" It was this image of Lagarde, the antisemitic prophet of a purified and heroic Germany, which the political Wagnerites and the
359:
262:
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45:
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1774:(both MĂĽller and Bodelschwingh were members of this largest regional church, which was of course only an administrative unit after the adoption of the new constitution establishing the DEK) was placed under police jurisdiction; pastors were fired, suspended and sometimes even arrested or placed under house arrest; and the Deutsche Christen and MĂĽller carried on a vicious campaign against Bodelschwingh.
718:
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Everyone must submit himself to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which God has established. The authorities that exist have been established by God. Consequently, he who rebels against the authority is rebelling against what God has instituted, and those who do so will
965:
pure and closed. Religion is the inner strength and finest flower in the intellectual life of a people, but it can only strongly affect expression in popular culture ... a deep connection between
Christianity and Germanness can only be achieved when it is released from this unnatural connection,
978:
was the same as the "Father" and " Ghost", that Christ preached and that the
Germans would have guessed. Childlike confidence in God and selfless love was, to them, the essence of the Germanic "people's-soul" in contrast to Jewish "menial fear of God" and "materialistic morality." Church was not an
840:
The forerunner of the ideology of the German
Christians came from certain Protestant groups of the German Empire. These groups sought a return to perceived völkisch, nationalistic, and racist ideas within traditional Christianity, and looked to turn Christianity in Germany into a reformed intrinsic
1076:
s ideas. Jesus should be a "tragic-Nordic figure" against the Old
Testament's "religious idea", with the Old Testament replaced by a "German myth". Each biblical story was to be "measured under German feelings, so that German Christianity escapes from Semitic influence as Beelzebub did before the
1808:
would be deemed "Jewish" for purposes of
Hitlerian racial policy, so the net would certainly have swept wider than this rather small fraction. The extension of the prohibition to address the wives of German pastors was surely, to many middle-of-the-road Protestants, shocking. See
1027:
is celebrated, it should at least not weigh in his dreams; ... otherwise there could come a whole lot of terrible
Golgothas, where Jews across the whole world dance their jubilee songs on the grave of Christianity as heirs of a murdering people, singing to the Jahu they
638:
MĂĽller had poor political skills, little political support within the Church, and no real qualifications for the job, other than his commitment to Nazism and a desire to exercise power. When the federation council met in May 1933 to approve the new constitution, it elected
1348:
in the so-called "church-historical working group", but they had little effect from then on in theology and politics. Other former members of the German
Christians moved into the numerically insignificant religious communities known as the Free People's Christian Church
1515:. By mid-1933, Deutsche Christen had acquired key posts in the Protestant establishment - in national church governing bodies and university faculties of theology, as regional bishops, and on local church councils. Many kept those positions until 1945 and beyond.
894:
have for a long time belonged to our most precious books, and we consider
Lagarde's unabashed exposure of the inferiority of Semitic religious instincts and the pernicious effects on Christianity as an achievement that deserves our admiration and gratitude."
2000:
308:
and retained their subsidies from the government. Religious instruction in the schools continued, as did the theological faculties in the universities. The rights formerly held by the princes in the German Empire simply devolved to church councils.
1761:(or DEK) church constitution required a two-thirds majority for the election of its bishop and no candidate in the April contest could achieve this supermajority initially. After several ballots, Bodelschwingh prevailed by a landslide of 91 to 8.
1420:
1304:
789:. They issued public statements in which they claimed that Christians in Germany with Jewish ancestors "remain Christians in a New Testament sense, but they are not German Christians." They also supported the Nazi Party platform's advocacy of "
654:
within the DEK and were, of course, supported by Nazi propaganda in their efforts to reverse the humiliating loss to
Bodelschwingh. After a series of Nazi-directed political maneuvers, Bodelschwingh resigned and MĂĽller was appointed as the new
493:
1317:) in the sense of what Rosenberg called a "Fifth Gospel", to announce the myth of the "Aryan Jesus". It became clear in 1994 that the Testament's poetic text was written by the famous ballad-poet and proprietor of the Eugen-Diederichs-Verlag,
1377:
was unveiled in
Eisenach at the behest of eight Protestant regional churches. It is intended to be understood as the Protestant churches’ confession of guilt and as a memorial to the victims of the church’s anti-Judaism and antisemitism.
343:
Save for the organisational matters under the jurisdiction of the national League, the regional churches remained independent in other matters, including theology, and the federal system allowed for a great deal of regional autonomy.
1032:
Against the "contamination by Jewish ideas", mainly from the Old Testament, the Churches and Germany should (he argued) be "mutually benefits and supports", and then Christianity would win back its status as "a religion of the
918:
and his preaching showed the influence of "German blood". He concluded that the Germans were the best Christians among all peoples, only prevented from the full flowering of their spiritual faculties by the materialistic Jews.
1260:
at the end of 1933, was also an attempt to create a national religion outside and against the churches. It combined six earlier Nordic-völkisch oriented groups and a further five groups were represented by individual members.
1239:) resonated in these circles and gave them renewed impetus. His polemic against all "un-German" and "root-stock" elements in Christianity was directed against the Christianity and the denominational organisations of the time.
