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436:, i.e., "Free-bird", and it has been used in falconry in the Arabian Peninsula since ancient times. Saker falcons are the national bird of the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman and Yemen and have been integral to Arab heritage and culture for over 9,000 years. They are the national emblem of many
716:
The species also faces pressure from habitat loss and destruction. The population was estimated to be between 7,200 and 8,800 mature individuals in 2004. However, sakers live at low densities across large ranges in remote regions, making distribution status difficult to assess. A climatic niche
816:
755:-saker falcons, which found that five falcons vaccinated with a commercial H5N2 influenza vaccine survived infection with a highly pathogenic H5N1 strain, whereas five unvaccinated falcons died. This means that sakers could be protected from bird flu by vaccination, at least in captivity.
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432:, with all three species capable of executing high speed dives known as "stooping", approaching 300 km/h (190 mph). The saker falcon is the national bird of Hungary, the United Arab Emirates, and Mongolia. It is called by Arabs
678:
are the most common prey items. This species usually builds no nest of own, but lays its 3–6 eggs in an old stick nest in a tree which was previously used by other birds such as storks, ravens or buzzards. It also often nests on cliffs.
933:, is a highly regarded in it. Swift and powerful, it is effective against medium-sized to large-sized game bird species. Saker falcons can reach speeds of 120 to 150 km/h and suddenly swoop down on their prey. The saker falcon and
1430:
Lierz, Michael; Hafez, Hafez M.; Klopfleisch, Robert; Lüschow, Dörte; Prusas, Christine; Teifke, Jens P.; Rudolf, Miriam; Grund, Christian; Kalthoff, Donata; Mettenleiter, Thomas; Beer, Martin; Harder, Timm (November 2007).
626:
at 45–57 cm (18–22 in) length with a wingspan of 97–126 cm (38–50 in). Males weigh between 730–990 g (26–35 oz) and females 970–1,300 g (34–46 oz). It resembles a larger but browner
556:, Altai falcons are genetically intermingled with the broader Asian Saker population and do not constitute a distinct cluster, indicating that they are only colour morphs, and do not represent a separate taxonomic entity.
1074:
1897:
390:
480:, a mere 130,000–115,000 years ago; the saker falcon represents a lineage that expanded out of northeastern Africa into the interior of southeastern Europe and Asia, by way of the eastern
1220:). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from
1106:
Helbig, A.J.; Seibold, I.; Bednarek, W.; Brüning, H.; Gaucher, P.; Ristow, D.; Scharlau, W.; Schmidl, D.; Wink, Michael (1994). Meyburg, B.-U.; Chancellor, R.D. (eds.).
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The saker falcon is a raptor of open grasslands preferably with some trees or cliffs. It often hunts by horizontal pursuit, rather than the
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modelling study pinpointed certain remote areas for targeted population surveys. In the United States, Canada and Europe there are several
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swift (unconfirmed), capable of reaching 150 km/h (93 mph). It is also the third fastest animal in the world overall after the
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are similar, except in size, as are young birds, although these tend to be darker and more heavily streaked. The call is a sharp
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Phylogenetic relationships among falcon species (genus Falco) according to DNA sequence variation of the cytochrome b gene
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Wink, Michael; Seibold, I.; Lotfikhah, F.; Bednarek, W. (1998). Chancellor, R.D.; Meyburg, B.-U.; Ferrero, J.J. (eds.).
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701:, due to a rapid population decline, particularly on the central Asian breeding grounds. Ever since the collapse of the
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have been the main destination for thousands of falcons caught and sold illegally for hefty sums at the black market.
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Wink, Michael; Sauer-Gürth, Hedi; Ellis, David; Kenward, Robert (2004). Chancellor, R.D.; Meyburg, B.-U. (eds.).
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1433:"Protection and Virus Shedding of Falcons Vaccinated against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus (H5N1)"
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393:, while adults are mostly resident. The European and West Asian migratory sakers spend the winter in the
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The saker falcon has been used in falconry for thousands of years, and like its very close relative, the
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The Saker Falcon has four officially recognized subspecies in the international ornithology according to
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563:-saker hybrids are also available (see bird flu experiment described in "Ecology and status"). The
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Orta, Jaume (1994). "Saker Falcon". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.).
