1843:
1442:
1244:
1531:
1486:
1354:
1931:
1133:
1887:
1665:
1755:
1332:
893:), and often a black cap, as well. They are very fast birds with a maximum speed of 390 kilometres per hour. Otherwise, they are somewhat intermediate between the other groups, being chiefly medium grey with some lighter or brownish colours on their upper sides. They are, on average, more delicately patterned than the hobbies and, if the hierofalcons are excluded (see below), this group typically contains species with horizontal barring on their undersides. As opposed to the other groups, where tail colour varies much in general but little according to
1865:
1576:
1909:
1598:
1177:
1642:
947:-striped" species, to the exclusion of such taxa as the greater kestrel (which lacks a malar stripe), the lesser kestrel (which is very similar to the common, but also has no malar stripe), and the American kestrel, which has a malar stripe, but its colour pattern – apart from the brownish back – and also the black feathers behind the ear, which never occur in the true kestrels, are more reminiscent of some hobbies. The malar-striped kestrels apparently split from their relatives in the
1222:
1687:
61:
90:
1310:
1821:
1266:
1199:
1620:
1111:
1376:
1553:
1508:
1420:
1799:
1398:
1155:
1464:
1777:
963:
1288:
1733:
2153:
1710:
997:
proved this earlier theory erroneous. In reality, the hierofalcon are a rather young group, originating at the same time as the start of the main kestrel radiation, about 2 Mya. Very little fossil history exists for this lineage. However, the present diversity of very recent origin suggests that this
1657:
Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central
African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda,
1076:
and just into the
Gelasian, that is from 2.4 to 5.3 Mya, when the malar-striped kestrels diversified. Some groups of falcons, such as the hierofalcon complex and the peregrine-Barbary superspecies, have only evolved in more recent times; the species of the former seem to be 120,000 years old or so.
3689:
Nikita V. Zelenkov; Evgeny N. Kurochkin (2015). "КЛАСС AVES". In E.N. Kurochkin; A.V. Lopatin; N.V. Zelenkov. Ископаемые позвоночные России и сопредельных стран. Ископаемые рептилии и птицы. Часть 3 / Fossil vertebrates of Russia and adjacent countries. Fossil
Reptiles and Birds. Part 3. GEOS. pp.
812:, less than 10 million years ago. This coincides with a period in which many modern genera of birds became recognizable in the fossil record. As of 2021, the oldest falconid fossil is estimated to be 55 million years old. Given the distribution of fossil and living
2276:(Mlíkovský 2002)? If so, probably not close to the living species, but an earlier divergence that left no descendants; might be more than one species due to large range in time and/or include common ancestor of hierofalcons and peregrine-Barbary complex (Nittinger
1842:
2843:
Groombridge, Jim J.; Jones, Carl G.; Bayes, Michelle K.; van Zyl, Anthony J.; Carrillo, José; Nichols, Richard A.; Bruford, Michael W. (2002). "A molecular phylogeny of
African kestrels with reference to divergence across the Indian Ocean".
1001:
The phylogeny and delimitations of the peregrine and hobby groups are more problematic. Molecular studies have only been conducted on a few species, and the morphologically ambiguous taxa have often been little researched. The
855:
can be told apart at first glance by their tail colours, but not by much else; they might be very close relatives and are probably much closer to each other than the lesser and common kestrels. Kestrels feed chiefly on
847:); usually small and stocky falcons of mainly brown upperside colour and sometimes sexually dimorphic; three African species that are generally gray in colour stand apart from the typical members of this group. The
645:
having been recorded diving at speeds of 320 km/h (200 mph), making them the fastest-moving creatures on Earth; the fastest recorded dive attained a vertical speed of 390 km/h (240 mph).
3398:
Griffiths, Carole S.; Barrowclough, George F.; Groth, Jeff G.; Mertz, Lisa (2004). "Phylogeny of the
Falconidae (Aves): a comparison of the efficacy of morphological, mitochondrial, and nuclear data".
1441:
951:, roughly 2.0–2.5 million years ago (Mya), and are seemingly of tropical East African origin. The entire "true kestrel" group—excluding the American species—is probably a distinct and quite young
1303:
South of the Sahara from Mali eastwards as far as
Ethiopia and north-west Kenya. It occasionally wanders west to Senegal, the Gambia and Guinea and south to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
752:) because of the belief that only one in three eggs hatched a male bird. Some sources give the etymology as deriving from the fact that a male falcon is about one-third smaller than a female (
882:
The second group contains slightly larger (on average) species, the hobbies and relatives. These birds are characterized by considerable amounts of dark slate-gray in their plumage; their
1018:, is not very informative in the present genus. Nonetheless, a core group containing the peregrine and Barbary falcons, which, in turn, group with the hierofalcon and the more distant
560:
Adult falcons have thin, tapered wings, which enable them to fly at high speed and change direction rapidly. Fledgling falcons, in their first year of flying, have longer
2080:
from the Early
Pliocene of Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) appears to be a falcon of some sort. It might belong in this genus or a closely related one. In any case, the genus name
4355:
819:, falcons are probably of North American, African, or possibly Middle Eastern or European origin. Falcons are not closely related to other birds of prey, and their
2495:
List of generic terms proposed for birds during the years 1890 to 1900, inclusive, to which are added names omitted by
Waterhouse in his "Index generum avium," ...
4394:
2463:
The birds of North and Middle
America: a descriptive catalog of the higher groups, genera, species, and subspecies of birds known to occur in North America, ...
2961:
2555:
3713:
Fuchs, J.; Johnson, J.A.; Mindell, D.P. (2015). "Rapid diversification of falcons (Aves: Falconidae) due to expansion of open habitats in the Late
Miocene".
2528:
897:
relatedness, the tails of the large falcons are quite uniformly dark grey with inconspicuous black banding and small, white tips, though this is probably
4522:
4502:
4329:
4368:
3809:
1530:
2393:
889:
Third are the peregrine falcon and its relatives, variably sized powerful birds that also have a black malar area (except some very light color
3627:
2498:
Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Vol. 24. Washington: Smithsonian Institution / Government Printing Office. p. 685.
2988:
1485:
1243:
3715:
3695:
2789:
2764:
1524:
Central and western Alaska across northern Canada to Nova Scotia, and south throughout North America, into central Mexico and the Caribbean.
4527:
808:
record of the falcons is not well distributed in time. For years, the oldest fossils tentatively assigned to this genus were from the Late
1045:
one that originated possibly around central Eurasia or in (northern) Africa. One or several lineages were present in North America by the
3012:"New fossils from the London Clay show that the Eocene Masillaraptoridae are stem group representatives of falcons (Aves, Falconiformes)"
2466:
Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum Bulletin, no. 50, part 11. United States Government Printing Office. p. 615.