218:
dynasties also organised church bodies that were territorially defined by their state borders. The same was true for the three republican German states within the pre-1918 Empire. In Alsace-Lorraine the Napoleonic system of
2008:
1184:
is begotten, it may exist as a spiritual reality ... even foreign blood may be lent to it. How great the significance of blood might be in intellectual history, but the rule is, even if one is born into a
599:
in 1932. The group achieved no particular notoriety before the Nazi assumption of political power in January 1933. In the Prussian church elections of November 1932, German Christians won one-third of the vote.
379:
The German Christians were, for the most part, a "group of fanatically Nazi Protestants." They began as an interest group and eventually came to represent one of the schismatic factions of German Protestantism.
228:
1372:
stated that it recognised and "confess, with dismay, the co-responsibility and guilt of German Christians for the Holocaust." On May 6, 2019, eighty years after the founding of the “Dejudaisation Institute”,
923:, however, concluded that the Christianisation of the Germans was the imposition of an "un-German" religious understanding, and that Germanic feeling remained alien to it and so should remain exempt from it.
2595:
2449:
Wie wurde das Neue Testament zu einem sogenannten Volkstestament „entjudet“? Aus der Arbeit des Eisenacher „Instituts zur Erforschung und Beseitung des jüdischen Einflusses auf das deutsch kirchliche Leben“
1131:
was in part fiercely opposed among Christian German nationalists, seeing it as a racist attack on the foundations of their faith from inside and outside. Theologian Johannes Schneider, a member of the
622:
This church reorganisation had been a goal of the German Christians for some time, as such a centralisation would enhance the coordination of Church and State, as a part of the overall Nazi process of
304:
After considerable political maneuvering, state churches were abolished (in name) under the new Weimar government, but the anti-disestablishmentarians prevailed in substance: churches remained
585:, a rather incompetent "old fighter" who had no particular leadership skills or qualifications, except having been a longtime faithful Nazi. He was advised by Emanuel Hirsch. In 1931 the book
983:, nor even the New Testament, which they held to be of Jewish influence that had to be "cleaned" so that the child Jesus could be used as a model for "self sacrifice" and "male heroism".
1023:
or the Cross? — The question is, for now, not yet evident. The Jew goes on his way purposefully, in any case ... his deadly hatred will defeat his opponent. When the Christian
1789:
1205:
843:
57:
1165:", "Blood", and "Race". Many local church-officers tried to delineate, such as with regards to racism, but this only served to show how deeply it had intruded into their thinking.
1539:
1965:
Jochen Birkenmeier, Michael Weise: Erforschung und Beseitigung. Das kirchliche „Entjudungsinstitut“ 1939–1945. Begleitband zur Ausstellung, Eisenach, 2019, p. 46-53 (in German).
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1546:
had no majorities of German Christians in their synods, thus protagonists of the Confessing Church considered these church bodies as constitutionally unadulterated (so-called
959:
has finally opened our eyes to the pernicious effects of the blood mixture between Germanic and un-German peoples and urges us, with all our forces, to strive to keep our
1825:(special exhibition in the Lutherhaus Eisenach April 1988 – April 1989), Evangelisches Pfarrhausarchiv (ed.), Eisenach: Evangelisches Pfarrhausarchiv, 1988. No ISBN.
224:
2028:
Jochen Birkenmeier, Michael Weise: Erforschung und Beseitigung. Das kirchliche „Entjudungsinstitut“ 1939–1945. Begleitband zur Ausstellung, Eisenach, 2019, p. 110-111.
1243:
and Catholic Internationalism were attacked as two facets of the Jewish spirit, and Rosenberg stated the need for a new national religion to complete the Reformation.
1340:
After 1945, the remaining German Christian currents formed smaller communities and circles distanced from the newly formed umbrella of the independent church bodies
739:
667:
Further pro-Nazi developments followed the elevation of MĂĽller to the DEK bishopric: in late summer the old-Prussian general synod (led by MĂĽller) adopted the
2580:
778:
The Nazis found the German Christians useful during the initial consolidation of power, but removed most of its leaders from their posts shortly afterwards;
682:
and their attempts to incorporate the Aryan paragraph into the church constitution so as to exclude Jewish Christians, the German Christians entered into a
2585:
2488:
1543:
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Hitler was infuriated with the rejection of his candidate, and things began to change. By June 1933 the German Christians had gained leadership of some
1409:
2486:
Religion in the service of an ethno-nationalist construction of identity: discussions on the examples of the "German Christians" and Japanese Shinto
1787:
In 1933 the Protestant churches in Germany employed about 18,842 pastors (1933); 37 of them were classified by the Nazi terminology as "full Jews" (
979:"institution for the dissemination of Judaism", and they felt religious and confirmation materials should no longer teach the Old Testament and the
332:), which was composed of the members of the various regional churches. The League was governed and administered by a 36-member Executive Committee (
527:
stormtrooper. The swastikas were removed after the war and the former church has been reconstructed as a memorial to Nazi crimes against humanity.
2565:
1535:
1425:
1531:
1527:
608:
321:
861:, who was politically active and tried to position the Christian working-classes and lower-middle-classes against what he perceived as Jewish
595:—she was praised for fighting against the "ridicule of Christ" and "showing the way for German Christians". The Berlin section was founded by
2232:
2209:
2155:
2132:
1560:
1821:) recorded for all of Nazi Germany 115 Protestant pastors with one up to four grandparents, who were enlisted in a Jewish congregation. Cf.
782:
MĂĽller continued until 1945, but his power was effectively removed in favor of a government agency as a result of his obvious incompetence.