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are slightly larger, and darker and more heavily spotted on the underparts. These, known as the
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can simply not be expected to yield reliable conclusions in the entire hierofalcon group. The
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1154:"Phylogenetic relationships in the Hierofalco complex (Saker-, Gyr-, Lanner-, Laggar Falcon)"
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can be hybridised to provide falcons used in the control of larger birds considered pests.
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1482:"The Rise of a Fallen Feather: The Symbolism of the Turul Bird in Contemporary Hungary"
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1644:. Vol. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp.
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1302:, "the noble bird," is the common appellation of the Peregrine and its congeners. "
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729:. In contrast, a strongly protected and relatively abundant population persists in
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504:- a subspecies of the desert regions of West and South Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan;
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Sutton, Luke J.; Puschendorf, Robert (2020). "Climatic niche of the Saker Falcon
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of the entire living diversity of hierofalcons seems to have taken place in the
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complex. In this group, there is ample evidence for rampant hybridization and
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Orta, J., Boesman, P., Sharpe, C.J. & Marks, J.S. (2019). Saker Falcon (
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projects. The most dramatic decline of the saker falcon in Asia has been in
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498:- the nominate subspecies distributed from Central Europe to Central Asia;
381:. It is a partial migrant, which means that some part of the population is
1665:"Weichselian and Holocene bird remains from Komarowa Cave, Central Poland"
1174:
Nittinger, F.; Haring, E.; Pinsker, W.; Wink, Michael; Gamauf, A. (2005).
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1075:"Why peregrine falcons are the ultimate status symbol in the Middle East"
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516:- the subspecies of high elevations of Tibet and the Qinghai Plateau.
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The saker falcon is the second fastest bird in level flight after the
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1377:: predicted new areas to direct population surveys in Central Asia".
1306:" I have only heard applied to the very large falcons — never to the
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2019:
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Note Rev. H. B. Tristram's 1859 observation on the Arabic usage of
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between saker falcon and gyrfalcon. However, modern opinion (e.g. (
510:- the typical subspecies widespread in most parts of Central Asia;
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1132:"Molecular systematics of holarctic raptors (Order Falconiformes)"
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914:. In 2012, the saker falcon was selected as the national bird of
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544:)) treats them as a form of saker falcons and new research in
29:
530:, have been treated in the past either as a distinct species
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Some saker falcons at the northeast edge of the range in the
373:
species. It breeds from
Central Europe eastwards across the
1187:
Journal of
Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
713:
is estimated to lose up to 1,000 saker falcons per year.
1314:, both of which are trained by the Arabs for the chase."
631:. It is larger and more heavily built than the related
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data to a massive extent; molecular studies with small
1093:"Saker Falcon entry at Abu Dhabi Environment division"
1001:"Saker Falcon entry at Abu Dhabi Environment division"
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In captivity, lanners and sakers can interbreed, and
601:
1785:
1294:in "Notes on birds observed in southern Palestine"
1176:"Out of Africa? Phylogenetic relationships between
979:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22696495A204182473.en
748:) strains. Therefore, an experiment was done with
736:Saker falcons are known to be very susceptible to
682:Saker nests support a species-rich assemblage of
910:), and the saker falcon is the national bird of
1443:(11). Centers for Disease Control: 1667–1674.
779:Captive, Carolina Raptor Center, United States
638:Saker falcons tend to have variable plumage.
8:
1534:"Saker Falcon – National Bird for Mongolia"
1505:"Saker Falcon protection in Eastern Europe"
1773:
1726:
1663:Tomek, Teresa; Bocheński, Zygmunt (2005).
1324:Merkl, O.; Bagyura, J.; Rózsa, L. (2004).
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1180:and other hierofalcons (Aves Falconidae)"
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977:
666:stoop from a height, and feeds mainly on
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
1356:"Kazakhs use eagle to save rare falcon"
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1212:
1210:
1208:
1014:Schwab, I R; Maggs, D (January 2004).
1712:Live 24hr view of a saker falcon nest
1573:"The Saker Falcon in Austria/biology"
1236:A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
7:
1981:d2f7ec9a-ed8c-4c7e-89fd-df72e97d99f9
1020:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
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1354:Antelava, Natalia (5 August 2007).
965:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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552:supports that view. According to a
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2173:IUCN Red List endangered species
1754:Audio recordings of Saker falcon
1199:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00326.x
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1704:BirdLife species factsheet for
1073:Syz, Francesca (20 June 2021).
954:BirdLife International (2021).
906:, was probably a saker falcon (
791:Captive, Carolina Raptor Center
397:. On migration, they cross the
2243:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
2203:Birds of the Arabian Peninsula
1641:Handbook of Birds of the World
1222:https://www.hbw.com/node/53244
1:
1768:Global Action Plan (SakerGAP)
1503:Molnar, Laco (January 2000).
2238:National symbols of Mongolia
2228:National symbols of Ethiopia
1750:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1551:. Hancock House Publishers.
1437:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1141:. Adenex & WWGBP: 29–48.
614:The saker falcon is a large
460:which confounds analyses of
2233:National symbols of Hungary
1672:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia
1326:"Insects inhabiting Saker (
602:
391:the juveniles are migrating
54:. The specific problem is:
2259:
2007:saker-falcon-falco-cherrug
1748:Saker falcon photo gallery
1699:saker.sciencefornature.org
1684:10.3409/173491505783995743
1480:KissPál, Szabolcs (2014).
1268:Collins English Dictionary
1234:Jobling, James A. (1991).
458:incomplete lineage sorting
452:belongs to the close-knit
50:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
1163:. Berlin: WWGBP: 499–504.
1117:Raptor conservation today
972:: e.T22696495A204182473.
697:categorises this bird as
422:white-throated needletail
389:, for example, a part of
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150:Scientific classification
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2198:Birds of prey of Eurasia
1740:Internet Bird Collection
868:Flying bird at bird show
579:for a female saker. The
444:Taxonomy and systematics
413:spend the winter in the
2178:Birds described in 1834
1139:Holarctic Birds of Prey
902:mythological bird, the
690:Status and conservation
622:and almost as large as
385:, some part is not. In
369:Gray, 1834) is a large
1618:Effective Bird Control
1593:"Hybrid Birds of Prey"
1449:10.3201/eid1311.070705
895:
695:BirdLife International
670:and birds. In Europe,
2188:Birds of Central Asia
2119:Paleobiology Database
1547:Beebe, Frank (1984).
1264:"Definition of saker"
1224:on 15 February 2019).
881:
415:Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
1976:Fauna Europaea (new)
1735:"Saker falcon media"
1016:"The falcon's stoop"
707:United Arab Emirates
606:) meaning "falcon".
476:at the start of the
61:improve this article
1330:) nests in Hungary"
1119:. pp. 593–599.
822:Falcon training in
546:population genetics
489:IOC World Bird List
474:Eemian interglacial
349:Hierofalco altaicus
120:Conservation status
1033:10.1136/bjo.88.1.4
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618:, larger than the
321: Non-breeding
2213:Birds of Pakistan
2193:Birds of Mongolia
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2106:Open Tree of Life
1779:Taxon identifiers
1646:273–274, plate 28
1549:A Falconry Manual
1391:10.1111/ibi.12700
1161:Raptors Worldwide
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769:
766:
759:
691:
688:
659:
656:
652:kyak-kyak-kyak
650:or a repeated
629:Prairie Falcon
611:
608:
518:
517:
511:
505:
499:
445:
442:
438:Arab countries
357:
356:
355:
354:
346:
337:Falco altaicus
331:
330:
324:
323:
317:
311:
309: Resident
305:
303: Breeding
299:
292:
291:
283:
282:
276:
265:
264:
258:
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244:
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236:
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127:
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107:
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42:
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26:
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14:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
2255:
2244:
2241:
2239:
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2221:
2219:
2218:Falco (genus)
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
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2189:
2186:
2184:
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2176:
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2171:
2170:
2168:
2151:
2150:Falco-cherrug
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
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2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
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2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:falco-cherrug
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:Falco_cherrug
1827:
1823:
1818:
1817:Falco cherrug
1812:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1787:Falco cherrug
1784:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1766:Falco cherrug
1764:Saker Falcon
1762:
1759:
1755:
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1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1719:
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1713:
1710:
1708:
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1706:Falco cherrug
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1655:84-87334-15-6
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1636:
1635:
1619:
1615:
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1606:
1594:
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1585:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1558:0-88839-978-2
1554:
1550:
1543:
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1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
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1468:
1464:
1459:
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1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1400:10026.1/13028
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:Falco cherrug
1369:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1343:(1–2): 23–26.