2239:. Small species; possibly closer to kestrels than to peregrine lineage or hierofalcons, but may be more basal altogether due to its age
3148:
Helbig, A.J.; Seibold, I.; Bednarek, W.; Brüning, H.; Gaucher, P.; Ristow, D.; Scharlau, W.; Schmidl, D. & Wink, Michael (1994):
2734:
Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
2426:
3456:
2814:
2565:
2538:
1930:
1353:
4456:
2989:"A falconid from the Late Miocene of northwestern China yields further evidence of transition in Late Neogene steppe communities"
2196:
4290:
2248:
666:
182:
3680:
sp. n. (Aves, Falconiformes) from the Middle Miocene of Hadzhidimovo (SW Bulgaria). – Acta zoologica bulgarica, 63 (1): 17–35.
1886:
1664:
1132:
3779:
3446:
2716:
2125:) from Wyoming is a bird of uncertain affiliations, maybe a falconid, maybe not; it certainly does not belong in this genus.
923:
While these three or four groups, loosely circumscribed, are an informal arrangement, they probably contain several distinct
4373:
3527:
4381:
3150:
Phylogenetic relationships among falcon species (genus Falco) according to DNA sequence variation of the cytochrome b gene
2444:
Gill, B.J.; Bell, B.D.; Chambers, G.K.; Medway, D.G.; Palma, R.L.; Scofield, R.P.; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Worthy, T.H. (2010).
1836:
Southeastern Iran, southeastern Afghanistan, Pakistan, through India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and northwestern Myanmar.
3287:
3654:
sp. n. – a Late Pliocene falcon (Falconidae, Aves) from Varshets (W Bulgaria). – Geologica Balcanica, 29 (1–2): 131–35.
1754:
4251:
4238:
3802:
3199:
3175:
2893:
2630:
Krüger, Oliver (2005). "The Evolution of Reversed Sexual Dimorphism in Hawks, Falcons and Owls: a comparative study".
1331:
3149:
2965:
1864:
1037:
species of today belong to the peregrine group, or are apparently more basal species, the initially most successful
568:. This makes flying easier while still learning the aerial skills required to be effective hunters like the adults.
4308:
3249:
3220:
2191:
1908:
1597:
4399:
4321:
2166:
3585:
3472:
3355:
1259:
Northwestern Angola and southern Democratic Republic of Congo to southern Tanzania, and south to South Africa.
430:
35:
1575:
4474:
89:
396:
31:
4507:
4497:
4191:
3795:
2583:"A stem falconid bird from the Lower Eocene of Antarctica and the early southern radiation of the falcons"
2134:
1641:
1603:
1359:
1237:
Widespread in Europe, Asia, and Africa, as well as occasionally reaching the east coast of North America.
1176:
1038:
369:
2446:
Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica
2321:
4430:
3091:
2752:
2471:
1007:
415:
306:
4256:
2503:
260:
4448:
2461:
2448:(4th ed.). Wellington, Te Papa Press and Ornithological Society of New Zealand. pp. 174–176.
2385:
2066:
2014:
4461:
4409:
4264:
3724:
3407:
3302:
3100:
3023:
2853:
2674:
2493:
2364:
2019:
1469:
1056:
groups—the "typical" hobbies and kestrels, for example, or the peregrine-hierofalcon complex, or the
1003:
916:, which impart reddish or brown colors, and generally more strongly patterned plumage reminiscent of
580:
310:
76:
4028:
3911:
3901:
2074:
Several more paleosubspecies of extant species also been described; see species accounts for these.
2032:
2006:
1221:
2748:
2348:
1966:
1686:
1658:
Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
753:
3922:
3548:
1980:
4018:
3998:
3634:. Probably a prehistoric hobby, perhaps less specialized for bird hunting: Sobolev, D.V. (2003):
3610:
3501:
3380:
3336:
2647:
2612:
2058:
1715:
1138:
857:
626:, with the females typically larger than the males, thus allowing a wider range of prey species.
229:
84:
4008:
2092:
1958:
4435:
3988:
2082:
4517:
4417:
4360:
3937:
3740:
3691:
3544:
3452:
3423:
3328:
3126:
3041:
2869:
2820:
2810:
2785:
2760:
2712:
2690:
2561:
2534:
1479:
Greece, Cyprus, the Canary Islands, Ibiza and off Spain, Italy, Croatia, Morocco and Algeria.
1425:
1403:
1160:
990:
630:
623:
542:
347:
331:
320:
60:
3787:
3759:
985:
is quite frequent at least in the larger falcon species. Initial studies of mtDNA cytochrome
4512:
4422:
4126:
3856:
3773:
3732:
3602:
3575:
3493:
3415:
3372:
3318:
3310:
3268:
3116:
3108:
3031:
2861:
2682:
2639:
2602:
2594:
2499:
2467:
2360:
2010:(Early/Middle Pliocene of Fossil Lake, Oregon) – possibly not distinct from a living species
1914:
1692:
1513:
1116:
982:
844:
739:
642:
460:
3221:
Phylogenetic relationships in the Hierofalco complex (Saker-, Gyr-, Lanner-, Laggar Falcon)
2737:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 88.
1309:
4243:
4039:
3631:
3531:
2415:
2293:
2236:
2130:
2105:
1820:
1536:
1271:
1204:
1182:
1057:
1023:
890:
852:
731:
671:
604:
385:
3728:
3411:
3306:
3104:
3087:"Mesozoic retroposons reveal parrots as the closest living relatives of passerine birds"
3027:
2857:
2678:
1198:
4316:
4303:
3768:– Peregrine, owl, eagle and osprey cams, facts, and other resources, raptorresource.org
3667:
Boev, 1999) from the type locality in Bulgaria. – Geologica Balcanica, 40 (1–3): 13–30.
3121:
3086:
2759:. Vol. 1: Non-passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 349.
2220:
2216:
2040:
1892:
1670:
1625:
1619:
1381:
1315:
1227:
1110:
1046:
1019:
710:
561:
358:
198:
3570:
V27159, V29107, V57508-V57510, V57513/V57514 some limb bones. Slightly smaller than a
2865:
1375:
4491:
4048:
3953:
3946:
3877:
3862:
3819:
3593:
3571:
3484:
3363:
3314:
3272:
2728:
2256:
2047:
1826:
1804:
1647:
1558:
1281:
Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, parts of Angola and Zambia and in much of South Africa.
920:. Their undersides have a lengthwise pattern of blotches, lines, or arrowhead marks.
908:
Very similar to these, and sometimes included therein, are the four or so species of
680:
662:
634:
517:
204:
178:
141:
3340:
2651:
2616:
1552:
1265:
943:
data of some kestrels identified a clade containing the common kestrel and related "
564:, which make their configuration more like that of a general-purpose bird such as a
4161:
4154:
3440:
White, Clayton M.; Olsen, Penny D. & Kiff, Lloyd F. (1994): Family Falconidae.