611:, in the spirit of the new regime, agreed to write a new constitution for a brand new, unitary "national" church, which would be called the
1695:. Original in German: "gegen die Verhöhnung der Christus-Persönlichkeit", "zeigt gleichzeitig den Weg zum deutschen Christentum". Page 46.
1495:
The Deutsche Christen (German Christians) were a group of clergy and laypeople in Germany in the 1930s and 1940s who sought to synthesize
619:
or DEK). The new and unified national DEK would completely replace and supersede the old federated church with its representative league.
424:
1369:
294:
1980:
EKiR.de - Die besten Internetseiten der evangelischen Kirche im Rheinland - Ihre evangelische Kirche zwischen Saarland und Niederrhein
591:
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2186:
2100:
2079:
2060:
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1897:
1869:
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1229:
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210:—if it was Protestant—in its particular region; the crown provided financial and institutional support to its church.
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1512:
1374:
266:
243:
1663:
1445:
2542:
1576:
743:
298:
2283:
1318:
399:, stoked hostility toward foreign peoples, granted Germany a preferred place in the Protestant tradition, and legitimised
454:
the respect for temporal (secular) authority, which had been emphasised by Luther. The movement used scriptural support (
328:(DEKB)); the League was itself established in 1922 by the rather loose annual convention called Church General Assembly (
2575:
2052:
1435:
1341:
1328:. Despite broad church support for it (even many Confessing Christians advocated such an approach, in the hope that the
1266:
824:
554:
358:
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of 1937 to 1940 could be curbed), the first edition of the text did not meet with the expected enthusiastic response.
887:
640:
944:
2201:
2147:
574:
408:
1323:
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was in its full sway in the first few months of the regime. In late April 1933 the leadership of the 1922-founded
1644:
647:
of the new Protestant Reich Church by a wide margin, largely on the advice and support of the church leadership.
612:
73:
1364:
In 1980, in the context of a statement entitled "Towards Renovation of the Relationship of Christians and Jews (
2224:
1329:
1004:, an early mentor of Hitler, also emphasised the "manliness" of Jesus Christ and compared him to the Norse god
728:
353:
995:
2485:
2125:
Study and Eradication. The Church’s „Dejudaization Institute“, 1939–1945. Companion Volume to the Exhibition
1725:
1274:
747:
732:
511:), which was built in Berlin from 1933 to 1935 included a pulpit that showed the Sermon on the Mount with a
277:
2049:
Nazism, Liberalism, & Christianity: Protestant social thought in Germany & Great Britain, 1925–1937
1059:
1936:
1914:
Völkische Religion und Krisen der Moderne. Entwürfe „arteigener“ Glaubenssysteme seit der Jahrhundertwende
1561:
https://books.google.com/books?id=zXWcDwAAQBAJ&dq=Siegfried+Leffler+Protestant+theologian&pg=PA797
589:
by Guida Diehl, the first speaker of the National Socialist Women's League, got an admiring review by the
2590:
1415:
1247:
936:
790:
455:
261:
95:
38:
2431:
Christlicher Antijudaismus und Antisemitismus. Theologische und kirchliche Programme Deutscher Christen
1270:
573:) in 1931 to help win elections of presbyteries and synods (i.e. legislating church assemblies) in the
539:
320:
of 28 regional (or provincial) churches. The federation operated officially through the representative
1265:
became the group's "leader and representative" by acclamation, and other members included philosopher
1193:
On this basis, the radical German-Christians' ideas were hardly slowed down. In 1928 they gathered in
293:
and the resulting political and social turmoil, the regional churches lost their secular rulers. With
786:
432:
81:
1843:
1262:
1203:), seeking contact with the Nazi Party and naming their newsletter "Letters to German Christians" (
1055:
31:
30:
This article is about a Christian pressure group in Nazi Germany. For Christianity in Germany, see
17:
899:
1721:
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392:
704:
903:
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2434:
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2056:
1917:
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1614:
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1303:
In 1939 with the approval of eleven of the German Protestant regional churches the Eisenacher
1282:
956:
689:
444:
273:
270:
115:
2174:
2007:. Synod of the Evangelical Church of the Rhineland, Germany. 12 January 1980. Archived from
1692:
1308:
1224:
980:
582:
570:
535:
531:
246:
is sometimes viewed as a model for Adolf Hitler's Nazism. Hitler praised Lueger in his book
86:
544:
37:"Faith Movement of the German Christians" redirects here. For the Nazi pagan movement, see
2492:
1793:
1588:
1403:
1209:
1155:) reacted to the growing radicalisation of German Christian groups with a Churches Day in
1001:
879:
875:
847:
668:
467:
313:
215:
193:
61:
44:
2356:
Wir verwerfen die falsche Lehre. Arbeits- und Lesebuch zur Barmer Theologischen Erklärung
863:
297:
in the air, the conservative church leaders had to contend with socialists who favoured
2140:
1837:
1801:
1015:(The German Saviour), in which he opposed Jewish migration as an apocalyptic decision:
858:
817:
524:
416:
305:
211:
69:
626:. The German Christians agitated for MĂĽller to be elected as the new Church's bishop (
152:
2554:
2531:
2366:
2090:
1940:
1584:
1387:
1156:
1020:
991:
951:
on which a "German Christianity on a Protestant basis" should be founded. It stated:
940:
806:
462:
The German Christians were sympathetic to the Nazi regime's goal of "co-ordinating" (
440:
388:
336:) which was responsible for ongoing governance between the annual conventions of the
189:
143:
137:
494:
Institute for Research and the Elimination of Jewish influence on German Church Life
1729:
1500:
1298:
1278:
1166:
1141:
or DNVP) (a party fairly close to the political aims of the NSDAP), wrote in 1925:
1105:
1089:
684:
596:
400:
207:
198:
111:
103:
77:
2301:
Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Glaube. Die „Deutschen Christen“ in Württemberg 1925–1960
206:
borders. Each state or provincial church was supported by and affiliated with the
1421:
Institute for the Study and Elimination of Jewish Influence on German Church Life
1344:. German Christian-related parties sought to influence the historiography of the
1307:(called the "Dejudaisation Institute") was founded, led by Siegfried Leffler and
1305:
Institute for the Study and Elimination of Jewish Influence on German Church Life
1037:
and of the struggle" and "the great exploiter of humanity, the evil enemy of our
1024:
932:
717:
420:
396:
290:
254:
239:
2433:; Arnoldshainer Texte Band 85; Frankfurt/M.: Haag + Herchen Verlag, 1994;
1823:
Wider das Vergessen: Schicksale judenchristlicher Pfarrer in der Zeit 1933-1945
214:
were therefore, to a large extent, combined on a regional basis. Monarchies of
1954:
Die Deutsche Glaubensbewegung. Eine historische und soziologische Untersuchung
1890:
The Politics of Cultural Despair: a study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology
1717:
1679:
1508:
1504:
1473:
Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, Volume 1
1128:
798:
672:
448:
317:
248:
2498:
Olaf KĂĽhl-Freudenstein (2005). "Krause, Reinhold". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.).
2390:
Kleine politische Kirchengeschichte. 50 Jahre evangelischer Kirchenkampf
1511:". Most of the approximately 600,000 members were Protestant, although a few
1805:
1393:
1194:
1111:
1092:, and antisemitic organisations to form the German Christian Working Group (
519:
513:
1975:
1559:
book: German Reich 1938–August 1939, author: Susanne Heim, page: 797, url:
2198:
The Aryan Jesus : Christian theologians and the Bible in Nazi Germany
816:
It was claimed and remembered by the German Christians, as a "fact", that
1257:
1161:
961:
810:
203:
1159:, aiming to clarify Christianity's relation to "Fatherland", "Nation", "
252:
as an inspiration. In 1943, Nazi Germany produced the biographical film
2545:„Wider den jüdischen Geist“. Christian Anti-Semitic arguments 1871–1933
2523:
2370:
1682:: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 68.
1240:
1108:, saw more effect in the churches, striving for the 'de-Judification' (
975:
915:
258:
about Lueger, which was given the predicate "special political value".
118:
in 1934. Siegfried Leffler was a co-founder of the German Christians.
2142:
Complicity in the Holocaust: Churches and Universities in Nazi Germany
1180:
without the precondition of, for example, the blood unit. But once a
603:
Hitler was appointed Chancellor on 30 January 1933 and the process of
1691:
Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte. Issue 21. December 1931. Editor:
890:, Wagner's son-in-law and intellectual disciple, wrote: "For us, the
693:
367:
231:, and Roman Catholic congregations and umbrellas remained in effect.
138:
Martin Luther § Anti-Jewish polemics and antisemitism: 1543–1544
99:
91:
2003:[Zur Erneuerung des Verhältnisses von Christen und Juden].
1864:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 22.
1005:
802:
793:", a form of Christianity that did not stress the belief in human
703:
523:
soldier listening to Jesus and a baptismal font which featured an
496:"—and his journal published articles like "Heroic Christianity" ("
472:
357:
260:
2167:
Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust
1892:. copyright 1961 by The Regents of the University of California.
1834:
The Confessing Church grew out of the Pastors' Emergency League (
1587:
and its constitutive states, as it existed before the end of the
2500:
1888:, 5th ed. MĂĽnchen 1904, p.lxii. This is taken from Fritz Stern,
1804:, there was no standard definition of who was a "Jew," or which
1670:. (i.e. "Halo and Stahlhelm"), August 2013 (includes a picture).
1176:
is a spiritual reality ... certainly there will never be a
675:
clergy of Jewish descent and even clergy married to non-Aryans.
477:
383:
Their movement was sustained and encouraged by factors such as:
2407:
Kirchliches Jahrbuch fĂĽr die evangelische Kirche in Deutschland
2112:
Twisted Cross: The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich
2001:"Towards Renovation of the Relationship of Christians and Jews"
1982:(in German). Evangelische Kirche im Rheinland. 14 December 2005
1862:
Twisted Cross: The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich
1643:
Verses 1-7 are the most pertinent; verses 1-2 read as follows (
1613:
For a fuller and more detailed account, see the article on the
1311:. One of its main tasks was to compile a "People's Testament" (
1145:
Whoever cheapens the Old Testament will soon also lose the New.
914:), Jesus stemmed from German soldiers in the Roman garrison in
688:
with other evangelical Christians. Their opponents founded the
471:) the individual Protestant churches into a single and uniform
2321:
Kreuz und Hakenkreuz. Die evangelische Kirche im Dritten Reich
794:
711:
147:
96:
align German Protestantism as a whole towards those principles
2506:(in German). Vol. 24. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 968–974.
2270:
Der Kirchenkampf. Evangelische Kirche und Nationalsozialismus
2072:
For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest Against Hitler
1732:
and disabled. His father, also a pastor, had founded Bethel.