1342:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1328:Falco cherrug
1320:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:F. peregrinus
1305:
1301:
1300:Ta'ir el Hohr
1297:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1249:0-19-854634-3
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:Falco cherrug
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1155:
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1140:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1118:
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1110:
1102:
1099:
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1080:
1079:The Telegraph
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1069:
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1057:
1052:
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1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1002:
996:
993:
980:
975:
971:
967:
966:
961:
959:
958:Falco cherrug
950:
947:
940:
938:
936:
932:
925:
921:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
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873:
864:
859:
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734:
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728:
724:
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700:
696:
689:
687:
685:
680:
677:
676:feral pigeons
673:
669:
665:
657:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
633:Lanner Falcon
630:
625:
621:
620:lanner falcon
617:
609:
607:
604:
598:
589:
585:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:specific name
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:
529:
528:
523:
515:
512:
509:
508:F.c. milvipes
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
493:
492:
490:
485:
483:
482:Mediterranean
479:
475:
471:
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443:
441:
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427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
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396:
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388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:Falco cherrug
364:
350:
347:
343:
338:
335:
334:
332:
329:
325:
315: Passage
298:
293:
289:
284:
279:
274:
272:
271:Falco cherrug
266:
263:
262:Binomial name
259:
255:
254:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
237:
234:
233:
230:
229:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:Falconiformes
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
156:
151:
147:
141:
136:
125:
121:
116:
113:
108:
104:
99:
96:Saker falcon
94:
91:
83:
80:
72:
69:November 2016
62:
57:
53:
49:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
18:Falco cherrug
1786:
1765:
1738:
1721:
1705:
1675:
1671:
1640:
1621:. Retrieved
1617:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1587:
1576:. Retrieved
1567:
1548:
1542:
1528:
1511:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1440:
1436:
1425:
1385:(1): 27–41.
1382:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1359:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1267:
1258:
1235:
1229:
1217:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1169:
1160:
1147:
1138:
1125:
1116:
1108:
1101:
1087:
1078:
1068:
1023:
1019:
1009:
995:
983:. Retrieved
969:
963:
957:
949:
928:
907:
897:
856:Captive bird
742:Saudi Arabia
735:
715:
703:Soviet Union
693:
681:
661:
651:
647:
637:
613:
583:
576:
568:
558:
554:recent study
532:
531:
527:Altai falcon
525:
519:
513:
507:
501:
496:F.c. cherrug
495:
486:
466:sample sizes
462:DNA sequence
447:
433:
430:golden eagle
419:
395:Sahel region
366:
363:saker falcon
362:
360:
348:
336:
296:
270:
268:
252:
251:
239:
227:
90:
75:
66:
59:Please help
55:
44:
2015:iNaturalist
1811:Wikispecies
985:12 November
664:peregrine's
616:hierofalcon
610:Description
581:common name
502:F.c. coatsi
454:hierofalcon
399:Middle East
63:if you can.
2167:Categories
2145:Xeno-canto
1758:Xeno-canto
1578:2020-12-27
1298:vol. 1. "
941:References
874:In culture
727:Uzbekistan
723:Kazakhstan
711:Kazakhstan
699:endangered
375:Palearctic
297:F. cherrug
240:Hierofalco
235:Subgenus:
217:Falconidae
135:Endangered
1520:1608-1544
1514:(17): 7.
1409:1474-919X
1312:F.punicus
1042:0007-1161
931:gyrfalcon
900:Hungarian
888:Tatabánya
686:insects.