3060:
2290:
2158:
1936:
1848:
1782:
1738:
1491:
1337:
1249:
940:
934:
913:
864:
820:
676:
615:
600:
538:
190:
68:
50:
3036:
3011:
2987:
Li, Zhiheng; Zhou, Zhonghe; Deng, Tao; Li, Qiang; Clarke, Julia A. (4 June 2014).
2732:
2086:
is invalid for this animal because it had already been allocated to a prehistoric
4295:
4229:
1022:(which was sometimes placed with the hierofalcon, though it is entirely distinct
4386:
4342:
4223:
4117:
4092:
3850:
3736:
3522:
3419:
2908:
2582:
2273:
2024:
2002:
sp. (Early Pliocene of Bulgaria – Early Pleistocene of Spain and Czech Republic)
1798:
1760:
1507:
1447:
1419:
1397:
1293:
909:
898:
848:
839:
Falcons are roughly divisible into three or four groups. The first contains the
614:
at up to 65 cm (26 in) in length. The smallest falcon species is the
3635:
2113:, which, in that case, would adopt the older species name of the "falcon". The
1369:
Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi along with north-eastern South Africa.
4106:
4076:
3967:
2643:
2598:
2148:
1581:
1463:
1154:
1073:
1015:
860:
773:
749:
714:
694:
576:
565:
550:
295:
161:
151:
3219:
Wink, Michael; Sauer-Gürth, Hedi; Ellis, David & Kenward, Robert (2004):
3045:
2824:
4277:
4099:
4065:
4055:
3497:
3356:"Phylogeny of the Falconidae inferred from molecular and morphological data"
2686:
2349:"XLVIII. Commentary on Mr. G R. Gray's 'Genera of Birds.' 8vo. London, 1840"
2087:
1870:
1776:
1042:
1027:
1011:
978:
962:
894:
828:
638:
611:
572:
534:
101:
4214:
3744:
3427:
3332:
3130:
2873:
1287:
797:). The technique of hunting with trained captive birds of prey is known as
629:
As is the case with many birds of prey, falcons have exceptional powers of
583:
and a few other species of "falcons". All these birds kill prey with their
3288:"Genetic structure among continental and island populations of gyrfalcons"
3248:
Nittinger, F.; Haring, E.; Pinsker, W.; Wink, Michael; Gamauf, A. (2005).
2888:
2694:
1732:
1026:), as well as at least most of the "typical" hobbies, are confirmed to be
4208:
4133:
3838:
3323:
2252:
2171:
1680:
Eastern Himalayas and ranges southwards through Indochina to Australasia
1069:
1065:
971:
956:
948:
798:
761:
121:
2939:
4469:
4334:
4147:
4140:
3614:
3505:
3384:
3112:
2607:
2044:(Middle Pleistocene of Noailles, France and possibly Horvőlgy, Hungary)
1061:
872:
840:
824:
809:
549:. Falcons are widely distributed on all continents of the world except
546:
530:
17:
2665:
Fox, R; Lehmkuhle, S.; Westendorf, D. (1976). "Falcon visual acuity".
1709:
3832:
3174:
Wink, Michael; Seibold, I.; Lotfikhah, F. & Bednarek, W. (1998):
2297:
2186:
2114:
912:(literally, "hawk-falcons"). They represent taxa with, usually, more
876:
868:
805:
554:
111:
4347:
4185:
3606:
3376:
4282:
3772:
3286:
Johnson, J.A.; Burnham, K.K.; Burnham, W.A.; Mindell, D.P. (2007).
2757:
The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
1880:
Eastern and western Greenland, Canada, Alaska, Iceland and Norway.
618:, which measures just 20 cm (7.9 in). As with hawks and
4443:
3844:
3444:
del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (editors):
2181:
961:
952:
944:
931:
924:
886:
areas are nearly always black. They feed mainly on smaller birds.
883:
655:
596:
521:
4269:
2296:(Mlíkovský 2002), but this is not too likely due to the probable
3765:
3567:
3547:: Martin, R.A.; Honey, J.G. & Pelaez-Campomanes, P. (2000):
3176:
Molecular systematics of holarctic raptors (Order Falconiformes)
2232:
1546:
Northern Mexico and Trinidad locally to southern South America.
994:
917:
816:
794:
718:
592:
588:
584:
131:
4189:
3875:
3791:
3663:
Boev, Z. 2011. New fossil record of the Late Pliocene kestrel (
2581:
Cenizo, Marcos; Noriega, Jorge I.; Reguero, Marcelo A. (2016).
776:
2223:
is absolutely identical, yet they do not seem closely related.
619:
478:
3182:
Chancellor, R.D., Meyburg, B.-U. & Ferrero, J.J. (eds.):
905:
species feed on mid-sized birds and terrestrial vertebrates.
709:, meaning "a sickle", referring to the claws of the bird. In
490:
3261:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
2176:
1325:
Mediterranean across Central Asia into China and Mongolia.
2807:
Shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles
469:
3636:Новый вид плиоценового сокола (Falconiformes, Falconidae)
1858:
Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and China.
1591:
Tropical Mexico, Central and South America, and Trinidad
1501:
Northeastern Africa to the southern Persian Gulf region.
998:
lineage may have nearly gone extinct in the recent past.
599:
and other larger birds of prey from the unrelated family
505:
3200:
Advances in the molecular systematics of African raptors
1089:(1996), except for adjustments in the kestrel sequence.
977:
Other studies have confirmed that the hierofalcon are a
553:, though closely related raptors did occur there in the
579:, which also includes two other subfamilies comprising
3586:"Some birds of prey from the Upper Pliocene of Kansas"
723:
refers generically to several captive raptor species.
637:
of one species has been measured at 2.6 times that of
3551:. Kansas Geological Survey Open-file Report 2000-61.
3010:
Mayr, Gerald; Kitchener, Andrew C. (1 October 2021).
502:
487:
475:
466:
4061:
4024:
4014:
4004:
3994:
3984:
3964:
3934:
3918:
3907:
3897:
3477:
Wetmore and the Neogene evolution of the Falconidae"
2018:(Late Pliocene of Kryzhanovka, Ukraine) – includes "
571:
The falcons are the largest genus in the Falconinae
508:
493:
472:
4198:
4116:
4075:
4038:
3975:
3963:
3933:
3888:
3250:"Out of Africa? Phylogenetic relationships between
2263:
or the Recent North American species (Becker 1987).