1602:
The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad
966:
wherever it stands nakedly approached by the Jewish religion.
1197:
to found the Thuringian German Christians' Church Movement (
1116:) and the building of a non-denominational People's Church (
2221:
A Church Divided: German Protestants Confront the Nazi Past
1912:, in: Stefanie von Schnurbein, Justus H. Ulbricht (Hrsg.):
1910:
Germanisierung des Christentums — Heroisierung Christi
813:
in the middle and the group's German initials "D" and "C".
708:
Logos used by the German Christians in 1932, 1935, and 1937
1800:). However, before the promulgation of the Nazi's racist
878:
and it emphatically recommended his work to its readers.
2596:
Protestant denominations established in the 20th century
1662:
Bettina Vaupel, in: Monumente Journal. Published by the
1571:
The ruler of each state was also the highest authority (
809:. Their symbol was a traditional Christian cross with a
76:
that existed between 1932 and 1945, aligned towards the
1366:
Zur Erneuerung des Verhältnisses von Christen und Juden
1355:) and the People's Movement of Free Church Christians (
164:
144:
Martin Luther § Posthumous influence within Nazism
1044:
In the same year, 1921, the Protestant-dominated and
823:, which appealed to and actively encouraged existing
696:
and claimed to be the true German Protestant Church.
316:, the Protestant Church in Germany now operated as a
2502:
Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)
797:. Some of them went so far as to call for the total
488:
The editor Professor Wilhelm Knevels of the journal
1505:
purge Christianity of everything they deemed Jewish
2499:
2139:
1819:Evangelical Archive for Pastors and their Families
1072:) magazine, which in 12,000 articles advanced the
692:in 1934, which condemned the German Christians as
492:(i.e. Christianity and Life) also worked for the "
1470:Bergen, Doris L. (2005). Levy, Richard S. (ed.).
2534:Die christlichen Wurzeln des Nationalsozialismus
2337:Vorgeschichte und Zeit der Illusionen, 1918–1934
1916:, Königshausen und Neumann GmbH, Würzburg 2001,
1476:. Oxford, England: ABC Clio. pp. 172–173.
1171:
1143:
1017:
953:
406:the antisemitic writings of Martin Luther; cf.
500:", 1935) and "Why not only God? Why Jesus?" ("
98:. Their advocacy of these principles led to a
2423:; Bekennende Kirche Heft 15; Munich 1934
1253:Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutsche Glaubensbewegung
902:advocated a "Germanisation of Christianity".
874:devoted its June 1892 issue to a memorial of
785:The German Christians were supportive of the
415:the Luther Renaissance Movement of Professor
114:and the attendant foundation of the opposing
27:Movement within the German Evangelical Church
8:
1835:
1772:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union
1356:
1350:
1312:
1251:
1234:
1198:
1150:
1136:
1117:
1109:
1099:
1093:
1067:
1049:
575:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union
2571:Christian organizations established in 1932
1716:Bodelschwingh was a well-known and popular
1200:ThĂĽringer Kirchenbewegung Deutsche Christen
1098:). The Christian-Spirit Religious Society (
746:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
312:Accordingly, in this initial period of the
280:; Text: "German Christians – Save Austria!"
2127:, Stiftung Lutherhaus Eisenach: Eisenach.
2123:Jochen Birkenmeier, Michael Weise (2020):
1886:Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrunderts
1054:) was founded in Berlin. Andersen, pastor
565:The German Christians were organised as a
202:) in Germany were divided along state and
2524:Die evangelische Kirche und der Holocaust
1976:"Judentum, christlich-jüdisches Gespräch"
1410:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
766:Learn how and when to remove this message
2421:Die falsche Lehre der Deutschen Christen
1627:
1625:
1623:
1507:and to create a German church based on "
986:In 1920 minister Karl Gerecke published
854:). They found their model in the Berlin
395:in 1517, an event which endorsed German
43:
1457:
1426:List of white nationalist organisations
825:antisemitic sentiments among Christians
609:German Evangelical Church Confederation
322:German Evangelical Church Confederation
1526:Only in the regional church bodies of
1465:
1463:
1461:
1149:In 1927 the Protestant Church League (
1101:Geistchristliche Religionsgesellschaft
1095:deutschchristliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft
1048:-oriented League for German Churches (
507:The "Martin Luther Memorial Church" (
7:
2429:Leonore Siegele-Wenschkewitz (ed.):
2411:Evangelische Kirche im Dritten Reich
2092:A Concise History of the Third Reich
1390:, the analogous movement in the USSR
1375:the Dejudaisation Institute Memorial
1248:Associated German Religious Movement
744:adding citations to reliable sources
449:removal of Jewishness from the Bible
48:Flag of the German Christians (1934)
2581:Far-right politics and Christianity
2447:it (S. 201–234) Birgit Jerke:
2375:; MĂĽnchen: Christian Kaiser, 1990;
2005:Sacred Heart University Connecticut
1370:Evangelical Church in the Rhineland
1358:Volkskirchenbewegung Freie Christen
1152:Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchenbund
1104:), founded in 1927 in Nuremberg by
387:the 400th anniversary (in 1917) of
326:Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchenbund
18:Faith Movement of German Christians
2586:Late modern Christian antisemitism
2392:; Cologne: Pahl-Rugenstein, 1984;
2095:. University of California Press.