684:commensal
624:gyrfalcon
597:romanized
561:gyrfalcon
542:Orta 1994
470:radiation
383:migratory
379:Manchuria
295:Range of
247:Species:
173:Kingdom:
167:Eukaryota
2223:Falconry
2132:Species+
2059:22696495
2033:10193139
1929:45514168
1867:22696495
1862:BirdLife
1851:BioLib:
1796:Wikidata
1467:18217549
1417:92029395
1360:BBC News
1296:The Ibis
1273:8 August
1060:14740627
1026:(1): 4.
924:falconry
916:Mongolia
536:or as a
484:region.
428:and the
407:Pakistan
342:Menzbier
328:Synonyms
278:Gray, JE
213:Family:
187:Chordata
183:Phylum:
177:Animalia
163:Domain:
140:IUCN 3.1
45:require
2111:1001807
1994:2481034
1916:sakfal1
1877:sakfal1
1839:Avibase
1802:Q165974
1722:Avibase
1458:3375792
1292:page 24
1051:1771963
922:Use in
912:Hungary
892:Hungary
809:England
731:Hungary
668:rodents
658:Ecology
644:females
599::
569:cherrug
550:ecology
450:species
344:, 1891)
223:Genus:
203:Order:
193:Class:
138: (
47:cleanup
2124:373316
2085:345164
2046:175633
1950:EURING
1652:
1623:27 May
1598:27 May
1555:
1518:
1465:
1455:
1415:
1407:
1246:
1058:
1048:
1040:
824:Moscow
750:hybrid
705:, the
648:kiy-ee
588:Arabic
573:Sindhi
538:hybrid
405:, and
401:, the
387:Europe
371:falcon
319:
313:
307:
301:
280:, 1834
2137:10949
2028:IRMNG
1968:96746
1937:EUNIS
1911:eBird
1890:6HNQ3
1874:BOW:
1668:(PDF)
1512:Falco
1508:(PDF)
1413:S2CID
1333:(PDF)
1304:Sakqr
1289:sakqr
1183:(PDF)
1157:(PDF)
1135:(PDF)
1113:(PDF)
904:Turul
884:Turul
843:Qatar
746:Italy
640:Males
584:saker
577:charg
575:name
448:This
228:Falco
112:Tibet
56:cite.
2080:NCBI
2054:IUCN
2041:ITIS
2020:4691
1989:GBIF
1955:3160
1942:8709
1854:8550
1650:ISBN
1625:2023
1600:2023
1553:ISBN
1516:ISSN
1463:PMID
1405:ISSN
1379:Ibis
1275:2012
1244:ISBN
1056:PMID
1038:ISSN
987:2021
970:2021
839:Doha
725:and
674:and
642:and
603:Ṣaqr
548:and
361:The
197:Aves
2098:322
2067:NBN
2002:IBC
1924:EoL
1898:CMS
1885:CoL
1826:ADW
1756:on
1680:doi
1676:48A
1453:PMC
1445:doi
1395:hdl
1387:doi
1383:162
1310:or
1240:OUP
1195:doi
1046:PMC
1028:doi
974:doi
767:Egg
753:gyr
592:صقر
434:Hur
377:to
110:In
2169::
2147::
2134::
2121::
2108::
2095::
2082::
2069::
2056::
2043::
2030::
2017::
2004::
1991::
1978::
1965::
1952::
1939::
1926::
1913::
1900::
1887::
1864::
1841::
1828::
1813::
1798::
1737:.
1720:.
1674:.
1670:.
1648:.
1616:.
1510:.
1490:56
1488:.
1484:.
1461:.
1451:.
1441:13
1439:.
1435:.
1411:.
1403:.
1393:.
1381:.
1358:.
1341:14
1339:.
1335:.
1266:.
1242:.
1238:.
1207:^
1191:43
1189:.
1185:.
1159:.
1137:.
1115:.
1077:.
1054:.
1044:.
1036:.
1024:88
1022:.
1018:.
968:.
962:.
918:.
898:A
890:,
841:,
807:,
733:.
654:.
635:.
594:,
590::
567:,
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440:.
417:.
1760:.
1743:.
1724:.
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1682::
1658:.
1627:.
1602:.
1581:.
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1522:.
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1397::
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1362:.
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1197::
1095:.
1081:.
1062:.
1030::
1003:.
989:.
976::
960:"
956:"
894:.
365:(
340:(
142:)
82:)
76:(
71:)
67:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