499:
484:
463:
3451:: 216–75, plates 24–28. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
2964:. Tiscali.co.uk. 21 September 1964. Archived from
2809:(6th. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2557:Falcons (Collins New Naturalist Library, Book 132)
1085:The sequence follows the taxonomic order of White
1010:, which contributes well to resolving the overall
533:. Some small species of falcons with long, narrow
3549:The Meade Basin Rodent Project; a progress report
1060:lineage—can be quite confidently placed from the
989:sequence data suggested that the hierofalcon are
661:was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist
3762:on the Internet Bird Collection, ibc.lynxeds.com
2054:(Late Pleistocene/Holocene of Cuba, West Indies)
591:"tooth" on the side of their beaks — unlike the
3085:Suh A, Paus M, Kiefmann M, et al. (2011).
1347:Ethiopia, western parts of Kenya and Tanzania.
3227:Chancellor, R.D. & Meyburg, B.-U. (eds.):
3198:Wink, Michael & Sauer-Gürth, Hedi (2000):
3156:Meyburg, B.-U. & Chancellor, R.D. (eds.):
2838:
2836:
2834:
2805:Stevenson, Angus; Brown, Lesley, eds. (2007).
3803:
3449:, Volume 2 (New World Vultures to Guineafowl)
3210:: 135–47. WWGBP/Hancock House, Berlin/Blaine.
3206:Chancellor, R.D. & Meyburg, B.-U. (eds):
2090:relative. In 2015 the bird genus was renamed
1814:Africa, southeast Europe and just into Asia.
760:). A falcon chick, especially one reared for
8:
3517:
3515:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
2782:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
2711:. Grolier Academic Reference. 2003. p. 278.
2527:Oberprieler, Ulrich; Cillié, Burger (2009).
2425:(published 3 September 2020). 6 March 2013.
641:. They are incredibly fast fliers, with the
3584:Feduccia, J. Alan; Ford, Norman L. (1970).
3524:Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe
3194:
3192:
3170:
3168:
3166:
788:
782:
764:, still in its downy stage, is known as an
743:
704:
698:
688:
4186:
3972:
3885:
3872:
3810:
3796:
3788:
2353:The Annals and Magazine of Natural History
2259:-sized species. It does not seem close to
1457:South-eastern Siberia and Northern China.
1091:
772:). The word arose by mistaken division of
726:The traditional term for a male falcon is
59:
42:
3466:
3464:
3322:
3254:and other hierofalcons (Aves Falconidae)"
3144:
3142:
3140:
3120:
3035:
2606:
993:among living falcons. The discovery of a
2784:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 63.
2390:WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species
2070:(Late Miocene of Hadzhidimovo, Bulgaria)
2313:
2208:
1984:(Late Miocene of Cherevichnyi, Ukraine)
1613:Southern Mexico to northern Argentina.
1435:Russia, Ukraine and bordering regions.
445:Martynov 1930: preoccupied) – see below
2962:"Dictionary of Difficult Words – eyas"
1569:Eurasia, North Africa, North America.
1126:Madagascar, Mayotte, and the Comores.
955:, as also suggested by their numerous
3716:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3400:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2846:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2036:(Late Pliocene of Varshets, Bulgaria)
804:Compared to other birds of prey, the
407:Dubois, 1902 (unjustified emendation)
7:
4475:1DE3CCE8-09D8-49A1-9E78-F7C8AF79C3AF
4449:5FB9E174-5A7F-6D39-82B1-76E2A27C1AD7
4410:8dafc154-df0b-434c-a9fe-cc5e21e11078
4322:223baccc-4182-47d0-8351-d62de8766e94
2522:
2520:
2432:from the original on 8 February 2024
2530:The raptor guide of Southern Africa
2396:from the original on 2 January 2022
2103:was actually a pigeon of the genus
3016:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2347:Strickland, H.E. (February 1841).
25:
3578:, and seems not too distant from
2328:. The Trust for Avian Systematics
4523:National symbols of Saudi Arabia
4503:Extant Miocene first appearances
3543:Fox Canyon Local Fauna, 4.3–4.8
3315:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03373.x
3273:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00326.x
2993:The Auk: Ornithological Advances
2215:For example, tail colour in the
2197:National symbols of Saudi Arabia
2151:
1929:
1907:
1885:
1863:
1841:
1819:
1797:
1775:
1753:
1731:
1708:
1685:
1663:
1640:
1618:
1596:
1574:
1551:
1529:
1506:
1484:
1462:
1440:
1418:
1396:
1374:
1352:
1330:
1308:
1286:
1264:
1242:
1220:
1197:
1175:
1153:
1131:
1109:
459:
88:
27:Birds of prey in the genus Falco
388:, 1890 (unjustified emendation)
334:, 1850 (unjustified emendation)
3780:New International Encyclopedia
3447:Handbook of Birds of the World
2554:Sale, Richard (28 July 2016).
1996:sp. (Early Pliocene of Kansas)
1:
3630:41-646. Almost complete left
3354:Griffiths, Carole S. (1999).
3037:10.1080/02724634.2021.2083515
2866:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00254-3
2492:Richmond, Charles W. (1902).
2386:"Hieracidea Strickland, 1841"
867:of appropriate size, such as
3471:Becker, Jonathan J. (1987).
1052:The origin of today's major
970:show a "tooth" on the upper
220:
4528:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3766:The Raptor Resource Project
3737:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.010
3420:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.019
3186:: 29–48. Adenex & WWGBP
2929:"tercel", Oxford Dictionary
2894:Online Etymology Dictionary
2460:Friedmann, Herbert (1950).
1990:sp. (Late Miocene of Idaho)
4544:
2911:. Dictionary.reference.com
2780:Jobling, James A. (2010).
2707:"The Speed of Animals" in
2192:National symbols of Kuwait
1748:Australia and New Guinea.
1215:Australia and New Guinea.
966:Most members of the genus
610:The largest falcon is the
529:, which includes about 40
29:
3884:
3871:
3827:
3158:Raptor conservation today
2709:The New Book of Knowledge
2644:10.1007/s10682-005-0293-9
2599:10.1007/s10336-015-1316-0
2533:. Game Parks Publishing.
2167:Abu Dhabi Falcon Hospital
1635:Africa, Europe and Asia.
545:while hunting are called
376:Pallas 1774: preoccupied)
235:
228:
217:
212:
196:
189:
85:Scientific classification
83:
67:
58:
45:
3822:and their extinct allies
3521:Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002):
3231:: 499–504. WWGBP, Berlin
2423:New Zealand Birds Online
1033:Given that the American
843:(probably excepting the
697:meaning a "falcon" from
422:Brehm 1855: preoccupied)
36:Falcons (disambiguation)
3184:Holarctic Birds of Prey
2942:. Thefreedictionary.com
2687:10.1126/science.1257767
2513:– via HathiTrust.
2504:2027/coo.31924090189725
2481:– via HathiTrust.
2472:2027/osu.32435029597671
2374:– via HathiTrust.
2300:origin of that species.
2109:, possibly the same as
1902:Western North America.