1293:Attempts to "de-Judaise" the Bible
592:Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte
502:Warum nicht nur Gott? Warum Jesus?
25:
1230:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
577:, the largest of the independent
425:National Socialist Women's League
2462:Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte
2331:Die Kirchen und das Dritte Reich
2165:Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah (1996).
1956:; Marburg: diagonal-Verlag, 1993
931:On the 400th anniversary of the
716:
151:
2354:GĂĽnther van Norden u.a. (ed.):
2255:; Freimund Verlag 1976 (1959),
1664:Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz
1446:Religious views of Adolf Hitler
1236:Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts
1220:Pagan and anti-Christian trends
1189:, the spirit and not the blood.
945:Hans Paul Freiherr von Wolzogen
419:; supported by publications by
221:Ă©tablissements publics du culte
2566:Nazi Germany and Protestantism
2344:Das Jahr der ErnĂĽchterung 1934
2253:Wider die Kirchenkampflegenden
2074:. Oxford University Press US.
1668:"Heiligenschein und Stahlhelm"
1269:(1881–1945), racial ideologue
1133:German National People's Party
1129:abolition of the Old Testament
1062:brought out the twice-monthly
799:removal of all Jewish elements
587:Salvation from chaotic madness
551:Institute of Religious Studies
509:Martin-Luther-Gedächtniskirche
362:German Christians celebrating
102:within 23 of the initially 28
1:
2219:Hockenos, Matthew D. (2004).
1884:Houston Stewart Chamberlain,
1815:Evangelisches Pfarrhausarchiv
1651:bring judgment on themselves.
1583:the Knowledge article on the
1352:Freie Christliche Volkskirche
994:, one of the founders of the
787:Nazi Party's ideas about race
458:13) to justify this position.
2053:University Press of Kentucky
1436:Race and appearance of Jesus
1342:Protestant Church in Germany
1287:Lothar Stengel-von Rutkowski
1138:Deutschnationale Volkspartei
935:, in 1917, Flensburg pastor
617:Deutsche Evangelische Kirche
555:Advanced School of the NSDAP
475:church, consistent with the
269:poster of 1920, depicting a
2278:Heiner Faulenbach: Artikel
2047:Barnes, Kenneth C. (1991).
1604:, Norton, 2003, 2007, p. 60
1441:Religious aspects of Nazism
1214:Briefe an Deutsche Christen
1080:In 1925 groups such as the
888:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
641:Friedrich von Bodelschwingh
447:, and the partial or total
423:, the first speaker of the
196:, the Protestant churches (
2612:
2202:Princeton University Press
2196:Heschel, Susannah (2008).
2148:Cambridge University Press
2070:Barnett, Victoria (1992).
1319:Lulu von StrauĂź und Torney
1296:
974:, the "angry thunder-god"
409:On the Jews and Their Lies
351:
141:
135:
90:ideological principles of
72:and a movement within the
36:
29:
2181:. London: Penguin Books.
2138:Ericksen, Robert (2012).
2114:. Chapel Hill: UNC Press.
2110:Bergen, Doris L. (1996).
1818:
1645:New International Version
906:alleged in his 1907 book
613:German Evangelical Church
188:During the period of the
74:German Evangelical Church
2561:Nazi Party organizations
2464:; TĂĽbingen: Mohr, 1981;
2405:Joachim Beckmann (eds):
2225:Indiana University Press
2179:The Third Reich in Power
1846:in 1933. See article on
1051:Bund fĂĽr deutsche Kirche
538:the Protestant minister
354:Religion in Nazi Germany
104:regional church bodies (
2089:Benz, Wolfgang (2006).
1726:charitable organization
1513:Catholics were involved
1275:Ernst Graf zu Reventlow
1041:finally be destroyed".
1011:In 1921 Andersen wrote
970:For the authors of the
852:arteigene Volksreligion
680:Gleichschaltungspolitik
530:Under the authority of
439:the de-emphasis of the
2419:Julius Sammetreuther:
2311:Die Deutschen Christen
2251:Friedrich Baumgärtel:
1937:The Ninety-five Theses
1860:Bergen, Doris (1996).
1836:
1797:
1653:
1357:
1351:
1313:
1252:
1235:
1213:
1199:
1191:
1169:, for example, wrote:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1118:
1110:
1100:
1094:
1068:
1050:
1030:
990:in the Volksverlag of
988:Biblical anti-Semitism
968:
933:Protestant Reformation
851:
709:
569:(church party, i.e. a
498:Heroisches Christentum
391:'s publication of the
371:
281:
267:Christian Social Party
244:Christian Social Party
65:
49:
1648:
1416:German Faith Movement
1060:Kurd Joachim Niedlich
996:German Workers' Party
908:Der deutsche Christus
791:Positive Christianity
707:
490:Christentum und Leben
361:
264:
47:
39:German Faith Movement
1452:Notes and references
1368:), the Synod of the
1013:Der deutsche Heiland
740:improve this section
295:revolutionary fervor
2576:Christian movements
2388:Hans Prolingheuer:
1817:(about in English:
1263:Jakob Wilhelm Hauer
1069:Die Deutsche Kirche
581:. They were led by
306:public corporations
32:Religion in Germany
2491:2009-04-22 at the
2169:. New York: Knopf.
1722:Bethel Institution
1720:pastor who headed
1536:Hanover (Reformed)
1532:Hanover (Lutheran)
1528:Bavaria (Lutheran)
1497:National Socialism
1399:Christian Identity
1271:Hans F. K. GĂĽnther
1019:Who will win, the
937:Friedrich Andersen
892:Deutsche Schriften
884:Bayreuther Blätter
872:Bayreuther Blätter
710:
536:religious theories
393:Ninety-five Theses
372:
282:
163:. You can help by
50:
2472:; S. 521–528
2280:Deutsche Christen
2234:978-0-253-34448-9
2211:978-0-691-12531-2
2175:Evans, Richard J.
2157:978-1-107-01591-3
2133:978-3-9818078-5-1
1924:, S. 165–183
1848:Confessing Church
1615:Confessing Church
1600:Fareed Zacharia,
1431:Marcion of Sinope
1283:Ludwig Fahrenkrog
1064:The German Church
1021:six-cornered star
912:The German Christ
827:in Nazi Germany.
821:had killed Christ
776:
775:
768:
690:Confessing Church
540:Wilhelm Brachmann
445:Lutheran theology
181:
180:
116:Confessing Church
94:with the goal to
66:Deutsche Christen
53:German Christians
16:(Redirected from
2603:
2543:Andreas Herzog:
2541:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2505:
2484:
2459:
2428:
2418:
2413:, GĂĽtersloh 1948
2404:
2387:
2362:
2353:
2329:Klaus Scholder:
2328:
2318:
2308:
2303:; Stuttgart 1994
2299:Rainer Lächele:
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1931:
1925:
1908:Rainer Lächele:
1906:
1900:
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1875:
1857:
1851:
1850:for more detail.
1844:Martin Niemöller
1841:
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1573:summus episcopus
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1540:Schaumburg-Lippe
1524:
1518:
1517:
1503:. They aimed to
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1490:
1467:
1360:
1354:
1327:
1316:
1309:Walter Grundmann
1255:
1238:
1225:Alfred Rosenberg
1208:
1202:
1154:
1140:
1123:
1115:
1103:
1097:
1084:united with ten
1071:
1053:
981:Ten Commandments
846:
805:, including the
771:
764:
760:
757:
751:
720:
712:
571:nominating group
548:
532:Alfred Rosenberg
504:", April 1942).
334:Kirchenausschuss
299:disestablishment
289:With the end of
212:Church and state
184:Imperial Germany
176:
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2497:
2493:Wayback Machine
2482:
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2416:
2409:1933–1945. It:
2402:
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2367:Protestantismus
2360:
2351:
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1002:Dietrich Eckart
957:racial research
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880:Ludwig Schemann
876:Paul de Lagarde
842:
841:folk-religion (
838:
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669:Aryan paragraph
665:
663:Aryan paragraph
636:
624:Gleichschaltung
605:Gleichschaltung
563:
553:as part of the
549:established an
542:
468:Gleichschaltung
430:the revival of
417:Emmanuel Hirsch
377:
356:
350:
314:Weimar Republic
287:
285:Weimar Republic
271:Judeo-Bolshevik
242:'s antisemitic
237:
235:Austria-Hungary
194:Weimar Republic
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2477:External links
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1314:Volkstestament
1294:
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1267:Ernst Bergmann
1256:), founded in
1221:
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1058:, and teacher
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859:Adolf Stoecker
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2188:0-14-100976-4
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2146:. Cambridge:
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2011:on 2018-10-12
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1581:See generally
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992:Ernst Boepple
989:
984:
982:
977:
973:
967:
964:
963:
958:
952:
950:
946:
942:
941:Adolf Bartels
938:
934:
926:
924:
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820:
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807:Old Testament
804:
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792:
788:
783:
781:
780:Reichsbischof
770:
767:
759:
749:
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734:
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725:This section
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653:
652:Landeskirchen
648:
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645:Reichsbischof
642:
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631:
629:
628:Reichsbischof
625:
620:
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614:
610:
606:
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598:
594:
593:
588:
584:
583:Ludwig MĂĽller
580:
579:Landeskirchen
576:
572:
568:
567:Kirchenpartei
560:
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483:FĂĽhrerprinzip
480:
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441:Old Testament
438:
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429:
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389:Martin Luther
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199:Landeskirchen
195:
192:, before the
191:
190:German Empire
183:
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166:
162:
159:This section
157:
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40:
33:
19:
2591:Kirchenkampf
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2430:
2420:
2410:
2406:
2389:
2364:
2355:
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2330:
2320:
2319:Kurt Meier:
2310:
2309:Kurt Meier:
2300:
2279:
2269:
2252:
2220:
2197:
2178:
2166:
2141:
2124:
2117:
2111:
2091:
2071:
2048:
2036:Bibliography
2024:
2013:. Retrieved
2009:the original
2004:
1995:
1984:. Retrieved
1979:
1970:
1961:
1953:
1948:
1933:
1929:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1861:
1855:
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1822:
1814:
1810:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1759:Reichskirche
1758:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1730:mentally ill
1712:
1704:
1700:
1687:
1675:
1658:
1649:
1639:
1631:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1580:
1572:
1567:
1555:
1547:
1522:
1501:Christianity
1494:
1487:. Retrieved
1472:
1408:
1365:
1363:
1346:Kirchenkampf
1345:
1339:
1302:
1299:Anti-Judaism
1279:Herman Wirth
1277:, historian
1245:
1228:
1223:
1192:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1167:Paul Althaus
1160:
1148:
1144:
1126:
1106:Artur Dinter
1090:Germanophile
1085:
1081:
1079:
1073:
1063:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1000:
987:
985:
971:
969:
960:
954:
948:
930:
927:20th century
911:
907:
900:Arthur Bonus
897:
891:
886:kept alive.