777:
757:
719:
311:(unjustified emendation
32:Falcon (disambiguation)
3061:"Falconidae (falcons)"
2587:Journal of Ornithology
2135:yellow-headed caracara
1604:Orange-breasted falcon
1039:evolutionary radiation
974:
789:
783:
781:, from Latin presumed
744:
705:
699:
689:
4431:Paleobiology Database
3574:and more robust than
3534:. Ninox Press, Prague
3498:10.1093/auk/104.2.270
3092:Nature Communications
2442:(Text extracted from
2111:Columba omnisanctorum
2078:"Sushkinia" pliocaena
1722:Falco novaeseelandiae
1207:or Australian kestrel
1068:boundary through the
965:
4317:Fauna Europaea (new)
3065:Animal Diversity Web
2632:Evolutionary Ecology
2560:. HarperCollins UK.
2365:2027/nnc1.1001656368
2326:aviansystematics.org
2129:is now considered a
30:For other uses, see
3729:2015MolPE..82..166F
3530:20 May 2011 at the
3412:2004MolPE..32..101G
3307:2007MolEc..16.3145J
3105:2011NatCo...2..443S
3028:2021JVPal..41E3515M
2858:2002MolPE..25..267G
2679:1976Sci...192..263F
2119:"Falco" falconellus
1360:Dickinson's kestrel
1192:Wallacea and Java.
1148:Seychelles Islands
927:in their entirety.
768:(sometimes spelled
3113:10.1038/ncomms1448
3059:Kirschbaum, Kari.
2139:Milvago chimachima
1716:New Zealand falcon
1277:Falco rupicoloides
1139:Seychelles kestrel
975:
742:), from the Latin
687:). The genus name
622:, falcons exhibit
4485:
4484:
4418:Open Tree of Life
4192:Taxon identifiers
4183:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
3938:Masillaraptoridae
3760:Falconidae videos
3696:978-5-89118-699-6
3545:million years ago
3295:Molecular Ecology
3229:Raptors Worldwide
2968:on 5 January 2009
2887:Harper, Douglas.
2791:978-1-4081-2501-4
2766:978-0-9568611-0-8
2392:. 26 April 2021.
1950:
1949:
1942:Falco fasciinucha
1699:Falco longipennis
1609:Falco deiroleucus
1587:Falco rufigularis
1565:Falco columbarius
1516:or "sparrow hawk"
1470:Eleonora's falcon
1431:Falco vespertinus
1426:Red-footed falcon
1404:Red-necked falcon
1387:Falco zoniventris
1343:Falco ardosiaceus
1233:Falco tinnunculus
1211:Falco cenchroides
1188:Falco moluccensis
1161:Mauritius kestrel
1024:biogeographically
821:nearest relatives
740:American spelling
685:Falco columbarius
643:Peregrine falcons
624:sexual dimorphism
452:
451:
446:
441:Tugarinov, 1935 (
434:
423:
408:
400:
389:
377:
362:
351:
342:Bonaparte, 1855 (
335:
324:
313:
299:
288:
280:
272:
264:
253:
185:
16:(Redirected from
4535:
4478:
4477:
4465:
4464:
4452:
4451:
4439:
4438:
4426:
4425:
4413:
4412:
4403:
4402:
4390:
4389:
4387:NHMSYS0000530742
4377:
4376:
4364:
4363:
4351:
4350:
4338:
4337:
4325:
4324:
4312:
4311:
4299:
4298:
4286:
4285:
4273:
4272:
4260:
4259:
4247:
4246:
4244:Falco;Falconinae
4234:
4233:
4232:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4187:
4063:
4026:
4016:
4006:
3996:
3986:
3973:
3966:
3936:
3920:
3909:
3899:
3886:
3873:
3857:Eufalconimorphae
3812:
3805:
3798:
3789:
3784:
3776:
3748:
3699:
3687:
3681:
3678:Falco bulgaricus
3674:
3668:
3661:
3655:
3648:
3642:
3639:Vestnik zoologii
3625:
3619:
3618:
3590:
3576:American kestrel
3565:
3559:
3541:
3535:
3519:
3510:
3509:
3481:
3468:
3459:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3360:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3326:
3292:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3258:
3245:
3232:
3217:
3211:
3196:
3187:
3172:
3161:
3146:
3135:
3134:
3124:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2840:
2829:
2828:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2753:Remsen, J.V. Jr.
2745:
2739:
2738:
2725:
2719:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2673:(4236): 263–65.
2662:
2656:
2655:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2420:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2318:
2301:
2287:
2281:
2270:
2264:
2246:
2240:
2230:
2224:
2213:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2067:Falco bulgaricus
2052:Falco kurochkini
2015:Falco umanskajae
1933:
1920:Falco peregrinus
1915:Peregrine falcon
1911:
1889:
1876:Falco rusticolus
1867:
1845:
1823:
1801:
1779:
1766:Falco hypoleucos
1757:
1735:
1712:
1695:or little falcon
1693:Australian hobby
1689:
1667:
1644:
1622:
1600:
1578:
1561:or "pigeon hawk"
1555:
1533:
1520:Falco sparverius
1514:American kestrel
1510:
1488:
1466:
1444:
1422:
1400:
1378:
1365:Falco dickinsoni
1356:
1334:
1312:
1290:
1268:
1246:
1224:
1201:
1179:
1157:
1135:
1117:Malagasy kestrel
1113:
1092:
1041:seemingly was a
853:greater kestrels
845:American kestrel
792:
787:(nestling) from
786:
780:
747:
732:British spelling
722:
708:
702:
692:
541:, and some that
515:
514:
511:
510:
507:
504:
501:
496:
495:
492:
489:
486:
481:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
440:
429:
414:
406:
395:
383:
368:
357:
341:
330:
319:
305:
294:
286:
278:
270:
259:
251:
177:
93:
92:
63:
49:Temporal range:
43:
21:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4473:
4468:
4460:
4455:
4447:
4442:
4434:
4429:
4421:
4416:
4408:
4406:
4398:
4393:
4385:
4380:
4372:
4367:
4359:
4354:
4346:
4341:
4333:
4328:
4320:
4315:
4307:
4302:
4294:
4289:
4281:
4276:
4268:
4263:
4255:
4250:
4242:
4237:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4194:
4184:
4167:
4112:
4071:
4040:Herpetotherinae
4034:
3959:
3929:
3880:
3867:
3823:
3816:
3771:
3756:
3751:
3712:
3708:
3706:Further reading
3703:
3702:
3688:
3684:
3676:Boev, Z. 2011.
3675:
3671:
3662:
3658:
3650:Boev, Z. 1999.
3649:
3645:
3641:37 (6): 85–87.
3632:tarsometatarsus
3626:
3622:
3607:10.2307/4083714
3588:
3583:
3566:
3562:
3542:
3538:
3532:Wayback Machine
3520:
3513:
3479:
3475:"Falco" ramenta
3470:
3469:
3462:
3439:
3435:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3377:10.2307/4089459
3358:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3301:(15): 3145–60.
3290:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3256:
3252:Falco biarmicus
3247:
3246:
3235:
3218:
3214:
3208:Raptors at Risk
3197:
3190:
3173:
3164:
3147:
3138:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2842:
2841:
2832:
2817:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2755:, eds. (2013).
2749:Dickinson, E.C.
2747:
2746:
2742:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2706:
2702:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2443:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2294:paleosubspecies
2288:
2284:
2271:
2267:
2247:
2243:
2237:carpometacarpus
2231:
2227:
2221:lesser kestrels
2214:
2210:
2205:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2131:paleosubspecies
2123:"F." falconella
2101:"Falco" pisanus
2020:Falco odessanus
1976:
1959:Réunion kestrel
1955:
1953:Extinct species
1898:Falco mexicanus
1810:Falco biarmicus
1542:Falco femoralis
1537:Aplomado falcon
1475:Falco eleonorae
1453:Falco amurensis
1409:Falco chicquera
1272:Greater kestrel
1255:Falco rupicolus
1205:Nankeen kestrel
1183:Spotted kestrel
1166:Falco punctatus
1101:Scientific name
1083:
1058:aplomado falcon
981:group–and that
837:
672:Systema Naturae
652:
607:on their feet.
562:flight feathers
498:
483:
462:
458:
346:Lacepède 1802:
208:
202:
176:
87:
54:
47:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4541:
4539:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4490:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4466:
4453:
4440:
4427:
4414:
4404:
4391:
4378:
4365:
4352:
4339:
4326:
4313:
4304:Fauna Europaea
4300:
4287:
4274:
4261:
4248:
4235:
4220:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4122:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4029:Petrosushkinia
4022:
4012:
4002:
3992:
3981:
3979:
3977:incertae sedis
3970:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3950:
3942:
3940:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3916:
3912:Parvulivenator
3905:
3902:Antarctoboenus
3894:
3892:
3890:incertae sedis
3882:
3881:
3876:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3774:"Falcon"
3769:
3763:
3755:
3754:External links
3752:
3750:
3749:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3682:
3669:
3665:Falco bakalovi
3656:
3652:Falco bakalovi
3643:
3620:
3580:F. columbarius
3560:
3536:
3511:
3460:
3433:
3390:
3346:
3278:
3233:
3212:
3188:
3162:
3136:
3077:
3051:
3002:
2979:
2953:
2931:
2922:
2900:
2879:
2830:
2815:
2797:
2790:
2772:
2765:
2740:
2729:Linnaeus, Carl
2720:
2700:
2657:
2638:(5): 467–486.
2622:
2573:
2566:
2546:
2539:
2516:
2484:
2452:
2407:
2377:
2339:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2282:
2265:
2261:F. columbarius
2241:
2235:45-4033: left
2225:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2146:
2143:
2127:"Falco" readei
2072:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2045:
2041:Falco antiquus
2037:
2033:Falco bakalovi
2028:
2011:
2007:Falco oregonus
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1893:Prairie falcon
1890:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1788:Falco subniger
1785:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1744:Falco berigora
1741:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1671:Oriental hobby
1668:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:Falco cuvierii
1650:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1631:Falco subbuteo
1628:
1626:Eurasian hobby
1623:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1497:Falco concolor
1494:
1489:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1413:Africa, India
1411:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1382:Banded kestrel
1379:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1321:Falco naumanni
1318:
1316:Lesser kestrel
1313:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1228:Common kestrel
1225:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1082:
1079:
1047:Early Pliocene
1030:as suspected.
1020:prairie falcon
901:. These large
836:
833:
711:Middle English
651:
648:
450:
449:
448:
447:
435:
424:
409:
401:
390:
378:
363:
352:
336:
325:
314:
300:
289:
281:
273:
265:
254:
252:Linnaeus, 1766
246:
241:
233:
232:
226:
225:
215:
214:
210:
209:
203:
199:Falco subbuteo
194:
193:
187:
186:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
81:
80:
73:Falco berigora
65:
64:
56:
55:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4540:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4508:Falco (genus)
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4498:Birds of prey
4496:
4495:
4493:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4049:Herpetotheres
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3954:Masillaraptor
3951:
3949:
3948:
3947:Danielsraptor
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3924:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3878:Falconiformes
3874:
3870:
3864:
3863:Falconiformes
3860:
3858:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3782:
3781:
3775:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3601:(4): 795–97.
3600:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3492:(2): 270–76.
3491:
3487:
3486:
3478:
3476:
3473:"Revision of
3467:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3457:84-87334-15-6
3454:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3406:(1): 101–09.
3405:
3401:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3371:(1): 116–30.
3370:
3366:
3365:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3324:2027.42/71471
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3267:(4): 321–31.
3266:
3262:
3255:
3253:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3081:
3078:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2980:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2852:(2): 267–77.
2851:
2847:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2816:9780199206872
2812:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2567:9780007511433
2563:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2540:9780620432238
2536:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2488:
2485:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2289:Supposedly a
2286:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2099:The supposed
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2048:Cuban kestrel
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1974:Fossil record
1973:
1968:
1964:
1963:Falco duboisi
1960:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1924:Cosmopolitan
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1854:Falco cherrug
1852:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:Laggar falcon
1825:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1805:Lanner falcon
1803:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1676:Falco severus
1674:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:African hobby
1646:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1122:Falco newtoni
1120:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1104:Distribution
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:hybridization
980:
973:
969:
964:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
939:
938:
933:
928:
926:
921:
919:
915:
914:phaeomelanins
911:
906:
904:
900:
899:plesiomorphic
896:
892:
887:
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:invertebrates
862:
859:
854:
850:
846:
842:
834:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:
811:
807:
802:
800:
796:
791:
785:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
721:
716:
712:
707:
701:
696:
691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:
668:
667:tenth edition
664:
663:Carl Linnaeus
660:
657:
649:
647:
644:
640:
636:
635:visual acuity
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:
523:
519:
518:birds of prey
513:
456:
444:
439:
436:
432:
428:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:
405:
402:
398:
394:
391:
387:
382:
379:
375:
371:
367:
364:
360:
356:
353:
349:
345:
340:
337:
333:
329:
326:
322:
318:
315:
312:
308:
304:
301:
297:
293:
290:
287:Nitzsch, 1829
285:
282:
277:
276:Hypotriorchis
274:
269:
266:
262:
258:
255:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
234:
231:
227:
224:
222:
216:
211:
206:
201:
200:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
174:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:Falconiformes
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
91:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
52:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4199:
4162:Spiziapteryx
4160:
4155:Phalcoboenus
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:Polyborinae
4105:
4098:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4064:
4054:
4047:
4027:
4017:
4007:
3997:
3987:
3976:
3952:
3945:
3923:Stintonornis
3921:
3910:
3900:
3889:
3778:
3720:
3714:
3685:
3677:
3672:
3664:
3659:
3651:
3646:
3638:
3623:
3598:
3592:
3579:
3563:
3555:
3552:
3539:
3523:
3489:
3483:
3474:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3368:
3362:
3349:
3298:
3294:
3281:
3264:
3260:
3251:
3228:
3224:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3183:
3179:
3160:: pp. 593–99
3157:
3153:
3099:(8): 443–8.