883:
871:
869:
864:Ăśberfremdung
862:
855:
839:
836:19th century
818:
815:
784:
779:
777:
762:
753:
738:Please help
726:
685:Kirchenkampf
683:
679:
677:
666:
656:
651:
649:
644:
637:
627:
623:
621:
616:
604:
602:
597:Wilhelm Kube
590:
586:
578:
566:
564:
550:
529:
518:
512:
508:
506:
501:
497:
489:
487:
482:
476:
466:
463:
461:
431:
407:
401:antisemitism
382:
378:
363:
348:Nazi Germany
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
311:
303:
288:
276:choking the
265:Antisemitic
253:
247:
238:
220:
208:regnal house
197:
187:
169:
165:adding to it
160:
105:
85:
52:
51:
2540:(in German)
2529:(in German)
2521:(in German)
2483:(in German)
2458:(in German)
2427:(in German)
2417:(in German)
2403:(in German)
2386:(in German)
2361:(in German)
2352:(in German)
2327:(in German)
2317:(in German)
2307:(in German)
2297:(in German)
2287: [
2276:(in German)
2268:Otto Diem:
2266:(in German)
2249:(in German)
1770:The entire
1718:Westphalian
1544:WĂĽrttemberg
1489:27 February
1322: [
1120:Volkskirche
1025:Good Friday
921:Julius Bode
856:Hofprediger
678:With their
543: [
436:traditions;
421:Guida Diehl
397:nationalism
291:World War I
255:Vienna 1910
240:Karl Lueger
132:Lutheranism
127:Antecedents
78:antisemitic
2555:Categories
2365:Deutscher
2342:Volume 2:
2335:Volume 1:
2015:2018-10-12
1986:2018-10-12
1724:, a large
1680:Ernst Klee
1575:) in that
1336:After 1945
1297:See also:
1157:Königsberg
1028:destroyed.
955:The newer
947:presented
831:Precursors
795:sinfulness
756:March 2018
673:defrocking
364:Luther-Day
352:See also:
338:Kirchentag
330:Kirchentag
318:federation
249:Mein Kampf
227:, Jewish,
204:provincial
142:See also:
136:See also:
1806:Mischling
1798:Volljuden
1790:‹See Tfd›
1394:Ariosophy
1273:, writer
1206:‹See Tfd›
1195:Thuringia
1112:Entjudung
949:95 Thesen
939:, writer
904:Max Bewer
844:‹See Tfd›
801:from the
727:does not
634:Bishopric
561:Formation
520:Wehrmacht
517:-wearing
514:Stahlhelm
225:Calvinist
172:June 2022
68:) were a
58:‹See Tfd›
2489:Archived
2371:Judentum
2177:(2006).
1757:The new
1728:for the
1382:See also
1258:Eisenach
1227:'s book
1187:Volkstum
1182:Volkstum
1178:Volkstum
1174:Volkstum
1162:Volkstum
1086:völkisch
1077:Cross."
1046:völkisch
962:Volkstum
898:In 1896
819:the Jews
811:swastika
694:heretics
534:and his
433:völkisch
375:Ideology
229:Lutheran
223:for the
2373:1932–33
2041:English
1811:Barnett
1776:Barnett
1748:p. 223.
1734:Barnett
1241:Marxism
976:Jehovah
916:Galilee
748:removed
733:sources
370:in 1933
274:serpent
122:History
112:Germany
2510:
2468:
2437:
2396:
2379:
2293:, 1999
2282:; in:
2259:
2243:German
2231:
2208:
2185:
2154:
2131:
2118:Bergen
2099:
2078:
2059:
1920:
1896:
1868:
1794:German
1778:p. 34.
1736:p. 33.
1705:Bergen
1634:p. 74.
1632:Barnes
1542:, and
1480:
1285:, and
1210:German
972:Thesen
943:, and
848:German
700:Impact
456:Romans
368:Berlin
100:schism
92:Nazism
84:, and
82:racist
62:German
2291:]
1746:Evans
1707:p. 5.
1509:blood
1326:]
1074:Bund'
1006:Baldr
803:Bible
547:]
473:Reich
2508:ISBN
2466:ISBN
2435:ISBN
2394:ISBN
2377:ISBN
2369:und
2257:ISBN
2229:ISBN
2206:ISBN
2183:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2129:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2076:ISBN
2057:ISBN
1918:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1499:and
1491:2018
1478:ISBN
1246:The
1082:Bund
1039:Volk
1035:Volk
870:The
731:any
729:cite
478:Volk
2284:RGG
1939:of
1934:See
1216:).
1124:).
742:by
643:as
630:).
464:see
443:in
366:in
167:.
110:in
2557::
2289:de
2227:.
2204:.
2150:.
2055:.
2051:.
1978:.
1796::
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1647:):
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1579:.
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1088:,
1008:.
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850::
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525:SA
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301:.
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2237:.
2214:.
2191:.
2160:.
2120:)
2116:(
2105:.
2084:.
2065:.
2018:.
1989:.
1943:.
1874:.
1617:.
1591:.
1349:(
1250:(
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910:(
769:)
763:(
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750:.
736:.
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34:.
20:)
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