3096:
3090:
3080:
3068:. Retrieved
3064:
3054:
3019:
3015:
3005:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2970:. Retrieved
2966:the original
2956:
2944:. Retrieved
2934:
2925:
2913:. Retrieved
2903:
2892:
2882:
2849:
2845:
2806:
2800:
2781:
2775:
2756:
2743:
2733:
2723:
2708:
2703:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2556:
2549:
2529:
2507:. Retrieved
2494:
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2462:
2455:
2445:
2434:. Retrieved
2422:
2416:"FALNOV.pdf"
2410:
2398:. Retrieved
2389:
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2356:
2355:. Series 1.
2352:
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
2325:
2322:"Falconidae"
2316:
2291:saker falcon
2285:
2277:
2268:
2260:
2244:
2228:
2211:
2159:Birds portal
2138:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2091:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2051:
2039:
2030:
2023:
2013:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:Falco medius
1979:
1969:(about 1700)
1962:
1941:
1937:Taita falcon
1919:
1897:
1875:
1853:
1849:Saker falcon
1832:Falco jugger
1831:
1809:
1787:
1783:Black falcon
1765:
1743:
1739:Brown falcon
1726:New Zealand
1721:
1698:
1675:
1652:
1630:
1608:
1586:
1564:
1541:
1519:
1496:
1492:Sooty falcon
1474:
1452:
1430:
1408:
1386:
1364:
1342:
1338:Grey kestrel
1320:
1299:Falco alopex
1298:
1276:
1254:
1250:Rock kestrel
1232:
1210:
1187:
1165:
1144:Falco araeus
1143:
1121:
1086:
1084:
1053:
1051:
1034:
1032:
1028:monophyletic
1000:
986:
979:monophyletic
976:
967:
936:
929:
922:
907:
902:
895:evolutionary
888:
881:
838:
813:
803:
769:
765:
735:
727:
725:
717:, the title
684:
677:type species
670:
658:
653:
628:
616:pygmy falcon
609:
601:Accipitridae
570:
559:
525:
524:
454:
453:
442:
437:
426:
419:
418:, 1906 (non
411:
403:
392:
384:Heine &
380:
373:
365:
354:
343:
338:
327:
316:
302:
291:
283:
275:
267:
256:
248:
243:
238:
218:
197:
191:Type species
172:
171:
79:, Australia
72:
69:Brown falcon
51:Late Miocene
40:
4343:iNaturalist
4224:Wikispecies
4093:Microhierax
4019:Pediohierax
3999:Caroohierax
3851:Australaves
3723:: 166–182.
2608:11336/54190
2359:(39): 416.
2274:hierofalcon
2059:Falco chowi
2025:nomen nudum
1761:Grey falcon
1718:or kārearea
1448:Amur falcon
1391:Madagascar
1294:Fox kestrel
1098:Common name
1049:at latest.
957:apomorphies
935:cytochrome
930:A study of
910:hierofalcon
861:vertebrates
858:terrestrial
537:are called
355:Dissodectes
348:preoccupied
249:Tinnunculus
158:Subfamily:
4492:Categories
4107:Polihierax
4077:Falconinae
4009:Lagopterus
3968:Falconidae
3818:Genera of
3558:(1): 1–32.
3553:Paludicola
2999:: 335–350.
2717:071720538X
2593:(3): 885.
2509:9 February
2477:9 February
2436:8 February
2400:8 February
2370:8 February
2308:References
2093:Psushkinia
1792:Australia
1770:Australia
1703:Australia
1582:Bat falcon
1170:Mauritius
1074:Piacenzian
1016:Falconidae
1004:morphology
774:Old French
754:Old French
715:Old French
695:Late Latin
639:human eyes
603:, who use
587:, using a
577:Falconidae
551:Antarctica
420:Asturaetos
412:Asturaetus
404:Nesihierax
397:Oberholser
307:Strickland
303:Hieracidea
284:Rhynchodon
279:Boie, 1826
271:Boie, 1826
257:Hierofalco
244:Lithofalco
162:Falconinae
152:Falconidae
53:to present
4100:Neohierax
4066:Thegornis
4056:Micrastur
3989:Badiostes
3831:Kingdom:
3046:0272-4634
2825:170973920
2251:27937. A
2088:dragonfly
2083:Sushkinia
1871:Gyrfalcon
1043:Holarctic
1012:phylogeny
829:songbirds
758:tiercelet
612:gyrfalcon
581:caracaras
573:subfamily
566:broadwing
438:Sushkinia
427:Plioaetus
386:Reichenow
328:Jerafalco
292:Ieracidea
268:Cerchneis
108:Kingdom:
102:Eukaryota
4518:Falconry
4270:45510787
4209:Wikidata
4134:Daptrius
4127:Caracara
3839:Chordata
3837:Phylum:
3833:Animalia
3745:25256056
3690:86–290.
3628:NNPM NAN
3528:Archived
3428:15186800
3341:17437176
3333:17651193
3131:21863010
2972:20 March
2946:20 March
2915:20 March
2909:"tercel"
2889:"tercel"
2874:12414309
2731:(1758).
2652:22181702
2617:15517037
2427:Archived
2394:Archived
2253:coracoid
2172:Falconry
2145:See also
1070:Zanclean
1066:Pliocene
972:mandible
949:Gelasian
941:sequence
873:reptiles
841:kestrels
835:Overview
799:falconry
784:nidiscus
778:un niais
762:falconry
650:Taxonomy
547:kestrels
431:Richmond
393:Nesierax
381:Gennadas
372:, 1874 (
230:Synonyms
219:38; see
213:Species
205:Linnaeus
179:Linnaeus
148:Family:
122:Chordata
118:Phylum:
112:Animalia
98:Domain:
77:Victoria
4513:Falcons
4470:ZooBank
4361:1205699
4335:2480996
4148:Milvago
4141:Ibycter
3861:Order:
3855:Clade:
3849:Clade:
3843:Class:
3820:falcons
3783:. 1905.
3725:Bibcode
3615:4083714
3506:4087033
3408:Bibcode
3385:4089459
3303:Bibcode
3122:3265382
3101:Bibcode
3024:Bibcode
2854:Bibcode
2695:1257767
2675:Bibcode
2667:Science
2332:25 July
2133:of the
2117:fossil
2106:Columba
2062:(China)
1967:extinct
1081:Species
1062:Miocene
1014:of the
1006:of the
877:insects
869:rodents
825:parrots
810:Miocene
745:tertius
736:tiercel
679:is the
669:of his
665:in the
539:hobbies
531:species
520:in the
455:Falcons
359:Sclater
317:Gennaia
309:, 1841
239:Aesalon
168:Genus:
138:Order:
128:Class:
18:Falcons
4462:159071
4423:786441
4407:NZOR:
4374:175598
4291:EURING
4283:1FALCG
4215:Q43489
3743:
3694:
3613:
3572:merlin
3504:
3455:
3426:
3383:
3339:
3331:
3129:
3119:
3044:
2940:"eyas"
2872:
2823:
2813:
2788:
2763:
2715:
2693:
2650:
2615:
2564:
2537:
2298:Eemian
2280:2005).
2278:et al.
2257:merlin
2217:common
2187:Khonsu
2115:Eocene
1988:?Falco
1946:Kenya
1559:Merlin
1087:et al.
1008:syrinx
925:clades
891:morphs
806:fossil
728:tercel
720:faucon
706:falcis
681:merlin
675:. The
633:; the
631:vision
605:talons
597:eagles
589:tomial
555:Eocene
516:) are
433:, 1908
416:De Vis
399:, 1899
370:Sharpe
361:, 1864
323:, 1847
298:, 1838
263:, 1817
261:Cuvier
207:, 1758
46:Falcon
4457:WoRMS
4444:Plazi
4436:39319
4356:IRMNG
4309:96683
4230:Falco
4200:Falco
4086:Falco
3611:JSTOR
3589:(PDF)
3502:JSTOR
3480:(PDF)
3381:JSTOR
3359:(PDF)
3337:S2CID
3291:(PDF)
3257:(PDF)
3070:1 May
3022:(6).
2648:S2CID
2613:S2CID
2430:(PDF)
2419:(PDF)
2255:of a
2203:Notes
2182:Horus
2022:", a
2000:Falco
1994:Falco
1095:Image
1054:Falco
1035:Falco
991:basal
968:Falco
953:clade
945:malar
932:mtDNA
918:hawks
903:Falco
884:malar
875:, or
814:Falco
790:nidus
770:eyass
750:third
734:) or
690:Falco
659:Falco
656:genus
593:hawks
585:beaks
543:hover
535:wings
526:Falco
522:genus
366:Harpa
339:Harpe
296:Gould
173:Falco
75:) in
4400:8952
4395:NCBI
4369:ITIS
4348:4638
4330:GBIF
4296:3219
4278:EPPO
4257:4422
4252:BOLD
3845:Aves
3741:PMID
3692:ISBN
3568:UMMP
3453:ISBN
3424:PMID
3329:PMID
3127:PMID
3072:2024
3042:ISSN
2974:2010
2948:2010
2917:2010
2870:PMID
2821:OCLC
2811:ISBN
2786:ISBN
2761:ISBN
2713:ISBN
2691:PMID
2562:ISBN
2535:ISBN
2511:2024
2479:2024
2438:2024
2402:2024
2372:2024
2334:2023
2249:IMNH
2233:IZAN
2219:and
2121:(or
1072:and
995:NUMT
863:and
851:and
827:and
823:are
817:taxa
795:nest
766:eyas
713:and
700:falx
654:The
620:owls
332:Kaup
321:Kaup
221:text
183:1758
132:Aves
34:and
4382:NBN
4265:EoL
4239:AFD
3733:doi
3603:doi
3594:Auk
3494:doi
3490:104
3485:Auk
3442:In:
3416:doi
3373:doi
3369:116
3364:Auk
3319:hdl
3311:doi
3269:doi
3225:In:
3204:In:
3180:In:
3154:In:
3117:PMC
3109:doi
3032:doi
2997:131
2862:doi
2683:doi
2671:192
2640:doi
2603:hdl
2595:doi
2591:157
2500:hdl
2468:hdl
2361:hdl
2141:).
849:fox
693:is
575:of
443:non
374:non
344:non
4494::
4472::
4459::
4446::
4433::
4420::
4397::
4384::
4371::
4358::
4345::
4332::
4319::
4306::
4293::
4280::
4267::
4254::
4241::
4226::
4211::
3777:.
3739:.
3731:.
3721:82
3719:.
3609:.
3599:87
3597:.
3591:.
3582:.
3514:^
3500:.
3488:.
3482:.
3463:^
3422:.
3414:.
3404:32
3402:.
3379:.
3367:.
3361:.
3335:.
3327:.
3317:.
3309:.
3299:16
3297:.
3293:.
3265:43
3263:.
3259:.
3236:^
3223:.
3202:.
3191:^
3178:.
3165:^
3152:.
3139:^
3125:.
3115:.
3107:.
3095:.
3089:.
3063:.
3040:.
3030:.
3020:41
3018:.
3014:.
2995:.
2991:.
2891:.
2868:.
2860:.
2850:25
2848:.
2833:^
2819:.
2751:;
2689:.
2681:.
2669:.
2646:.
2636:19
2634:.
2611:.
2601:.
2589:.
2585:.
2519:^
2421:.
2388:.
2351:.
2324:.
2272:A
2177:Ra
2096:.
2050:,
1965:–
1961:,
959:.
879:.
871:,
831:.
801:.
756::
703:,
595:,
557:.
512:-/
497:-,
491:ɔː
479:ən
223:.
181:,
4062:†
4025:†
4015:†
4005:†
3995:†
3985:†
3965:†
3935:†
3926:?
3919:†
3915:?
3908:†
3898:†
3811:e
3804:t
3797:v
3747:.
3735::
3727::
3698:.
3617:.
3605::
3556:3
3508:.
3496::
3430:.
3418::
3410::
3387:.
3375::
3343:.
3321::
3313::
3305::
3275:.
3271::
3133:.
3111::
3103::
3097:2
3074:.
3048:.
3034::
3026::
2976:.
2950:.
2919:.
2897:.
2876:.
2864::
2856::
2827:.
2794:.
2769:.
2697:.
2685::
2677::
2654:.
2642::
2619:.
2605::
2597::
2570:.
2543:.
2502::
2470::
2450:)
2440:.
2404:.
2363::
2357:6
2336:.
2137:(
2031:?
1064:-
987:b
937:b
793:(
748:(
738:(
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683:(
509:l
506:æ
503:f
500:ˈ
494:l
488:f
485:ˈ
482:,
476:k
473:l
470:ɒ
467:f
464:ˈ
461:/
457:(
350:)
71:(
38:.
20:)
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